info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion.

Mujica, representa unos de los intelectuales más importantes del marxismo venezolano del siglo XX. Las ideas que guían el presente estudio, recogen su postura ante la historia, la religión, los medios de comunicación, así como su tesis sobre el progreso y su postura antiimperialista y, de manera muy particular, la teoría socialista como instrumento de interpretación y trasformación de la realidad.Mujica represents one of the most important intellectuals in twentieth-century Venezuelan Marxism. The ideas guiding this study include his posture regarding (...) history, religion and mass media as well as his thesis about progress, his anti-imperialist posture and especially, socialist theory as an instrument for interpreting and transforming reality. (shrink)

Industrial (“white”) biotechnology promises to contribute to a more sustainable future. Compared to current production processes, cases have been identified where industrial biotechnology can decrease the amount of energy and raw materials used to make products and also reduce the amount of emissions and waste produced during production. However, switching from products based on chemical production processes and fossil fuels towards “biobased” products is at present not necessarily economically viable. This is especially true for bulk products, for example ethanol production (...) from biomass. Therefore, scientists are also turning to genetic modification as a means to develop organisms that can produce at lower costs. These include not only micro-organisms, but also organisms used in agriculture for food and feed.The use of genetic modification for “deliberate release” purposes, in particular, has met great opposition in Europe. Many industrial biotechnology applications may, due to their scale, entail deliberate releases of GM organisms. Thus, the biobased economy brings back a familiar question; is it ethically justifiable, and acceptable to citizens, to expose the environment and society to the risks associated with GM, in order to protect that same environment and to sustain our affluent way of life? For a successful innovation towards a biobased economy, its proponents, especially producers, need to take into account (take responsibility for) such issues when developing new products and processes. These issues, and how scientists can interact with citizens about them in a timely way, are further explored in projects at Delft University and Leiden University, also in collaboration with Utrecht University. (shrink)

Desde hace décadas se viene hablando en América Latina y de manera muy particular en Venezuela sobre la necesidad de una transformación universitaria. Lo que, como es de esperar, genera gran debate entre quienes se aferran a las roídas estructuras de las instituciones de educación superior por los privilegios que consagran y los que apuestan por una nueva universidad. Este trabajo intenta contribuir al gran debate nacional que el proyecto de Ley de Educación Universitaria (2010) ha generado en Venezuela, para (...) ello hace énfasis en lo importante de la radicalización de la democracia universitaria y la introducción del pensamiento crítico en los planes de estudio. (shrink)

In the post-1945 world, constitutionalism has transcended the nation state, with an array of transnational arrangements now manifesting constitutional characteristics—so says a growing number of scholars. This article reveals an earlier but largely forgotten discourse of transnational constitutionalism: the constitutional theory of the British Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Focusing on the work of Albert Venn Dicey, the article shows that, when the Empire was at the height of its power and prestige, British constitutional scholars came (...) to see the Empire as a constitutional order and project. For Dicey, a committed constitutionalist and imperialist, the central dynamic of the imperial constitutional order was balancing British constitutional principles with imperial unity. This article focuses in particular on parliamentary sovereignty, a constitutional principle that, for Dicey, was both necessary for and dangerous to the Empire’s integrity. An exercise in intellectual history, the article rethinks Dicey’s work and the constitutional tradition in which Dicey has played such an integral part, seeking to reveal empire's forgotten significance. (shrink)

Cuando se buscan los límites en la capacidad física de los humanos, toda mejora lleva implícita la optimización del funcionamiento del organismo. Para conseguirla se recurre a ayudas ergogénicas, aunque muchas de las utilizadas no se ha probado científicamente que consigan el efecto deseado. Además las hay permitidas y prohibidas (dopantes), saludables e insalubres. Con arreglo a sus efectos las podemos agrupar en nutricionales y no nutricionales. Entre las primeras, estarían todos los suplementos dietarios, tales como vitaminas, minerales, bebidas y (...) nutrientes energéticos. Entre las segundas, las ayudas mecánicas, psicológicas, fisiológicas y farmacológicas. Estas últimas incluyen el amplio grupo de sustancias prohibidas, que constituyen dopaje. Las ayudas ergogénicas hacen más efecto, en general, a los deportistas recreacionales que a la élite y en todo caso la respuesta es siempre individual. (shrink)

Comemos para reponer el desgaste diario de las estructuras corporales y pérdidas de reservas energéticas. Un deportista debe comer más que un sedentario, porque gasta más. La calidad nutricional debe tener las adecuadas proporciones de carbohidratos, proteínas y grasas, que irán acompañadas por vitaminas, minerales y fibra. El agua es el nutriente más importante y el deportista debe cuidar especialmente su rehidratación. El reparto de las comidas debe armonizarse con la actividad física, para evitar problemas digestivos. Cuanto más variada sea (...) la dieta, más correcta será la reposición nutricional. Hay que comer de todo, aunque de unas cosas más que de otras. Si se come suficiente en cantidad y con la calidad adecuada, no hará falta tomar suplementos nutricionales. (shrink)

