What is science? What is the distinction between scientific knowledge and living science, science of experience. Peirce's pragmatism. The scientific dimension of Peirce's categories: deduction, abduction, induction. Induction as a connection between the abductive hypothesis, that is only probable and the generation of a deductive and indispensable law that characterises behavior habits.Que é ciência? A distinção entre conhecimento científico e ciência como coisa viva, ciência da experiência. A dimensão científica das categorias de Peirce: dedução, abdução, indução. Pragmatismo peirceano. A indução (...) como elemento de ligação entre a hipótese explicativa abdutiva apenas provável e a geração de uma lei dedutiva, necessária porque normativa para hábitos de conduta. (shrink)

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a relação que se estabelece entre as características da fenomenologia filosófica, a natureza do conhecimento que dela deriva e o modo como interfere sobre a produção do conhecimento em comunicação. Em primeiro lugar, observa-se a concepção de comunicação como processo transmissivo desenvolvida pelos clássicos estudos de mídia ou pelos processos de comunicação de massa. Em seguida, aproximam-se comunicação e semiótica como campos epistemológicos que, embora desenvolvam mútuas influências científicas, são, não raro, considerados áreas científicas (...) distintas atualmente, observa-se a emergência de outras bases de reflexão que podem aproximar a comunicação e a semiótica, enquanto áreas científicas. (shrink)

L'homme occidental est "augustinien" sans le savoir. Et l'homme du XXe siècle tout autant, car loin de se limiter à l'Antiquité et à l'Eglise, la pensée d'Augustin a irrigué la pensée contemporaine. Voici pour la première fois une présentation extrêmement claire des apports de la pensée d'Augustin à la philosophie européenne du XXe siècle. Augustin fut de tous les grands débats philosophiques et culturels de ce siècle, au coeur des discussions philosophiques sur l'évolutionnisme, notre rapport à la culture antique, les (...) recherches sur le temps, la personne... Jean-François Petit présente chacun des grands moments "augustiniens" de ce siècle, et les interprétations de son oeuvre en jeu, le renouvellement de la lecture de sa pensée. On peut ainsi découvrir les apports de Blondel, Heidegger, Camus, Gadamer, Jaspers, H. Arendt, Emmanuel Mounier, Etty Hillesum, Derrida, Marion, Lyotard... Comme l'écrit Jean-François Petit : "La philosophie augustinienne a aidé des penseurs du XXe siècle à faire surgir la vérité de leur propre philosophie.". (shrink)

Although the concept of corporate social responsibility is fundamentally multidimensional, most studies use composite scores to assess corporate social performance. How relevant are such composite scores? How the CSR dimensions are weighted? Should the weighting scheme be the same across sectors? This article proposes an original weighting scheme of CSR strengths and concerns, at the sector level, which is proportional to media and nongovernmental organizations scrutiny. The authors show that previous CSP assessments underweight environmental and corporate governance concerns. Moreover, findings (...) suggest that firms that are exposed to the closest scrutiny are usually criticized on one single dimension: for instance, banks for bad corporate governance, and basic-resource firms for environmental damage. Composite scores based on equal weights hence misrepresent CSP and the difference in CSR between sectors. (shrink)

Le livre de Caroline Petit, Galien de Pergame ou la rhétorique de la Providence, constitue la première étude d’ensemble du rôle de la rhétorique dans l’œuvre de Galien, aux sources du discours médical et scientifique, et de l’autobiographie intellectuelle. Caroline Petit’s Galien de Pergame ou la rhétorique de la Providence is the first comprehensive study of the role of rhetoric in Galen’s oeuvre, a cornerstone of medical and scientific discourse and of intellectual autobiography in the West.

