The modern time regime was constituted by the common belief in an open future promising progress and growth. Modern law has been adapted to these temporalities and founded on similar paradigms. Positivist law is strictly separated from nature, subject to permanent change and legitimated solely by human will and ratio. Since the 1970s the modern time regime has been out of joint. Due to multiple crises societies now tend to expect a limited future, some even fear apocalyptic scenarios. This change (...) in future expectations has triggered cultural turns having an impact on the law. The Anthropocene demands law to be re-orientated to natural events. Digitalization raises legal debates about how to make future predictions and about the extent to which data about the past may be stored and when it should be forgotten. Since the future seems to hold no promise of improvement anymore, societies turn back to their past. The law is supposed to solve the arising conflicts over past injustice. This article aims to investigate these changes in legal paradigms and to elaborate on the role that the law could play in repairing the modern time regime. (shrink)

Industrial (“white”) biotechnology promises to contribute to a more sustainable future. Compared to current production processes, cases have been identified where industrial biotechnology can decrease the amount of energy and raw materials used to make products and also reduce the amount of emissions and waste produced during production. However, switching from products based on chemical production processes and fossil fuels towards “biobased” products is at present not necessarily economically viable. This is especially true for bulk products, for example ethanol production (...) from biomass. Therefore, scientists are also turning to genetic modification as a means to develop organisms that can produce at lower costs. These include not only micro-organisms, but also organisms used in agriculture for food and feed.The use of genetic modification for “deliberate release” purposes, in particular, has met great opposition in Europe. Many industrial biotechnology applications may, due to their scale, entail deliberate releases of GM organisms. Thus, the biobased economy brings back a familiar question; is it ethically justifiable, and acceptable to citizens, to expose the environment and society to the risks associated with GM, in order to protect that same environment and to sustain our affluent way of life? For a successful innovation towards a biobased economy, its proponents, especially producers, need to take into account (take responsibility for) such issues when developing new products and processes. These issues, and how scientists can interact with citizens about them in a timely way, are further explored in projects at Delft University and Leiden University, also in collaboration with Utrecht University. (shrink)

Constitutional law in the United States is, for most practical purposes, the product of ‘judicial review’, the power of judges to disallow policy choices made by other officials or institutions of government, ostensibly because those choices are prohibited by the Constitution. This extraordinary and unprecedented power, America's dubious contribution to the science of government, has made American judges the most powerful in the world, not only legislators but super-legislators, legislators with virtually the last word. Because lawmaking power divorced from popular (...) will is tyranny, most states have attempted to reconcile the lawmaking power of judges with representative self-government by subjecting all or some judges to some form of popular election. In all but four such states, judges, encouraged and supported by their fellow lawyers in the organized bar—would-be judges and beneficiaries of judicial power—have responded by adopting codes of judicial ethics that limit what candidates for election to judicial office are permitted to say. The effect is to undermine elections as a control on judicial power by limiting criticism of judicial activism, the misuse of judicial power. (shrink)

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Cuando se buscan los límites en la capacidad física de los humanos, toda mejora lleva implícita la optimización del funcionamiento del organismo. Para conseguirla se recurre a ayudas ergogénicas, aunque muchas de las utilizadas no se ha probado científicamente que consigan el efecto deseado. Además las hay permitidas y prohibidas (dopantes), saludables e insalubres. Con arreglo a sus efectos las podemos agrupar en nutricionales y no nutricionales. Entre las primeras, estarían todos los suplementos dietarios, tales como vitaminas, minerales, bebidas y (...) nutrientes energéticos. Entre las segundas, las ayudas mecánicas, psicológicas, fisiológicas y farmacológicas. Estas últimas incluyen el amplio grupo de sustancias prohibidas, que constituyen dopaje. Las ayudas ergogénicas hacen más efecto, en general, a los deportistas recreacionales que a la élite y en todo caso la respuesta es siempre individual. (shrink)