The modern time regime was constituted by the common belief in an open future promising progress and growth. Modern law has been adapted to these temporalities and founded on similar paradigms. Positivist law is strictly separated from nature, subject to permanent change and legitimated solely by human will and ratio. Since the 1970s the modern time regime has been out of joint. Due to multiple crises societies now tend to expect a limited future, some even fear apocalyptic scenarios. This change (...) in future expectations has triggered cultural turns having an impact on the law. The Anthropocene demands law to be re-orientated to natural events. Digitalization raises legal debates about how to make future predictions and about the extent to which data about the past may be stored and when it should be forgotten. Since the future seems to hold no promise of improvement anymore, societies turn back to their past. The law is supposed to solve the arising conflicts over past injustice. This article aims to investigate these changes in legal paradigms and to elaborate on the role that the law could play in repairing the modern time regime. (shrink)

Ludovico Silva fue uno de los intelectuales marxistas más influyentes de la Venezuela del siglo XX. Él recogió de la obra de Marx aquellos elementos que le permiteron enjuiciar al capitalismo desde el contexto latinoamericano, sin olvidar los errores que los pueblos de la Europa del Este cometieron en su camino al socialismo. Las ideas que guían el presente estudio recogen su postura sobre conceptos como el de ideología, plusvalía, alienación, capitalismo, iglesia, utopía, cultura, entre otros, desde los cuales procura (...) vitalizar el marxismo fosilizado por los manuales elaborados por los intelectuales soviéticos. (shrink)

Constitutional law in the United States is, for most practical purposes, the product of ‘judicial review’, the power of judges to disallow policy choices made by other officials or institutions of government, ostensibly because those choices are prohibited by the Constitution. This extraordinary and unprecedented power, America's dubious contribution to the science of government, has made American judges the most powerful in the world, not only legislators but super-legislators, legislators with virtually the last word. Because lawmaking power divorced from popular (...) will is tyranny, most states have attempted to reconcile the lawmaking power of judges with representative self-government by subjecting all or some judges to some form of popular election. In all but four such states, judges, encouraged and supported by their fellow lawyers in the organized bar—would-be judges and beneficiaries of judicial power—have responded by adopting codes of judicial ethics that limit what candidates for election to judicial office are permitted to say. The effect is to undermine elections as a control on judicial power by limiting criticism of judicial activism, the misuse of judicial power. (shrink)

Resumo Autores como os físicos Léon Rosenfeld, Gerald Holton e Franco Selleri, bem como o filósofo Miguel Reale perceberam já que, no interior da mecânica quântica, o princípio da complementaridade de Niels Bohr pode ser aproximado á noção filosófica de dialéctica. Além de buscar contribuir para robustecer tal linha de interpretaoção do famoso principío bohriano, neste paper tentaremos compreender dialecticamente a relaoção de Louis de Broglie e a de desigualdade de Werner Heisenberg. Por fim, argumentaremos a favor de um enfoque (...) realista do principío em causa. (shrink)

This ar ti cle is part of the anal y sis of the his tory of ideas in Latin Amer ica, which is a field of thought that con trib utes to re cov er ing con tri bu tions from di verse fields of knowl edge, and which has been fo cused on by in tel lec tu als who con sider our iden tity to be a theme..

An undiscovered chapter in the history of architecture comes from the ex-Soviet Republic of Georgia. Poetics of Architecture is the name given to the studioworkshop at the Georgian Technical University set up by the Georgian architect Shota Bostanashvili (1948–2013). From 1990 until his death he delivered insightful, playful and rather provocative lectures on architecture at this university. He preferred to call his architectural philosophy, critical discourse on architecture. Themes ranged from poetics to metapoetics of architecture. His philosophy of architecture is (...) illustrated by some of his designs and executed projects which demonstrate a drift from existentialism to the philosophy of play. This study includes reference to his last building, a project whose demolition Bostanashvili witnessed before passing away. Based on the concept of the return of the sacred, this edifice was a sort of counter movement to technogenic architecture. (shrink)

U ovom prilogu promišljanju se konzekvencije različitih shvaćanja ideje jednakosti na području teorijâ demokracije i posebice političke prakse. Tek se diferenciranjem ključnih pojmova mogu nadmašiti one lažne alternative koje proizlaze iz nerazjašnjena korištenja odnosnih pojmova i ideja, te onemogućiti njihovu preobrazbu u prazne riječi. Odatle je moguće i postavljanje pitanja o trećem putu koji bi bio u stanju ukloniti lažnu alternativu između totalitarna egalitarizma i razorna neoliberalizma.In diesem Beitrag werden die Konsequenzen differenzierter Auffassungen der Idee des Gleichheits auf den Bereiche (...) der Demokratietheorien und besonders der politischer Praxis nachgedacht. Nur durch die Differenzierung der Schlüsselbegriffe könnte man diejenige falsche Alternativen aufheben, die aus dem unaufgeklärten Gebrauch bezüglicher Begriffe und Ideen folgen, und ihre Umgestaltung in die gehaltlose Wörter vermeiden. Dadurch wird möglich auch die Frage um die Möglichkeit eines dritten Wegs stellen, der in der Lage wäre, die falsche Alternative zwischen totalitaristischen Egalitarismus und zerstörenden Neoliberalismus überzuwinden. (shrink)

