Now in a thoroughly revised and expanded third edition, this authoritative Handbook reviews current knowledge about all aspects of emotion and its role in human ...

"Neuroscience and Philosophy" begins with an excerpt from "Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience," in which Maxwell Bennett and Peter Hacker question the ...

The considerable attention to financial interests in clinical research has focused mostly on academic medical centers, even though the majority of clinical research is conducted in community practice settings. To fill this gap, this article maps the practices and policies in 73 community hospitals and several hundred specialized facilities around the country for reviewing clinical investigators’ financial relationships with research sponsors. Community hospitals face a substantially different mix of issues than academic medical centers do because their physician researchers are usually (...) not employees, and more of their studies are later-phase, multicenter trials. Accordingly, community physicians stand to benefit personally from per capita payments, but they tend to have less direct influence over research findings when compared with their academic peers. These and other contrasts require separate guidance for community-based organizations that takes into account their particular needs, circumstances, and institutional capacities. (shrink)

The second highest level of the divided line in Plato’s Republic (510b-511a) appears to be about the entities of mathematics—entities such as particular (though non-physical) triangles. It differs from the highest level in two respects. It involves reasoning from hypotheses, and it uses visible images. This article defends the traditional view that the passage is indeed about these mathematical ‘intermediates’; and tries to show how the apparently different features of the second level are related, by focussing on Plato’s need to (...) give an account of how we can speak of many particulars of the same kind, without assuming that they are imperfect copies, in the way sensible things can be imperfect copies, of forms. (shrink)

Buku yang ditulis oleh Dr. A. Setyo-Wibowo (SW) dan Haryanto Cahyadi, M. Hum. (HC), dua-duanya dosen filsafat, yang satu di Jakarta, yang satu di Jayapura, ini betul-betul memperkaya pustaka tentang filsafat dalam bahasa Indonesia. Platon tetap salah satu filosof terbesar, kalau bukan filosof terbesar segala zaman. Dalam buku ini para penulis mengantar pembaca ke jantung filsafat Platon. Mereka melakukannya dengan membawa pembaca ke dalam teks-teks kunci Platon. Yang mereka angkat adalah pemikiran Platon tentang pendidikan. Pendidikan bukan salah satu bidang pemikiran (...) Platon, melainkan intinya. Seluruh filsafat Platon, seperti setiap filsafat sejati, akhirnya hanya punya satu tujuan: ia mau mencerahkan. Ya mencerahkan kita. Menunjukkan ke mana kita harus mengarahkan dan mengembangkan kita agar kita menjadi manusia yang mutu. Buku ini membuat kita betul-betul mengerti Platon, tidak hanya seperti dalam buku-buku “ringkasan sejarah filsafat”, melainkan secara mendalam. Namun buku SW dan HC ini mempunyai nilai lebih. Mereka tidak hanya membawa kita ke Platon, melainkan mengangkat aktualitas pemikirannya. Platon mau mendidik pemimpin negara. Ia tidak berfilsafat dalam udara kosong, melainkan pada zaman di mana demokrasi Athena sudah kacau balau karena disandera oleh elit-elit korup. Dalam situasi ini Platon mengembangkan konsepsinya tentang suatu pendidikan yang bisa melahirkan pemimpin negara yang baik. SW dan HC menunjukkan bahwa pemikiran Platon 2500 tahun lalu sekarang di Indonesia pun masih pantas diperhatikan. Buku ini bukan bacaan gampang. Uraiannya tidak secara esai omongan ringan, melainkan betul-betul ngilmu, memakai metode-metode analisa filosofis, mengutip dari teks-teks Platon sendiri, dengan mengacu pada pustaka para ahli Platon yang state of the art. Bahasa pun tidak menggampangkan. Untuk tetap rapat dengan teks, mereka suka memakai kata-kata kunci dalam bahasa Yunani. Ambil misalnya judul ini: "Paideia Kaum Sofis: Penciutan Aisthesis-Arete dan Dominasi 'Empeiria'". Pembaca mana langsung akan tahu apa kiranya akan dibahas. Pembaca barangkali sering harus mencari dalam daftar istilah (yang, sayang, tidak lengkap) apa arti suatu kata, misalnya logistikon atau Iliados, kemudian lupa lagi, cari lagi dst. Tetapi bagi pembaca yang bertahan ganjarannya besar. Ia akan masuk ke dalam pemikiran Platon yang asli, rinci, sangat menarik...................... Masih satu catatan tentang cita-cita manusia yang kaloskagathos, elok nan baik. Membaca uraian bagus para penulis saya terdorong untuk bertanya apakah bukan sudah waktunya cita-cita Yunani kuno yang dalam etika kontemporer sama sekali hilang itu perlu diangkat kembali. Paham manusia mutu sebagai manusia elok nan baik berhasil melepaskan etika dari moralisme sempit (searah dengan MacIntyre – After Virtue – yang mengangkat kembali paham "keutamaan" Yunani yang kuat dan utuh terhadap paham mandul-moralistik istilah "keutamaan" dalam budaya Barat). Begitu pula etika Jawa memahami kebaikan manusia yang mantap dan utuh dalam keterkaitan antara kebaikan etis dan kebaikan estetik. - Catatan kecil: Dalam indeks seharusnya tidak dimuat nama yang terdapat dalam daftar pustaka. Buku Setyo Wibowo dan Haryanto Cahyadi ini bukan hanya pandu kompeten ke jantung filsafat Platon, melainkan memberikan rangsangan-rangsangan baru untuk pemikiran filosofis. (Franz Magnis-Suseno, Program Pascasarjana, Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Driyarkara, Jakarta). (shrink)

