BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder is clinically diagnosed; however, quantitative analysis to statistically analyze the symptom severity of children with ADHD via the measurement of head movement is still in progress. Studies focusing on the cues that may influence the attention of children with ADHD in classroom settings, where children spend a considerable amount of time, are relatively scarce. Virtual reality allows real-life simulation of classroom environments and thus provides an opportunity to test a range of theories in a naturalistic and (...) controlled manner. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between participants’ head movements and their reports of inattention and hyperactivity, and to investigate how their head movements are affected by different social cues of different sensory modalities.MethodsThirty-seven children and adolescents with and without ADHD were recruited for this study. All participants were assessed for diagnoses, clinical symptoms, and self-reported symptoms. A virtual reality-continuous performance test was conducted under four conditions: control, no-cue, visual cue, and visual/audio cue. A quantitativecomparison of the participants’ head movements was conducted in three dimensions using a head-mounted display in a VR classroom environment. Task-irrelevant head movements were analyzed separately, considering the dimension of movement needed to perform the VR-CPT.ResultsThe magnitude of head movement, especially task-irrelevant head movement, significantly correlated with the current standard of clinical assessment in the ADHD group. Regarding the four conditions, head movement showed changes according to the complexity of social cues in both the ADHD and healthy control groups.ConclusionChildren and adolescents with ADHD showed decreasing task-irrelevant movements in the presence of social stimuli toward the intended orientation. As a proof-of-concept study, this study preliminarily identifies the potential of VR as a tool to understand and investigate the classroom behavior of children with ADHD in a controlled, systematic manner. (shrink)

Cultural factors are operating in the aesthetic experience of pictorial realism, occurring in a transcultural manner, and their effects are salient in beholder’s affective reaction correlated with perceptual-cognitive operation. This paper aims to demonstrate this hypothesis, by developing two analytical tools that might explain the anti-hedonic valence of Hong Taeyong, an eighteenth-century Korean literatus’ aesthetic experience of a Western religious fresco depicting the Lamentation of Christ in a Jesuit Catholic church in Beijing. First, a complex multifold conflict between «actual affect» (...) and culturally modeled «ideal affect», operating simultaneously in his visual experience, might be translated into a highly negative valence of his global affective state. Second, the variance of processing fluencies at different levels would have made his global processing operation less fluid, and it might play a role in his negative affective valence, since the affect is inherent in processing fluency signal. (shrink)

BackgroundSelf-report multiple choice questionnaires have been widely utilized to quantitatively measure one’s personality and psychological constructs. Despite several strengths, self-report multiple choice questionnaires have considerable limitations in nature. With the rise of machine learning and Natural language processing, researchers in the field of psychology are widely adopting NLP to assess psychological construct to predict human behaviors. However, there is a lack of connections between the work being performed in computer science and that of psychology due to small data sets and (...) unvalidated modeling practices.AimsThe current article introduces the study method and procedure of phase II which includes the interview questions for the five-factor model of personality developed in phase I. This study aims to develop the interview and open-ended questions for the FFM-based personality assessments, specifically designed with experts in the field of clinical and personality psychology, and to collect the personality-related text data using the interview questions and self-report measures on personality and psychological distress. The purpose of the study includes examining the relationship between natural language data obtained from the interview questions, measuring the FFM personality constructs, and psychological distress to demonstrate the validity of the natural language-based personality prediction.MethodsPhase I study was conducted to fifty-nine native Korean adults to acquire the personality-related text data from the interview and open-ended questions based on the FFM of personality. The interview questions were revised and finalized with the feedback from the external expert committee, consisting of personality and clinical psychologists. Based on the established interview questions, a total of 300 Korean adults will be recruited using a convenience sampling method via online survey. The text data collected from interviews will be analyzed using the natural language processing. The results of the online survey including demographic data, depression, anxiety, and personality inventories will be analyzed together in the model to predict individuals’ FFM of personality and the level of psychological distress. (shrink)