Comemos para reponer el desgaste diario de las estructuras corporales y pérdidas de reservas energéticas. Un deportista debe comer más que un sedentario, porque gasta más. La calidad nutricional debe tener las adecuadas proporciones de carbohidratos, proteínas y grasas, que irán acompañadas por vitaminas, minerales y fibra. El agua es el nutriente más importante y el deportista debe cuidar especialmente su rehidratación. El reparto de las comidas debe armonizarse con la actividad física, para evitar problemas digestivos. Cuanto más variada sea (...) la dieta, más correcta será la reposición nutricional. Hay que comer de todo, aunque de unas cosas más que de otras. Si se come suficiente en cantidad y con la calidad adecuada, no hará falta tomar suplementos nutricionales. (shrink)

In the post-1945 world, constitutionalism has transcended the nation state, with an array of transnational arrangements now manifesting constitutional characteristics—so says a growing number of scholars. This article reveals an earlier but largely forgotten discourse of transnational constitutionalism: the constitutional theory of the British Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Focusing on the work of Albert Venn Dicey, the article shows that, when the Empire was at the height of its power and prestige, British constitutional scholars came (...) to see the Empire as a constitutional order and project. For Dicey, a committed constitutionalist and imperialist, the central dynamic of the imperial constitutional order was balancing British constitutional principles with imperial unity. This article focuses in particular on parliamentary sovereignty, a constitutional principle that, for Dicey, was both necessary for and dangerous to the Empire’s integrity. An exercise in intellectual history, the article rethinks Dicey’s work and the constitutional tradition in which Dicey has played such an integral part, seeking to reveal empire's forgotten significance. (shrink)

This paper provides a discussion of Jacques Rancière’s former teacher at École Normale Supérieure, then famous for fashioning Marxism with the philosophical gauge of structuralism, Louis Althusser. Perhaps a brief discussion on the relation between the two would render context to the origins of Rancière's philosophico-political praxis, specifically the humble beginnings of conceptualizing an egalitarian method out of his philosophical rupture with Althusserianism. Meanwhile, to reduce the philosophical enterprise of Althusser into its practical shortcomings and silence during the revolutionary events (...) of May 1968 in France would do an injustice to the magnitude of his contribution to contemporary French political theory and his major revisions in the theoretical direction of the Parti communiste français. Thus, the following discussions focus on sketching Althusser's theoretical foundations, which possibly clarifies the political decision he has made during May '68: a demand for organization over spontaneous revolutionary activity based on the authority of theoretical practice over the ideological activities—a decision that became the point of departure for Rancière's subversion of both mastery and the structural inequality Althusserianism entail. The whole piece is guided by the following two-fold question—a question, perhaps, akin to Badiou's inquiry: What were the philosophico-political interventions of Louis Althusser, and why did Rancière move away from his direction? (shrink)

International law lacks many of the standard features of domestic law. There are few legislative or judicial bodies with exclusive authority over particular jurisdictions or subject matters, the subjects regulated by international law typically must affirmatively consent to be bound by it, and supranational authorities with the power to coerce states to comply with international obligations are rare. How can a legal system with these features generate changes in state behavior? For many theories, the ability of international law to inform (...) and change individual preferences provides the answer. When voters care that treaty commitments be kept, or that international norms be honored, the theory goes, leaders are more likely to be able to make choices consistent with international obligations. Over the last decade, a literature has emerged testing these theories using surveys and experiments embedded in surveys. Multiple U.S. studies find that international law and international norm arguments shift public opinion in the direction of greater compliance by 4 to 20 percentage points. However, studies in foreign contexts are more mixed, with some backlash reported in countries in which international law is highly politicized. This Article describes the state of current knowledge about whether international law actually does change preferences, explains the limitations with existing research, and proposes avenues for future study. (shrink)

Resumo Autores como os físicos Léon Rosenfeld, Gerald Holton e Franco Selleri, bem como o filósofo Miguel Reale perceberam já que, no interior da mecânica quântica, o princípio da complementaridade de Niels Bohr pode ser aproximado á noção filosófica de dialéctica. Além de buscar contribuir para robustecer tal linha de interpretaoção do famoso principío bohriano, neste paper tentaremos compreender dialecticamente a relaoção de Louis de Broglie e a de desigualdade de Werner Heisenberg. Por fim, argumentaremos a favor de um enfoque (...) realista do principío em causa. (shrink)

L’article essaie d’expliquer la nature éthique de l’action par l’analyse de la peine. C’est dans la justification de l’acte pénal que Hegel présenta le premier noyau de la dialectique qui « dépasse » et relativise le commandement du droit positif. C’est même dans la justification de l’action pénale que Hegel expose de façon systématique le principe capital selon lequel le droit n’est réellement juste que lorsqu’il se constitue comme un acte « reconnaissable » par le destinataire.