Albert Einstein je svojom specijalnom teorijom relativnosti definitivno opovrgao svaku mogućnost znanstvenog legitimiranja mehanicističkog pogleda na svijet, što implicira i opovrgnuće one metafizike materijalističkog predznaka koja se temelji na koncepciji razdvojenosti prostora i vremena. On je u specijalnoj teoriji relativnosti zasnovao pojam vremena i prostora kao jedinstvenog zbivanja, a taj je pojam oslobođen i od ravne metrike kakva obilježuje još i koncepciju Hermanna Minkowskog. Mnoštvenost jedinstvena vremena-prostora ukida i Galilejeve i Newtonove pojmove kao što su: apsolutni prostor, apsolutno vrijeme, apsolutno (...) mirovanje, te nepromjenjivost mase, a jednako tako i apsolutnost činjenice koja sadrži istodobnost dva prostorno udaljena zbivanja. Time su uspostavljene pretpostavke za razvoj tzv. postmoderne kozmologije. Autor postavlja pitanje otvara li postmodernizam ukozmologiji put za obnovu raznovrsnih onto-teokozmo-antropologija kojima je zajedničko htijenje da se ukine ideja povijesnosti, ili pak, naprotiv, Einsteinovo ukidanje pravocrtnosti otvara prostor afirmacije autentične povijesnosti. A upravo se u toj antitezi između metafizike i povijesnog mišljenja sastoji temeljni prijepor današnje filozofije,suočene i s lažnom alternativom iracionalizma i hiperracionalizma.Albert Einstein hat durch seine Spezielle Relativitätstheorie jegliche Möglichkeit der wissenschaftlichenLegitimierung einer mechanizistischen Weltanschauungdefinitiv widergelegt.Diesimpliziert ebenfalls die Widerlegungeiner Metaphysik materialistischer Art,die auf derKonzeptionder getrenntenExistenz von Zeit und Raum begründet ist. In der Speziellen Relativitätstheoriehat Einstein den Begriff der Einheitlichkeit von Zeit und Raum als einheitlichenGeschehensgeprägt. Dieser Begriff ist befreitvon platter Metrik, die noch die Konzeption vonHermannMinkowski charakterisiert. Durchdie Vielfältigkeitder Einheitlichkeit von Zeit undRaumentfallen die Begriffe von Galilei und Newton . Damitwerdendie Voraussetzungenfür die Entwicklung der sog. postmodernen Kosmologie aufgestellt.Der Autorfragt, ob der Postmodernismus in der Kosmologie einen Wegzur Erneuerungdifferenzierter Onto-Theo-Kosmo-Anthropologieneröffnet, dergleichartigdem Verlangenist, die Idee der Geschichlichkeit aufzuheben, oder ob EinsteinsAufhebungder Linearität einen Raum für die Affirmierungauthentischer Geschichlichkeit eröffnet. Gerade in dieserAntithesezwischen Metapysik und geschichtlichem Denken liegt eine wichtige StreitfragederzeitgenössischenPhilosophie, die auch durchdie falsche Alternativezwischen Irrationalismusund Hyperrationalismus gekennzeichnet wird. (shrink)

L’article essaie d’expliquer la nature éthique de l’action par l’analyse de la peine. C’est dans la justification de l’acte pénal que Hegel présenta le premier noyau de la dialectique qui « dépasse » et relativise le commandement du droit positif. C’est même dans la justification de l’action pénale que Hegel expose de façon systématique le principe capital selon lequel le droit n’est réellement juste que lorsqu’il se constitue comme un acte « reconnaissable » par le destinataire.

The notion of freedom was in ancient philosophy formed in the sense of the privileges belonging to adult free citizens, and thus foreigners, minors, women, and slaves were deprived of the possibility of freedom. This definition of freedom was also adopted by Roman law, unlike Stoic philosophy and the New Testament Christianity, where freedom was extended to belong to all human beings. In comparison, the Stoics condemn slavery, while Christianity eschatologises freedom. The Middle Ages built on such a concept of (...) freedom. Still, in that period the secular concept of freedom was formulated, which especially comes to the fore in the Magna charta libertatum. The modern concept of freedom was shaped in the Modern Age, from Locke’s definition of life, freedom, and property as inalienable civil rights, through Voltaire’s request for the freedom of thought and Rousseau’s identification of freedom with the essence of human being, to Kant’s understanding of freedom that is possible only through the mind. The ideals of French Revolution, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, are concretised in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. John Stuart Mill formulated the classical liberal concept of freedom. Today freedom is discussed, on the one hand, at the level of questions about individual freedom, and on the other hand, at the level of the problematisation of social presumptions regarding the freedom of human being. (shrink)