Forming implementation intentions has been consistently shown to be a powerful self-regulatory strategy. As the self-regulation of thoughts is important for the experience of involuntariness in the hypnotic context, investigating the effectiveness of implementation intentions on the suppression of thoughts was the focus of the present study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions . Results showed that participants who received information included in the “Carleton Skill Training Program” and in addition formed implementation intentions improved their hypnotic responsiveness (...) as compared to all of the other three groups on measures of objective responding and involuntary responding. Thus, in line with the nonstate or cognitive social–psychological view of hypnosis stating that an individual’s hypnotic suggestibility is not dispositional but modifiable, our results suggest that hypnotic responsiveness can be heightened by furnishing hypnotic instructions with ad hoc implementation intentions. (shrink)

Scientific peer reviewers play an integral role in the grant selection process, yet very little has been reported on the levels of participation or the motivations of scientists to take part in peer review. The American Institute of Biological Sciences developed a comprehensive peer review survey that examined the motivations and levels of participation of grant reviewers. The survey was disseminated to 13,091 scientists in AIBS’s proprietary database. Of the 874 respondents, 76% indicated they had reviewed grant applications in the (...) last 3 years; however, the number of reviews was unevenly distributed across this sample. Higher review loads were associated with respondents who had submitted more grant proposals over this time period, some of whom were likely to be study section members for large funding agencies. The most prevalent reason to participate in a review was to give back to the scientific community and the most common reason to decline an invitation to review was lack of time. Interestingly, few suggested that expectation from the funding agency was a motivation to review. Most felt that review participation positively influenced their careers through improving grantsmanship and exposure to new scientific ideas. Of those who reviewed, respondents reported dedicating 2–5% of their total annual work time to grant review and, based on their self-reported maximum review loads, it is estimated they are participating at 56–87% of their capacity, which may have important implications regarding the sustainability of the system. Overall, it is clear that participation in peer review is uneven and in some cases near capacity, and more needs to be done to create new motivations and incentives to increase the future pool of reviewers. (shrink)

The National Science Foundation's (NSF) role in, and influence on, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) can best be understood through an examination of the NSF's history. Because of the NSF's weakened position at its founding in 1950 and obstacles faced throughout its history, the NSF developed a discursive strategy that focuses on making a causal link between support for basic science and societal benefits, and an operational strategy focused on growing its constituency through infrastructural support. The hallmarks of both of (...) these strategies are present in the NNI. (shrink)

Seamon, Luo, and Gallo reported evidence that nonconscious processes could produce false recognition in a converging-associates task, whereby subjects falsely remember a nonstudied lure after studying a list of related words . Zeelenberg, Plomp, and Raaijmakers failed to observe this false recognition effect when list word recognition was at chance. We critically evaluate the evidence for nonsconscious processing and report the results of a new experiment designed to overcome previous methodological limitations. Consistent with Seamon et al., we found that (...) conscious activation of a related lure during study was not necessary for its subsequent recognition; consistent with Zeelenberg et al., we found no evidence for recognition of related lures under conditions where there was no memory for studied words. It is currently unknown whether conscious recollection of the studied items is necessary for false recognition or if nonconscious activation of the lure is sufficient. (shrink)

Despite the presumed frequency of conflicts of interest in scientific peer review, there is a paucity of data in the literature reporting on the frequency and type of conflicts that occur, particularly with regard to the peer review of basic science applications. To address this gap, the American Institute of Biological Sciences conducted a retrospective analysis of conflict of interest data from the peer review of 282 biomedical research applications via several onsite review panels. The overall conflicted-ness of these panels (...) was significantly lower than that reported for regulatory review. In addition, the majority of identified conflicts were institutional or collaborative in nature. No direct financial conflicts were identified, although this is likely due to the relatively basic science nature of the research. It was also found that 65 % of identified conflicts were manually detected by AIBS staff searching reviewer CVs and application documents, with the remaining 35 % resulting from self-reporting. The lack of self-reporting may be in part attributed to a lack of perceived risk of the conflict. This result indicates that many potential conflicts go unreported in peer review, underscoring the importance of improving detection methods and standardizing the reporting of reviewer and applicant conflict of interest information. (shrink)

Este articulo tiene el objetivo de cuestionar los sentidos del aula de filosofia, sobre todo en la educaciön secundaria. Para eso, parte de la definiciön de filosofia expuesta por Deleuze y Guattari en Qu'est-ce que la philosophie?, donde la senala como una actividad de creaciön de conceptos, hace critica a las concepciones del aula de filosofia como momentos de reflexion, de contemplaciön o incluso de diälogos, una vez que ninguna de estas tareas se hace especfficamente filosöfica. Para garantizar esa especificidad, (...) intenta caracterizar el aula de filosofia como un "taller de conceptos", un espacio donde el maestro y los alumnos se hacen creadores de conceptos, alrededor de problemas vividos, tomando como herramientas los conceptos histöricamente producidos. (shrink)