이 글은 박필주의 철학 사상에서 양명학 비판에 나타난 문제들을 고찰하고자 하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 그는 다층적인 인식들이 분출되던 18세기에 이단상 계열의 끝자락을 장식한 대표적 낙론계열의 성리학자이다. 당시에 넓게 유포되고 있던 양명학에 대한 그의 경계심은 단호하면서도 엄격한 면모을 유지하고 있다. 먼저, 박필주는 왕수인의 ‘격물공부’에 대하여 ‘공부단계의 초월’과 ‘자기수양의 전개’라는 측면에서 비판한다. 이것은 성리학에서 말하는 ‘격물공부’와는 차이를 드러내는 것으로, 절차와 절목 그리고 원칙과 원리에 대한 인식을 생략하는 것으로 파악한 결과이다. 그리하여 왕수인이 말하는 ‘격물공부’는 공부의 착수처를 찾지 못하는 오류에 빠졌다고 진단한다. 그리고 ‘지행합일’에 (...) 대해서도 ‘지’와 ‘행’의 구분이 없이 일원화의 매몰되어 있다는 것이다. 박필주는 ‘지’ · ‘행’이라는 두 층차를 통해 궁극적으로 이론과 실천의 문제를 동시에 병행해야 한다고 밝힌다. 또한 왕수인의 ‘심즉리’에 대해서도 ‘不離’의 입장만을 강조해서 형이상의 원리와 법칙이 없다면 이것은 무질서의 그 자체일 뿐임을 말한다. 다시 말해, 왕수인은 ‘심즉리’를 ‘마음’이라고 하는 하나의 ‘한정된 구역’에 가두어서 일원화의 오류에 빠졌음을 입증한다. 이와 같은 배경에는 왕수인의 ‘심즉리’가 대상 사물과의 단절이라는 결과를 초래하는 것으로 보기 때문이다. 마지막으로 그는 ‘양지’에 대해서도 문제를 제기하는데, 왕수인이 말하는 ‘양지’는 모든 사태에 대한 시비판단을 처리하는 기존으로 설정되어 있지만, 이것 또한 대상 사물의 원리나 법칙에서 벗어나지 못하는 맹점을 안고 있다는 것이다. 이러한 박필주의 양명학 비판은 당시의 유포되고 있던 양명학에 대한 견제인 동시에 성리학의 고수라는 임무를 수행하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 조선 후기로 접어드는 18세기 중엽에 이러한 철학의 전개는 양명학 비판을 통해서 급변하는 자기 시대의 다양한 문제들을 해결하고자 고심했던 흔적들이다. 이것은 당시 성리학자들로 하여금 양명학을 이단학으로 규정하는 반면, 주자학에 대한 굳건한 믿음과 학파적 입장을 대변하기 위한 방편이었다. (shrink)

이 논문은 박필주의 성리설을 중심으로 고찰한 것이다. 또한 박필주의 사유의 지향점이 당대 철학을 어떻게 이해하고, 자신의 이론체계를 어떻게 구축하고 있는가 하는 것을 살피는 작업이다. 따라서 본 논문은 성리설 가운데서 리기심성, 인심도심, 사단칠정에 집중하고 있다. 리기론의 관점에서 본다면 하나의 리가 동일하다는 전제하에 본성은 이치의 총회로 설명한다. 그렇기 때문에 어떠한 형체에 구애받거나 구속되지 않고, 그 이치에 맞게 응하기만 하면 된다. 이와 같은 입장을 통해 본다면, 18세기에 불어 닥친 인물성동이논변의 입장이 고스란히 드러난 모습이다. 사칠논변이 인간의 심정에 관한 논변에 견주어 인물성동이논변은 인간의 본성에 착목해서 (...) 논의한 학술적 논변이다. 박필주도 인간의 본성은 하나의 흠결이 있을 수 없다는 입장이다. 인간의 마음에 두 양태, 곧 인심과 도심의 발출을 두고도 박필주는 이황과 이이의 인심도심설을 비판적으로 바라본다. 이황의 양변설을 소종래의 입장에서는 수용하지만, 이것이 리발기수 ․ 기발리승의 구분으로 인해 어의가 미진하다고 주장한다. 그리고 이이의 기발리승일도설에 대해서도 인심도심설로 해석했을 때 불상리의 본래의 뜻을 얻겠지만 경계의 지점이 없어지는 아쉬움이 남는다는 것이다. 결국 분합(分合)의 관점에서 몸과 마음을 조감해야 한다는 것을 강조한다. 인간의 정감에 관한 사칠설에 대해서도 박필주는 김창협의 사칠설을 조목조목 나열한 후 자신의 입장을 개진하는데, 사단은 단초 내지 실마리로서의 인간 본성에 내재된 도덕적 감정에 지렛대 역할을 수행하고 칠정은 감정의 모든 것을 포괄할 수 있는 영역으로 파악한다. (shrink)

