The guest editors would like to thank the University of Paris and the ENSA Paris-Val de Seine for having provided premises to successfully host the 2018 "Measurement at the Crossroads" conference in Paris.Our thanks extend to our funding sources: the conference was made possible thanks to the generous support of the Institut Humanités, Sciences et Sociétés, the SPHERE laboratory and the Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques of the University of Paris, the department of History and Philosophy of Science of the (...) University of Paris, the Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais, and the University of Geneva.We would like to thank the many people who contributed to the organization of... (shrink)

Apart from the names of Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929), Mikołaj Kruszewski (1851-1887), and, later, Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895-1978), Polish linguists and Polish linguistics generally have been little known in the West. The first two were mentioned with approval by Saussure in an unpublished paper, and this reference was picked up by Roman Jakobson and others many years later. Kuryłowicz, for his part, made himself well known in the West through his important work as Indo-Europeanist, even Semiticist, and as (...) a general linguist. The present volume is a first attempt to broaden the perspectives on the Polish contribution to linguistics both inside and outside of Poland during the past centuries. Specialists in their respective fields contributed chapters on the origins and development of general linguistics (Z. Wąsik), applied linguistics (F. Grucza), lexicology (T. Piotrowski), dialectology (St. Gogolewski), and onomastics (S. Gala), followed by five chapters presenting the theories of the arguably most remarkable Polish linguistic thinkers, from Baudouin de Courtenay (A. Adamska-Sałaciak), Kruszewski (F. M. Berezin), and Kuryłowicz (W. Smoczyński) to Mikołaj Rudnicki (1881-1978) and Ludwik Zabrocki (1907-1977) (both written by J. Bańczerowski). Detailed individual bibliographies, a full index of names (with life dates of Polish linguists from the Renaissance to the present day), and a thorough index of subjects and terms make this volume an important reference tool for anyone wishing to acquaint himself with the rich heritage of Polish linguistic thought. (shrink)

L’article présente un texte inconnu de J. I. N. Baudouin de Courtenay, publié en 1872 à Poznañ, sous les initiales: „Dr. J. B.”, et intitulé: Du langage et des langues. Baudouin y introduit la distinction fondamentale du structuralisme: langue – langage – parole. Dans l’esprit de vulgarisation, après la lecture des Cours d’Oxford de Müller, il retrace l’histoire de la linguistique avec le comparatisme comme son achèvement et la figure majestueuse de Leibniz. Rejetant la recherche de la (...) langue adamique, il propose une classification des langues non selon leurs racines, mais d’après leurs structures: la structure d’une langue constitue sa „marque caractéristique”. Baudouin discute également le phénomène d’aphasie et se prononce contre la théorie des localisations cérébrales, tout comme Freud dans Zur Auffassung der Aphasien. Le rôle du „pont” entre leurs théories revient à Ernst von Brücke, maître de Freud, auteur des ouvrages traitant de la physiologie de la parole, très appréciés du linguiste. Dès ses premiers travaux de 1865, consacrés au physiologiste tchèque Purkyne, Baudouin se veut continuateur du programme linguistique de l’idéologue Volney, qui est tout simplement l’inverse du projet leibnizien. (shrink)

The way metrologists conceive of measurement has undergone a major shift in the last two decades. This shift can in great part be traced to a change in the statistical methods used to deal with the expression of measurement results, and, more particularly, with the calculation of measurement uncertainties. Indeed, as we show, the incapacity of the frequentist approach to the calculus of uncertainty to deal with systematic errors has prompted the replacement of the customary frequentist methods by fully Bayesian (...) procedures. The epistemological ramifications of the Bayesian approach merge with a deep empiricist mood tantamount to an “epistemic turn”: measurement results are analysed in terms of degrees of belief, and central concepts such as error and accuracy are called into question. We challenge the perspective entailed by this epistemic turn: we insist on the centrality of the concepts of error and accuracy by underlining the intentional character of measurement that is intimately linked to the process of correction of experimental data. We further circumvent the difficulties posed by the classical analysis of measurement by stressing the social rather than the epistemic dimension of measurement activities. (shrink)

The philosophical significance attached to the construction of systems of units has traditionally been confined to the notion of convention, while their adoption was considered to be the exclusive province of the history and sociology of science. Against this tradition, a close articulation between history, philosophy, and sociology of science is needed in order to analyse the recent reform of the International system of units. In the new SI, units are redefined on the basis of certain fundamental constants of nature, (...) established by physical theories, whose values are fixed without uncertainty. The purpose of this article is to show that the redefinition of SI units, far from being a convention, involves a holistic reconstruction of our concepts of quantities from accepted theoretical laws. Fixing the values of the defining constants stabilizes these laws within the framework of physics through a twofold adjustment procedure that ensures both a semantic coordination between theory and world and an intersubjective coordination between human agents required by social activities. This double adjustment implies a treatment of uncertainties that results in closely entwining the pursuit of truth as correspondence and truth as coherence which turn out to be complementary, thus highlighting the anthropological underpinnings of scientific realism. (shrink)