A detailed attempt to ground the topological properties of time in the laws of micro- and macro-physical processes. The reversible processes of mechanics are used to define an order among temporally separated events, which is invariant under reversals of time direction. So long as consideration is limited to a single isolated system, a time ensemble, the transfer of the reversibility of the constituent processes of such a system to the system as a whole makes it impossible to define time direction (...) by means of the entropy curve. The directionality of time, accordingly, can only be defined as the direction of the entropy increase of multiple systems, of a space ensemble. A macrostatistical definition of time direction is then based upon the causal relation. The author's view of causation is non-deterministic: the conjunction of two events is caused if they occur together more frequently than can be expected from their chance coincidence. Reichenbach's analyses and arguments are careful and thorough; the book as a whole is a solid achievement. -- M. F. (shrink)

There is a theistic argument which is discussed at least twice in the Hume corpus, both times rather perfunctorily. This perfunctoriness has carried over to some of his commentators, who are not always clear as to what the argument is or about the force of Hume’s comments on it. On page 23 of A Letter from a Gentleman to his Friend in Edinburgh Hume calls it “the metaphysical Argument a priori” and in Part 9 of Dialogues concerning Natural Religion simply (...) “the argument a priori”.1 It is the argument of Demea. (shrink)

We suggest an equilibrium concept for a strategic model with a large number of players in which each player observes the actions of only a small number of the other players. The concept fits well situations in which each player treats his sample as a prediction of the distribution of actions in the entire population, and responds optimally to this prediction. We apply the concept to a strategic voting model and investigate the conditions under which a centrist candidate can win (...) the popular vote although his strength in the population is smaller than the strengths of the right and left candidates.  2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (shrink)

Juan B. Justo en la historia y el pensamiento argentinos, por A. Solari.--Teoría y práctica de la historia, por M. H. Alberti.--La base biológica de la historia, por F. Escardó.--La técnica, por A. Justo.--La economía, por R. Bogliolo.--La guerra, por A. G. Rodríguez.--La política, por A. Ghioldi.--La lucha de ciases, por R. Mondolfo.--El salariado, por M. Palacín.--Las formas típicas del privilegio, por J. L. Pena.--El gremialismo proletario, por E. Frugoni.--La cooperación libre, por N. Repetto.--La democracia obrera, por L. Pan.--La religión, (...) la cilencia, el arte, por R. Rivière. (shrink)

What can the actions of stockbreeders, as they select the best individuals for breeding, teach us about how new species of wild animals and plants come into being? Charles Darwin raised this question in his famous, even notorious, Origin of Species (1859). Darwin's answer - his argument by analogy from artificial to natural selection - is the subject of our book. We aim to clarify what kind of argument it is, how it works, and why Darwin gave it such prominence. (...) As we explain more fully in our Introduction, we believe that the argument becomes much more intelligible when set, contextually, in a story stretching from classical Greek mathematics to modern evolutionary genetics: a long story, and a broad one too, encompassing everything from Darwin's earliest notebook theorising on the births and deaths of species, to agrarian capitalism as a distinctive form of economic life, to shifting Western reflections on art-nature relations. (shrink)