본 논문은 청광자 이근주의 생애와 의리정신에 대해 고찰한 것이다. 그는 성품이 매우 강직했던 것으로 보인다. 그는 절의지사를 존경했고, 을미년 거의 때에는 동지들과 고난을 같이 하기 위해 스스로 체포되고자 했다. 경술년 국치 때에는 자결로써 의리를 지키고자 했고, 처사로서 자결하는 것을 세상 사람들이 오해할까 염려하여 처의론를 제시하기도 했다. 자결할 때 ‘존화양이척사부정(尊華攘夷斥邪扶正)’을 명분으로 삼았으며, 죽어서까지도 몸이 더렵혀지는 것을 걱정하여 화장해 줄 것을 당부했다. 이근주는 『맹자』의 ‘웅어장(熊魚章)’을 특히 좋아했는데, 이 부분이 그의 의리정신의 핵심 포인트이다. 그에 의하면 선비의 본업은 뜻을 키우는 것이다. 도에 뜻을 둔 (...) 자가 세(勢)를 쫒거나 생의 즐거움을 추구한다면 그는 이미 선비가 아닌 것이다. 그러나 세상의 선비라 칭하는 자들은 그렇지 못해서 ‘의’를 추구해야 하는 곳에서 ‘세’를 헤아리고 ‘생의 즐거움’을 추구한다. 이것이 을미년 거의가 실패하게 된 원인이요 작금에 펼쳐진 누란의 원인이다. 그가 경술년 국치 때 자결을 하게 된 것도 이 때문이다. 선비 된 자에게 망국은 도를 행할 터전을 잃어버렸다는 의미이다. 이런 상황에서는 도를 실천할 수도 없을 뿐만 아니라 그 자체 국권을 빼앗은 이적(夷狄)에게 봉사하는 길이 될 뿐이다. 그렇다고 선비 된 자가 ‘세’를 쫒으며 ‘생의 기쁨’을 위해 살 수도 없다. 성인의 덕화(德化)가 수천 년 이어져 온 내 나라를 버리고 다른 나라로 떠나는 것도 내키지 않는다. 의도(義徒)를 모집해 치욕을 설욕하고 싶어도 ‘세’를 쫒는 무리들 앞에서는 요연한 일일 뿐이다. 게다가 수십 년 간 병마에 시달려 몸도 가누기 힘든 상태이다. 결국 그가 선택할 수 있는 ‘사생취의(捨生取義)’의 길은 자결로서 선비의 삶, 즉 의리를 지키는 길밖에 없었다. 그는 지천명(知天命)의 나이에 이르러서야 비로소 ‘중화’의 위대함과 ‘이적’의 사악함을 깨달았다. 그래서 ‘대소중화(大小中華)’의 한결같은 가르침과 ‘인수화이(人獸華夷)’의 분변이 더 없이 소중하게 생각되었다. 이제부터라도 ‘화이’를 준별하는 선비의 삶을 살아야 한다. ‘절개를 세우는 자는 그 죽어야 하는 의리를 잡으면 나가서 죽을 뿐이다.’ 그가 ‘존화양이척사부정’이라는 8자(字)를 남기고 ‘화장’을 당부하며 생을 마감한 데에는 바로 이러한 뜻이 있었다. 그의 의리정신은 자결로서 민족적 자존의식을 대변하며 항일투쟁을 선도했다는 데에 의의가 있다. (shrink)