Systems of units still fail to attract the philosophical attention they deserve, but this could change with the current reform of the International System of Units. Most of the SI base units will henceforth be based on certain laws of nature and a choice of fundamental constants whose values will be frozen. The theoretical, experimental and institutional work required to implement the reform highlights the entanglement of scientific, technological and social features in scientific enterprise, while it also invites a philosophical (...) inquiry that promises to overcome the tensions that have long obstructed science studies. (shrink)

Plėtojant sociologijos istorijos tyrimus Lietuvoje aktualu įtraukti ir lyties aspektą. XX amžiaus pirmosios pusės Lietuvos istorijos naratyvuose vyrauja vyriškos pavardės, tačiau, nusakius istorinį kontekstą ir apibrėžus kriterijus, galima suformuoti pirmosios moters sociologės Lietuvoje paieškos metodą. Po 2004 m. Michaelio Burawoy įkvėptų viešosios sociologijos diskusijų atsirado galimybė praplėsti sociologijos mokslo sampratą. Kritiškai išanalizavus turimus duomenis apie Lietuvos feministinio judėjimo pradžią, literatūrines rašytojų biografijas ir kūrinių analizes, XIX a. – XX a. Lietuvos istorijos tyrimus, biografinius mokslinius straipsnius, buvo atrinktos ir pasiūlytos penkios (...) asmenybės – Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė (1861–1943), Julija Beneševičiūtė-Žymantienė-Žemaitė (1845–1921), Stefanija Paliulytė-Ladigienė (1901–1967), Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay (1885–1967) ir Ieva Simonaitytė (1897–1978), kurių veiklą galima sieti su sociologijos sritimi ir jas galima būtų priskirti prie Lietuvos sociologijos pradininkių. (shrink)

A number of well-developed theories shed light on the question, under what circumstances our beliefs enjoy epistemic justification. Yet, comparatively little is known about epistemic defeat--when new information causes the loss of epistemic justification. This book proposes and defends a detailed account of epistemic defeaters. The main kinds of defeaters are analyzed in detail and integrated into a general framework that aims to explain how beliefs lose justification. It is argued that defeaters introduce incompatibilities into a noetic system and thereby (...) prompt a structured re-evaluation process that makes a justified reinstatement of the defeated belief impossible. The account is then applied to the topic of disagreement, where it is used in an argument for conciliationism, as well as a new explanation for higher-order defeat. Throughout the book, the notion of defeat is the center of attention, while a number of new issues are discussed at the intersections of defeat and justification. Specifically, new problems are raised for broadly internalist accounts of defeat, a fully descriptive reliabilist account of defeat is provided, and the case for normative defeat is revisited. (shrink)

Entre 1919 et 1923, Martin Heidegger (1927-1976) caresse le voeu de faire "exploser l'ensemble du système traditionnel des catégories". C'est avant la parution de son maître ouvrage Etre et Temps (1927), qui consacra la "question de l'être" comme fondamentale, tout en ravalant ses propres essais antérieurs au rang de simple propédeutique. En réalité, ces essais de jeunesse recèlent un projet philosophique original et ambitieux. Le jeune philosophe y soupçonne en effet toute conceptualisation de masquer le mouvement de la vie et (...) d'éteindre l'inquiétude native de la pensée qui y trouve pourtant son ancrage irréductible. Il exige donc que les questions philosophiques fondamentales soient désormais interprétées à partir de la concrétude propre de la vie. C'est ce qu'on a appelé rétrospectivement son "herméneutique de la facticité". La "vie" devient alors le leitmotiv de la pensée du jeune Heidegger, pointant vers une sphère originaire, celle de l'expérience facticielle, d'où le philosopher trouve sa provenance, dont il doit rendre compte et où il revient toujours. Ce livre retrace le développement des thèses du jeune Heidegger et en dégage l'originalité et l'intérêt philosophiques propres plutôt que de les considérer sous l'éclairage rétrospectif d'Etre et Temps. (shrink)

In den letzten Jahren hat das theoretische und praktische Interesse an Diagrammen stark zugenommen. Kultur- und Bildwissenschaft, Philosophie, Medientheorie, Gestaltung und Kognitionsforschung sind gleichermaßen am epistemischen Gebrauch diagrammatischer Bild- und Denkformen interessiert. Bislang gibt es jedoch keine gemeinsame Lektürebasis, die die Diskussionen zu diesem Thema bündelt. In Form einer Anthologie bietet dieser Reader klassische und innovative Schlüsseltexte zur Diagrammatik aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven an. Diese enthält Texte zu theoretischen, praktischen und historischen Dimensionen des Denkens und Darstellens mit und von Diagrammen seit (...) der griechischen Antike. Ein kommentierter Bildteil veranschaulicht die reiche Geschichte der Diagrammatik anhand konkreter Beispiele. (shrink)