La constitution transcendantale est une donation de sens fondée sur le « pouvoir-faire » kinesthésique du corps propre du sujet et qui va des choses perçues aux formations intersubjectives de la Lebenswelt. Mais, qu’advient-il du sujet constituant, lorsque la progressive limitation de son pouvoir-faire tend à réduire l’individu atteint de la maladie de Parkinson à la condition de spectateur passif dans un monde qui n’est plus le domaine de son intervention? En une régression contre-transcendantale suivant la cascade sans fin des (...) mécanismes fonctionnels sous-jacents et leurs dysfonctionnements, on sonde les abîmes de contingence du fondement transcendantal. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage a pour but de détruire le préjugé tenace d'après lequel le philosophe allemand Husserl, fondateur de la phénoménologie, se serait enfermé dans un solipsisme chimérique attribuant au sujet de la conscience le pouvoir de donner sens à toute chose au monde ; tandis que le philosophe autrichien Wittgenstein, fondateur de la philosophie analytique, nous aurait libéré des apories du solipsisme en se plaçant d'emblée sur le terrain communautaire de l'usage du langage.

A autora retoma a sua trajetória, o que aprendeu ao longo de mais de trinta anos, interessando-se pelas formas como seus contemporâneos leem (ou não leem). Com as reflexões de Michel de Certeau como referência teórica, ela lembra como se colocou ao lado dos leitores, esforçando-se para prestar atenção às suas formas de apropriação e representação de um livro, um texto escrito ou uma biblioteca. Narra como aprofundou a análise da importância da literatura desde a infância, construindo um espaço para (...) se descobrir e simbolizar sua experiência. Em seguida, ela conta como se interessou por experiências literárias compartilhadas que reuniam pessoas que tinham vivido muito distantes da cultura escrita: lugares de "educação informal", oficinas em que a leitura de obras literárias e a arte desempenhavam um papel fundamental, concebidos para vítimas de catástrofes, populações deslocadas, jovens desvinculados de grupos guerrilheiros ou paramilitares, dependentes químicos nas ruas, crianças vítimas de violência doméstica, mulheres com bebês em situação de extrema pobreza... Essas experiências são conduzidas por educadores que tentam fazer algo fora do contexto acadêmico tradicional, ou bibliotecários, promotores de leitura, às vezes psicólogos, artistas, narradores, etc. A autora analisa sua arte de fazer, considerando crianças, adolescentes (e também adultos) em sua dimensão sensível, psíquica, física e não apenas cognitiva. Por fim, ela relembra como refletiu sobre a transmissão cultural, debilitada em muitas famílias: quando a luta pela sobrevivência ou o trabalho ocupa o tempo cotidiano, as crianças perdem uma etapa importante para integrar os diferentes registros da língua. Essa etapa é aquela em que, desde muito cedo, alguém é iniciado no uso das palavras tão vital quanto "inútil", gratuito, muito próximo da vida, das sensações, das emoções, do prazer compartilhado; muito longe do controle e da qualificação. Tudo o que ela estudou a convenceu da importância da literatura, oral e escrita, que atende a uma necessidade antropológica. (shrink)

Damascius’s proper insight into the neoplatonic triad has an idiosyncratic mood. Triad is not essentially seen as a kind of completeness, it is rather the place where some kind of tenseness is at stake between its second and third moments. One of the main points of this paper is connected to the very act of the triad’s second moment. This act is a twin act : rising to existence and multiplying to the infinite. The surmise grounding the argument dwells on (...) a duality that lies in receptivity issuing from the One, duality mirroring the duality affecting the One itself. (shrink)

Hubris among CEOs is generally considered to be undesirable: researchers in finance and in management have documented its unwelcome effects and the media ascribe many corporate failings to CEO hubris. However, the literature fails to provide a precise definition of CEO hubris and is mostly silent on how to prevent it. We use work on hubris in the fields of mythology, psychology, and ethics to develop a framework defining CEO hubris. Our framework describes a set of beliefs and behaviors, both (...) psycho-pathological and unethical in nature, which characterize the problematic relationship of the hubris-infected CEO towards his or her own self, others and the world at large. We then demonstrate how the development of authentic leadership may contribute to preventing or attenuating hubris by addressing its psycho-pathological nature through the true self and meaningful relationships with others. In addition to its psycho-pathological dimension, CEO hubris also contains an ethical dimension. We therefore propose that the development of the virtue of reverence might contribute to the prevention or attenuation of CEO hubris, because reverence makes the individual aware of his or her place in the world order and membership of the community of humans. (shrink)