This paper discusses operationalization of open educational practices (OEP) using innovative, Internet-influenced pedagogies to expose dangers of post-truth narratives. The first part reviews interpretations of OEP (associated with open-access and tools, collaboration, problem-centered learning, and democratic pedagogy) and explores possibilities for creating educational initiatives where students learn to create problem-solving communities mirroring an informationally healthy society. The second part suggests our society has reached a post-truth crossroads. Post-truth was initially discussed in the 1990s—a reification of critical theorists’ pessimism of social (...) structures, controlling narratives and ways members react to critical events, whether through obedience to institutional authority or support for destructive adventurism, creating situations producing cybernetic double binds. The third part contextualizes OEP as ecologically grounded pedagogies through an open source educational processes framework focusing on productive many-to-many online communication and community formation, offering practical examples of open source educational processes curricula implemented in a higher education setting. (shrink)

The meshed control theory assumes that cognitive control and automatic processes work together in the natural attention of experts for superior performance. However, the methods adopted by previous studies limit their capacity to provide in-depth information on the neuromotor processes. This experiment tested the theory with an alternative approach. Twelve skilled golfers were recruited to perform a putting task under three conditions: (1) normal condition, with no focus instruction (NC), (2) external focus of attention condition (EC), and (3) internal focus (...) of attention condition (IC). Four blocks of 10 putts each were performed under each condition. The putting success rate and accuracy were measured and electroencephalographies (EEGs) were recorded. The behavioral results showed that the NC produced a higher putting success rate and accuracy than the EC and IC. The EEG data showed that the skilled golfers’ attentional processes in the NC initially resembled those in the EC and then moved toward those in the IC just before putting. This indicates a switch from more automatic processes to cognitive control processes while preparing to putt. The findings offer support for the meshed control theory and indicate the dynamic nature of neuromotor processes for the superior performance of athletes in challenging situations. (shrink)

Networks and the World Wide Web seem to provide an answer to efficiently creating and disseminating knowledge resources. Knowledge, however, is ambiguous in character, and contains both explicit (information) and tacit dimensions - the latter being difficult to value as well as to transfer. Participant identity, commitment and behaviour within the network also affect the sharing of knowledge. Hence, existing laws and norms (including property rights) which have been established on the basis of discrete transactions and monetary value-oriented exchange may (...) not be adequate to deal with the whole spectrum of knowledge transfer. A model is needed to address transfer across a large heterogeneous network. We introduce the concept of sub-networks where tacit knowledge resides and argue that considering social norms underlying trust and other informal mechanisms provides a more suitable basis for understanding the exchange of tacit knowledge. Norm establishment is complicated by the fact that values differ across cultures; however, the social norms that underpin sub-networks can sustain knowledge transfer within them. The purpose of this conceptual article is to introduce the concept of sub-networks and to identify the sub-network/network relationship as an area in which it is necessary to look beyond property rights and raise the issue of norms. We believe that an analysis of the role of social norms in knowledge sub-networks and their interaction with global networks points to a key element in understanding networks and any emerging theory of network ethics in the twenty-first century. (shrink)

With regard to facial emotion recognition, previous studies found that specific facial regions were attended more in order to identify certain emotions. We investigated whether a preferential search for emotion-specific diagnostic regions could contribute toward the accurate recognition of facial emotions. Twenty-three neurotypical adults performed an emotion recognition task using six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. The participants’ exploration patterns for the faces were measured using the Moving Window Technique (MWT). This technique presented a small window (...) on a blurred face, and the participants explored the face stimuli through a mouse-controlled window in order to recognize the emotions on the face. Our results revealed that when the participants explored the diagnostic regions for each emotion more frequently, the correct recognition of the emotions occurred at a faster rate. To the best of our knowledge, this current study is the first to present evidence that an exploration of emotion-specific diagnostic regions can predict the reaction time of accurate emotion recognition among neurotypical adults. Such findings can be further applied in the evaluation and/or training (regarding emotion recognition functions) of both typically and atypically developing children with emotion recognition difficulties. (shrink)