La réception extraordinairement féconde de Heidegger, singulièrement en France, est entrée dans une phase nouvelle et le moment semble propice pour demander « ce qui est vivant » et « ce qui est mort » dans sa pensée, en interrogeant ses percées réelles comme ses impasses. La publication de l'édition intégrale en 102 volumes touche à sa fin : au-delà de tous les textes publiés du vivant de Heidegger, nous avons désormais à disposition tous les cours de Fribourg et de (...) Marbourg, les traités « ésotériques » rédigés dans le sillage des Beiträge dans les années 1930-1940 et les Cahiers noirs de cette période. Le colloque de Québec, documenté par le présent ouvrage et complété par des textes inédits, se concentrait moins sur le maître-ouvrage Être et temps que sur la période complexe initiée avec la conférence "L'essence de la vérité". C'est en effet à partir du « tournant » des années 1930 qu'émergent les concepts qui guident la pensée de l'Ereignis inscrite dans une « Histoire de l'être », selon ses dimensions phénoménologique et herméneutique, mais aussi théologique et politique.Les contributions ici réunies, portant sur l'histoire, la technique, l'art, le politique, le mythe ou le divin, tentent d'éclairer la nature et les limites de ce legs philosophique majeur du XXe siècle en envisageant la question de sa postérité et de son actualité pour nous, aujourd'hui. (shrink)

Various authors see human flourishing as the overarching aim to which education should contribute. We ask whether fostering _wonder_ can help education attain this aim. We discuss two possibilities: firstly, it may be that having a sense of wonder as adults (possibly fostered by and/or refined due to education) contributes to flourishing itself. Secondly, it may be that fostering wonder in education increases the likelihood that education promotes flourishing, which it might do simply by increasing children’s intrinsic interest in what (...) they learn. We argue that there are many plausible connections between wonder and human flourishing (relating to its epistemic and aesthetic dimensions, among others), and that we have reason to believe that early experiences can influence adults’ capacity for wonder. Furthermore, wonder increases the likelihood that education ‘succeeds’; and it supports people’s ability to live well by heightening their appreciation for the world, helping to uncover baseless beliefs, and increasing their awareness of possible goods. In sum, while having a sense of wonder may not be a constitutive element of human flourishing, it is hard to imagine education for human flourishing that is not also wonder-full education. (shrink)

Definiensposition: Beweis einer Aussage, Hypothese oder eines Satzes. Englische Definiensposition: proof of a statement, hypothesis or sentence.

This volume investigates the use of diagrams for the purposes of information. Using key scenes from Euclidian geometry and late medieval physics, it shows how diagrams interconnect space and rules, logic and epistemic surplus, double-meanings and precision, in such a way as to generate new insights. For the first time, the study integrates previously scattered notions into a systematic whole.

Unsere Diskussion soil eine Alternative zu der allgemein anerkannten Interpretation der Leibnizschen Auffassung von De-re-Modalitat verteidigen. Insbesondere versuchen wir zu zeigen, dafi Leibniz nicht die Lehre von der Weltgebundenheit der Einzelsubstanzen akzeptierte, obwohl er annahm, dafi die inneren Bestimmungen den Dingen wesentlich zukommen. Wir versuchen weiterhin zu erweisen, dafl Leibniz eine duplikat-theoretische Behandlung des ublichen modalen Diskurses vornahm und dafi dies in keiner Weise seinen Ansichten iiber zwischenweltliche Identitat widerspricht. Im ersten Teil skizzieren wir kurz die allgemein anerkannte Interpretation, wahrend (...) wir im zweiten Teil unsere Alternative dazu verteidigen.Dabei nehmen wir besondere Riicksicht auf Robert C. Sleigh Jr. s Interpretation von Leibnizens Modaltheorie. (shrink)

From 1991 to 1994 the Dutch Health Insurance Council financed research on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO). This is a technique for providing cardiopulmonary bypass to patients with pulmonary and/or cardiac failure. Most often, these patients are premature neonates. During ECMO, blood is drained from the right atrium, pumped along a membrane where gas exchange takes place, and then redirected to the aorta. To prevent blood clotting, heparin is added. However, with the heparin added, the risk of hemorrhage is considerably increased. (...) Therefore, both the chance of surviving and the chance of severe disability are higher with ECMO than with conventional treatment (i.e., ventilator support). (shrink)