Tras descartar el acercamiento metodológico a la historia de Doñana como un paso hacia la “conservación de la Naturaleza” con mayúscula, este artículo sitúa la historia del Parque en los contextos políticos, personales y científicos que lo hicieron posible. Estos contextos nos colocan en la escala internacional del desmantelamiento del imperio británico y de la transformación de la ornitología y la ecología como disciplinas. Las rutas migratorias de las aves de Doñana contribuyeron a la dimensión internacional en la que se (...) fraguó el acuerdo entre el World Wildlife Fund (WWF) y el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) que llevó a la inauguración de la Reserva Biológica de Doñana en 1965. La posterior creación del Parque abrió la puerta a nuevos desencuentros entre diversos modos de entender el conservacionismo y entre diferentes categorizaciones científicas del territorio de Doñana. La resolución de estos conflictos dependió de fuerzas y alianzas, lo que permite concluir afinando el argumento metodológico de partida. (shrink)

Ludovico Silva fue uno de los intelectuales marxistas más influyentes de la Venezuela del siglo XX. Él recogió de la obra de Marx aquellos elementos que le permiteron enjuiciar al capitalismo desde el contexto latinoamericano, sin olvidar los errores que los pueblos de la Europa del Este cometieron en su camino al socialismo. Las ideas que guían el presente estudio recogen su postura sobre conceptos como el de ideología, plusvalía, alienación, capitalismo, iglesia, utopía, cultura, entre otros, desde los cuales procura (...) vitalizar el marxismo fosilizado por los manuales elaborados por los intelectuales soviéticos. (shrink)

U članku se rekonstruira politički i duhovni kontekst osnivanja Hrvatskoga filozofskog društva kao i temeljna motivacija njegovih utemeljitelja. Nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata iz Sovjetskog je Saveza importiran marksističko-lenjinistički dogmatizam staljinističkog tipa te je uspostavljen kao obvezatan okvir svake filozofije. Mlađi utemeljitelji usredotočili su svoje filozofske napore na kritiku i delegitimiranje dogmatizma. Ukazali su na unutarnje protuslovnosti i na neodrživost marksističko-lenjinističkog dogmatizma, te na njegovu nespojivost s Marxovim mišljenjem. Time su stvorili pretpostavke za razvitak jedne međunarodno priznate filozofije u šezdesetim godinama (...) prošlog stoljeća.In diesem Aufsatz werden den politischen und geistigen Kontext der Begründung als auch die Grundmotivation der Begründer der Kroatischen Philosophischen Gesellschaft rekonstruiert. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde aus Sowjetunion einen marxistisch-leninistischen Dogmatismus stalinistischer Prägung importiert und als obligatorische Umrahmung irgendeiner Philosophie instaliert. Die jüngere Begründer konzentrierten ihren philosophischen Bemühungen auf die Kritik und Delegitimierung des Dogmatismus. Sie hinwiesen auf die innerlichen Widersprüchlichkeiten und Unhaltbarkeit marxistisch-leninistisches Dogmatismus, als auch auf seine gründliche Unvereinbarkeit mit dem Marxschen Denken. Damit schufen sie die Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung einer international anerkannten Philosophie im sechzigen Jahren letztes Jahrhunderts. (shrink)

An undiscovered chapter in the history of architecture comes from the ex-Soviet Republic of Georgia. Poetics of Architecture is the name given to the studioworkshop at the Georgian Technical University set up by the Georgian architect Shota Bostanashvili (1948–2013). From 1990 until his death he delivered insightful, playful and rather provocative lectures on architecture at this university. He preferred to call his architectural philosophy, critical discourse on architecture. Themes ranged from poetics to metapoetics of architecture. His philosophy of architecture is (...) illustrated by some of his designs and executed projects which demonstrate a drift from existentialism to the philosophy of play. This study includes reference to his last building, a project whose demolition Bostanashvili witnessed before passing away. Based on the concept of the return of the sacred, this edifice was a sort of counter movement to technogenic architecture. (shrink)