The annual Kronos Philosophical Journal was established in Warsaw in 2012. The papers presented in the annual might be of interest to the readers from outside Poland, allowing them to familiarize themselves with the dynamic thought of contemporary Polish authors, as well as entirely new topics, rarely discussed by English speaking authors. Volume V/2016 comprises articles problematizing Russian phlosophy and literature as well as Ancient Greek philosophy and culture.

ABSTRACTPeople hiss and swear when they make errors, frown and swear again when they encounter conflicting information. Such error- and conflict-related signs of negative affect are found even when there is no time pressure or external reward and the task itself is very simple. Previous studies, however, provide inconsistent evidence regarding the affective consequences of resolved conflicts, that is, conflicts that resulted in correct responses. We tested whether response accuracy in the Eriksen flanker task will moderate the effect of trial (...) incongruence using affective priming to measure positive and negative affect. We found that responses to incongruent trials elicit positive affect irrespective of their accuracy. Errors, in turn, result in negative affect irrespective of trial congruence. The effects of conflicts and errors do not interact and affect different dimensions of affective priming. Conflicts change the speed of evaluative categorisation while errors are reflected in categorisation accuracy... (shrink)

У статті досліджуються питання формування та сутності державного боргу. Визначається місце державного боргу в системі державних фінансів. Окреслено концептуальні засади формування державного боргу в умовах кризового стану економіки. На основі аналізу теоретичних підходів наукових шкіл до реалізації державної боргової політики автор робить висновок, що сучасна теорія державного боргу характеризується як компроміс різних теоретичних поглядів з проблем дефіцитного фінансування державних витрат. Розвивається системний підхід до аналізу державного боргу, заснований на визнанні як його позитивного впливу на розвиток економіки, так і негативних факторів, (...) пов'язаних зі зростанням заборгованості уряду. (shrink)

While the history of Cold War social and human sciences has become an immensely productive line of inquiry and has generated some exciting research, a lot remains still to be done in studying more deeply the known stories, venturing into the unknown ones and, in particular, looking in greater detail at the Soviet side of the Iron Curtain. In our expository introduction to this special issue, we demonstrate how its articles enhance our understanding of the postwar social and human sciences. (...) The special issue invites us to rethink the role of the local intellectual and disciplinary contexts in the postwar cultures of knowledge; to pay more attention to the networks and institutions that fostered communication across the Iron Curtain; to trace various asymmetries at work in the divided academic world and the ambiguous status of many actors who enable the East–West contacts despite the general hostility and ideological cleavages; and finally to arrive at a more differentiated and complex view of the whole intellectual landscape in the history of social and human sciences opening up once all the Cold War protagonists, including the countries of the eastern bloc, are subject to a detailed study. This project, we believe, is worthwhile not just for the sake of historical accuracy but also for understanding and changing the societies we live in, which are often still contaminated by the maladies of the Cold War. (shrink)

Les idéaux et pratiques d’amélioration personnelle visant à atteindre un sens de réalisation de soi ont imprégné la culture populaire depuis le milieu du xxe siècle, en grande partie grâce au travail des psychologues humanistes américains. Cet article explore la popularisation de ces notions, arguant qu’elles découlent en partie d’une appropriation américaine particulière du concept d’« actualisation de soi» du neurologue et psychiatre allemand Kurt Goldstein. Premièrement, l’article examine la rencontre de Goldstein avec la psychologie américaine, retraçant son intérêt précoce (...) pour la psychothérapie, les étapes de sa migration forcée vers l’Amérique, et la réception de son travail au sein de la psychologie américaine. Deuxièmement, il propose une analyse des interprétations et applications de l’approche holistique de Goldstein et de son concept d’auto-réalisation par les praticiens humanistes, notamment la théorie de la motivation d’Abraham Maslow et l’approche centrée sur le client de Carl Rogers en psychothérapie. Enfin, l’article se termine par une discussion critique de la distinction entre l’approche de Goldstein, qui met l’accent sur le processus créatif d’un « débat» entre l’organisme et le milieu, et la psychothérapie humaniste, qui souligne la responsabilité individuelle. (shrink)

El artículo presenta una crítica teórica a las principales interpretaciones de la identidad cultural latinoamericana. A partir del debate teórico sobre el concepto de identidad cultural, se describen los principales argumentos de cada tesis y luego se plantea un análisis crítico de sus fundamentos c..

La exposición de los regímenes políticos del Tratado Político no es aleatoria; Spinoza expone en primer lugar el que menos conviene, esto es, el monárquico, después el que conviene más, la aristocracia, y finalmente la democracia, régimen al que concibe como el más perfecto. Este criterio de exposición no sirve de criterio para investigar cuál es el valor de la democracia para Spinoza, pero nos permite investigar cuál es el principal obstáculo o peligro que debe enfrentar la democracia para que (...) se pueda instituir realmente por parte de los ciudadanos, y para que no sea instrumentalizada por los intereses particulares de los gobernantes y políticos de turno. (shrink)

Siguiendo las coordenadas conceptuales propuestas por Michel Foucault en su abordaje del tratamiento gubernamental de las pandemias, en este artículo se desarrolla un recorrido genealógico por específicas prácticas de gobierno que se han venido desarrollando en Chile en distintos momentos de su historia; se visibilizan de este modo diversos actores de gobierno que buscarán conducir conductas y subjetividades en contextos de pandemia. Entendida como una propuesta metodológica, establecida en base a la identificación de actores, racionalidades y acciones de gobierno, inscrita (...) en el marco conceptual desarrollado por Foucault en su abordaje del tratamiento gubernamental de las pandemias, buscamos problematizar las fórmulas gubernativas que se han dispensado en el pasado para comprender las estrategias de gobierno de la pandemia del presente. (shrink)

The second law results in the growth of the entropy – in superficial interpretation this principle presumes that the sufficient energy inevitably turns into the substandard energy. Order turns into chaos over time; however, chaos also turns into order under certain circumstances. The first research objective is to establish the possible prescientific ideas about the phenomenon – some philosophical intuitions that have preceded the scientific discovery of the second law and have conformed to it in a certain sense. It is (...) essential because there are always certain bonds and continuity in the history of philosophy and science – the correct interpretation of the phenomenon becomes difficult, if not impossible, without the establishment of such bonds.Moreover, the main task is to understand what the second law is and which significance its principal corollaries have. We need to give the second law a correct interpretation that will allow making assumptions about its connection with time in the context of the initial state problem and about the possible new ways of modern physics development – in particular, the creation of the quantum theory of gravity. Two solutions to the entropy and initial state connection problem are proposed in the context of the time arrow discussion (G. Calender’s approach to solving the problem is disputed). (shrink)

This note refutes P. Ebert’s argument against Epistemic Rejectionism.