This study investigated the characteristics and development of peer support networks in an effort to unravel the role of friendship in this developmental process. The relationships between friendship networks and peer support networks were explored, and the influence of dyadic and triadic friendships on the development of peer support relationships was examined. Two waves of data were collected among a sample of adolescents in six Chinese junior high schools (n= 913 students from 28 classrooms; mean age = 14.13 years; 50.49% (...) boys), and classroom friendship networks and peer support networks were analyzed. The results showed that peer support networks were sparse, hierarchical, and sex-segregated. Furthermore, peer support networks and friendship networks partially overlapped. Friends tended to have similar support-seeking and support-providing ties. Longitudinal multiplex social network analysis revealed that peer support networks changed moderately over time, and friendships played various roles in the development of peer support networks. Dyadic friendships improved the formation of peer support ties. A mutual friend improved the formation of support relationships between two students when the mutual friend chose the two students as friends, but a mutual friend also hindered or had no effects on the formation of support relationships in other cases. The implications for educators to improve peer support networks are presented, and directions for future research are discussed. (shrink)

In April 2011, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced the results of an epidemiological investigation that an unknown cause of lung disease that occurred throughout Korea was caused by humidifier disinfectants. The unprecedented social catastrophe caused by humidifier disinfectants, a household chemical, has so far reported 1,784 deaths and 5,984 survivors in South Korea. This study was designed to investigate the multi-layer relationships between psychological symptoms and adaptive functioning in survivors of the Humidifier disinfectants in South Korea (...) caused by chemical toxic substances. Specifically, this study aimed to explore how psychological symptoms affect actual interpersonal relationships and job adjustment with two variable sets, six internalizing and externalizing subscales, and three adaptation subscales. A total of 224 survivors recruited from a program to support humidifier disinfectant survivors by the government participated in this study. This research was approved by the Institutional Review Board of one of the Universities in South Korea. The age range of the participants was 18–73 years, 37.1% were male, and 62.9% were female. The participants responded to the Adult Self-Report of the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment. A Canonical Correlation Analysis generated three unique patterns in the relationships between psychological symptoms and adaptive functions. Humidifier disinfectant survivors in the first pattern were more vulnerable to psychological symptoms and showed maladaptive functioning in life. Survivors in the second pattern showed intrusive behaviors and appeared to be adaptive in relationships with friends. Finally, survivors in the third pattern showed aggressive behaviors and reported poor partner relationships while showing good relationships with friends. The practical implications of the interventions are also discussed. (shrink)

BackgroundThis study aimed to identify the healthcare providers’ experience and perspectives toward end-of-life care decisions focusing on end-of-life discussion and physician’s order of life-sustaining treatment documentation in Korea which are major parts of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Act.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire developed by the authors. A total of 474 subjects—94 attending physicians, 87 resident physicians, and 293 nurses—participated in the survey, and the data analysis was performed in terms of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation using the (...) SPSS 24.0 program.ResultsStudy results showed that respondents were aware of terminal illness and physician’s order of life-sustaining treatment in Korea well enough except for some details. Physicians reported uncertainty in terminal state diagnosis and disease trajectory as the most challenging. Study participants regarded factors (related to relationships and communications) on the healthcare providers’ side as the major impediment to end-of-life discussion. Study respondents suggested that simplification of the process and more staff are required to facilitate end-of-life discussion and documentation.ConclusionBased on the study results, adequate education and training for better end-of-life discussion are required for future practice. Also, a simple and clear procedure for completing a physician’s order of life-sustaining treatment in Korea should be prepared and legal and ethical advice would be required. Since the enactment of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Act, several revisions already have been made including disease categories, thus continuous education to update and support clinicians is also called for. (shrink)