The reality-virtuality continuum encompasses a multitude of objects, events and environments ranging from real-world multisensory inputs to interactive multisensory virtual simulators, in which sensory integration can involve very different combinations of both physical and digital inputs. These different ways of stimulating the senses can affect the consumer’s consciousness, potentially altering their judgements and behaviours. In this perspective paper, we explore how technologies such as Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality can, by generating and modifying the human sensorium, act on consumer consciousness. (...) We discuss the potential impact of this altered consciousness for consumer behaviour while, at the same time, considering how it may pave the way for further research. (shrink)

Uno de los movimientos literarios de la posguerra guatemalteca fue la llamada Generación X, que se posicionó críticamente como una alternativa a la cultura oficial. Estos jóvenes artistas y escritores, en constante movimiento, rechazaban provocativamente las estructuras que los marginaban. Posicionados en una posmodernidad periférica, su referente era la globalización, como cambio radical de cultura. Ellos hicieron caso omiso de la memoria histórica, el canon sancionado, los códigos morales convencionales, las grandes narrativas y se sumergían honda -y a veces arriesgadamente- (...) en su esfera privada, sin horizontes utópicos. Como reacción a las grandes o pequeñas editoriales que los desconocían, generaron sus propios medios de producción y divulgación para su producción literaria. (shrink)

Comte présente souvent sa classification des sciences fort dogmatiquement. Nous étudions ici sa genèse à partir des oeuvres de jeunesse. Un double mouvement est analysé: d’une part, la présentation d’« états» successifs des connaissances est peu à peu promue en « loi »; d’autre part, dans ses énoncés de l’ordre des sciences positives, Comte, multipliant et affinant ses critères, finit par établir ce qu’il appelle son «échelle encyclopédique» et sa «hiérarchie des sciences». Nous montrons comment Comte fait se correspondre les (...) opérateurs de distribution – théorie/pratique, général/particulier, fondamental/appliqué, abstrait/concret – et comment il les articule hiérarchiquement. Les enjeux de la classification comtienne sont aussi précisés: toujours liée au souci d’établir un plan d’éducation scientifique, elle l’est aussi à des visées socio-politiques générales car une bonne éducation scientifique est pour Comte la condition d’une régénération sociale. (shrink)

La tradition phénoménologique s'oppose aux sciences cogmttves contemporaines en ceci que le corps propre n'est pas, pour elle, une simple chose du monde physique dont l'esprit-cerveau contiendrait une représentation mentale, mais qu'il est plutôt constitué en son sens d'être pour le sujet par son usage et son appropriation active par ce même sujet, en tant qu'être agissant. Or, il existe une affinité, encore non reconnue, entre cette conception et celle qui ressort de la littérature en cartographie cérébrale des vingt dernières (...) années, d'une neurodynamique morphogénétique fonctionnelle induite et modulée par l'expérience, en une relative autonomie par rapport aux structures anatomiques du corps comme aux frontières cytoarchitectoniques du cerveau. Tirant parti de cette affinité, nous prenons appui sur les données des neurosciences pour réhabiliter contre sa dévalorisation par les sciences cognitives la théorie de la constitution de Husserl, en revenant de ses adaptations ultérieures (Merleau-Ponty) à sa forme authentique, qui est celle de l'auto-constitution subjective (transcendantale) du corps propre sur la base de l'expérience pratico-kinesthésique du «je meus mon corps ». (shrink)

The individual, as an actor in the social world, relies on “a stock of knowledge at hand”. However, he also addresses the cultural and historic forms of validity based on the perspectives of his own interests, reasons and wishes, ambitions, religious and ideological commitments. In this sense, not only does the social world constitute the main scene of our actions but also the locus of resistance. These days of highly social complexity and growing cultural interaction mobilize different identification and differentiation (...) processes. In extraordinary situations of change, such as migration for reasons of work or study, or reasons of political or allegedly religious exile, a reformulation of socio-cultural spaces occurs, which is coupled with a rupture of social connections of support and belonging. This refers to a lifestyle under a “transience” status, which may last, in certain cases, all life long. The “place of roots” fails and the subject ends up feeling a stranger even in its own spaces. In this sense, the foreigner’s right to hospitality resides precisely in not being considered the absolute other, the barbarian, the savage who is absolutely excluded and heterogeneous, but in being someone whose identity should be guaranteed. Upon answering this requirement, the foreigner undertakes responsibility before the law and before its hosts: the foreigner becomes “a subject of rights”. (shrink)

Does living on Earth not also for human beings mean being open to the sky? Watching day alternate with night, relying on the seasonal cycle, finding their way according to the position of the stars, humans have always been aware of their dependence on the sky and tried to understand the origin of life in relation to it. And it is up to the sky again that their imagination and thoughts fly whenever they feel cramped in their earthly habitat. Following (...) the axis of their own vertical position, the earth that is the floor for humans is seen as a ‘down here’ by opposition to an ‘up there’, the sky, towards which they turn their heads and raise their eyes. Up there is the origin of the metaphorical figure and /or dream image of the flight up into the high heavens, or the journey to other stars, or to a spiritual land beyond. (shrink)

Brazil, land of miscegenation (métisse). An indisputable fact and an unending process. But how should we understand its genesis and how should we, while respecting the requirements of a historiography worth the name, interpret it in terms of our hopes for the future? This is the horizon binding these reflections, which is to be put in perspective in the studies published in this issue of Diogenes.Foregrounding miscegenation, and understanding its origins, has been one of the constant themes among the most (...) distinguished practitioners of Brazilian thought since the 1930s, and has been accepted, indeed demanded, since the 1920s by the artistic and literary movement known as ‘modernism’, of which one of the major figures was the São Paulo writer, Mário de Andrade. Gilberto Freyre (1900–1987), who would now have been a hundred years old, comes particularly to mind, as does Sergio Buarque de Holanda (1902–1982). Freyre made history with the publication of his two first works, Casa Grande & senzala [Masters and Slaves] of 1933 and Sobrados e mucambos of 1936. The same year Buarque de Holanda published his Raízes de Brasil [Roots of Brasil]. Motivated by the desire to understand their country, its shaping and – with some kind of concern as to identity – their own origins, both had been led to pave the way for what might be called an ‘open’ sociology, which immediately acquired a strongly anthropological character with Freyre and quickly incorporated increasingly historical aspects with Buarque de Holanda. (shrink)

Les pouvoirs de la littérature sont en déshérence. Enseignante et écrivaine, l'auteure ne se résigne pas à entériner cet échec. L'enseignement des lettres doit servir à former des hommes libres, des citoyens capables d'un jugement autonome. Ce livre est aussi une réflexion sur la figure du narrateur et sur la liberté du lecteur qui retraverse des situations où se trouve engagé son imaginaire.

The phenomenological theory of constitution promises a solution for the problem of consciousness insofar as it changes the traditional terms of this problem by systematically correlating subject and object in the unifying context of intentional acts. I argue that embodied constitution must depend upon the role of kinesthesia as a constitutive operator. In pursuing the path of intentionality in its descent from an idealistic level of pure constitution to this fully embodied kinesthetic constitution, we are able to gain access to (...) different ontological regions such as physical thing, owned body and shared world. Neuroscience brings to light the somatological correlates of noemata. Bridging the gap between incarnation and naturalisation represents the best way of realizing the foundational program of transcendental phenomenology. (shrink)

Vouloir dresser un tableau de la philosophie française au XXe siècle est une entreprise risquée. Comment s'y repérer? Quelles ressources y puiser? Cet ouvrage opère un retour critique sur les grandes traditions françaises : idéalisme, réalisme, spiritualisme. Il vise à en montrer le profond renouvellement jusqu'à la période contemporaine. Les temps ne sont plus aux " grands récits " : Sartre, Althusser, entre autres, ne tiennent plus le haut du pavé. De nouvelles directions de recherche ont largement émergé. Phénoménologie, structuralisme, (...) herméneutique sont encore très présents, même si on constate désormais un véritable éclatement de la pensée française. Les figures de Foucault, Derrida, Lyotard ou Deleuze en sont les plus représentatives. Problèmes, méthodes, enjeux, notamment d'un point de vue chrétien, se trouvent au coeur de cette passionnante traversée du siècle. (shrink)