*Doutor pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Professor da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. ** Docteur à la Université de Paris 8. Professeur de philosophie de l'éducation, Université de Rouen. Apoio: CAPES-COFECUB. A noção de diferença ganhou o mundo, no final do século vinte, e chegou ao campo teórico da educação e às escolas. Educar a diferença; educar na diferença; educar para a diferença passaram a ser palavras de ordem em planos de educação de órgãos governamentais, em projetos políticos pedagógicos de escolas, (...) em projetos de organizações não governamentais. Projetos multiculturais proliferam, culturas de paz, tolerância e convivência consensual são afirmadas nos mais diversos âmbitos. No caso específico do Brasil, a diferença passou a ser palavra-chave das políticas públicas, seja para embasar a pluralidade, seja para embasar a educação inclusiva. Mas uma pergunta se impõe: compreendemos, de fato, a diferença? Vivemos a diferença, ou ela está apenas em nossos discursos? Enfim: como nos relacionamos com as diferenças? A problemática tem ganhado diferentes contornos nos dois países nos últimos anos. No Brasil, as últimas duas décadas foram momento de desenvolvimento de políticas públicas de cunho afirmativo, centrados na perspectiva de uma educação inclusiva. Partia-se do princípio de que uma educação democrática deve estar aberta para todos, sem exceção, de modo que a escola deve ser o lugar da manifestação das diferenças, mas tratadas todas de modo igualitário. Diferenças sociais, de gênero, de cor, de cultura, de níveis e condições de aprendizagem devem conviver, num ato solidário de construção de uma cultura democrática comum. Mais recentemente, a emergência de uma onda neoconservadora tem colocado em questão alguns destes princípios e práticas, em reação contrária àquilo que vinha sendo produzido. Um exemplo são os esforços em diversas regiões do País para impedir que questões relativas ao gênero sejam trabalhadas nas escolas; e mesmo os debates colocados em pauta pelo movimento que se autodenomina “Escola sem partido”, que defende a prática de uma suposta “neutralidade” que, sabemos, é impossível no ato educativo. No contexto francês, a problemática assume outros contornos, mas também se reveste de especial importância. País com larga tradição republicana, que se traduz também no campo da educação, vive-se ali de forma intensa a problemática do convívio com imigrantes de diferentes culturas. Lembremos, por exemplo, da proibição do uso de véu islâmico pelas meninas nas escolas públicas, alguns anos atrás, sob a alegação de que a escola é laica e não pode admitir a ostentação de símbolos religiosos. É uma questão de desrespeito ao outro? De desrespeito à liberdade de crença? De desrespeito a uma cultura? Ou afirmação de uma pluralidade em que condições singulares não podem prevalecer sobre o global? Questões certamente polêmicas. E hoje, com a intensificação do movimento de refugiados pela Europa, a questão se vê acirrada. Forças nacionalistas defendem que se limite o acesso ao estrangeiro, ou que este se submeta aos princípios da cultura francesa; mas, anos atrás, filósofos como René Schérer e Jacques Derrida defendiam o princípio da hospitalidade, do acolhimento do outro como sendo um dos mais fundamentais de uma política republicana. Enfim, com histórias diferentes e com contextos muito diferenciados entre si, os dois países se veem confrontados com o dilema de como lidar com as diferenças, de como tratá-las no contexto escolar. O propósito deste dossiê é o de oferecer distintas abordagens conceituais do tema, evidenciando as contribuições que a Filosofia da Educação pode oferecer para pensar os problemas contemporâneos. Ele é fruto das ações de um projeto de cooperação internacional entre universidades brasileiras e universidades francesas financiado pelo acordo CAPES-COFECUB. O projeto se intitula Diferença, Pluralismo e Confiança em Educação e Formação, com vigência entre janeiro de 2015 e dezembro de 2018, e tem como objetivo central pensar conceitualmente estes temas, como forma de oferecer subsídios teóricos para o campo educativo, na interface Brasil-França. Data de registro: 17/05/2017 Data de aceite: 04/12/2016. (shrink)

A fascinating property of germ cells is their ability to maintain totipotency throughout development. At fertilization, this totipotency is unleashed and the egg generates all the cell types needed to make a brand new organism. Occasionally, germ cells differentiate precociously in the embryo or in the gonads and form teratomas, tumors containing many differentiated somatic cell types. Until recently, the genetic basis for teratoma formation was not known. The unexpected discovery of a teratoma in a C. elegans double mutant points (...) to translational control as a key mechanism to maintain totipotency in developing germ cells. BioEssays 28: 865–867, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

To build a front against neoliberalism, those in the alter-globalisation movement work across perceived divides. Such transversal openness, however, has not been embraced fully within the academic sphere, even though theoretical coalitions are also important for developing a life-affirming societal ethos. Meaningful opportunities for theoretical bridging do exist, particularly where alternative value systems, hitherto isolated, can be drawn into the wider global dialogue on societal futures. In this spirit, this article offers some transversal reflections on materialist ecofeminism, and one such (...) marginalised value system: the African ethic of ubuntu. (shrink)

Si pour Husserl la conscience est la source du sens, la phénoménologie semble ainsi revenir à une pure analyse du travail constitutif de la conscience qui détermine la constitution du monde. Ce sens de la phénoménologie est bien différent de celui de Hegel. En effet, la Phénoménologie de l’Esprit rappelle une véritable conjonction de la conscience avec le contexte qui l’entoure et montre comment le développement de la conscience émerge de sa relation avec son contexte ainsi qu’avec l’histoire. Bien que (...) Levinas s’inscrive ouvertement dans la tradition de Husserl et que plusieurs de ses textes engagent ouvertement un dialogue avec Husserl, le but de cet article est de montrer que la conception de la conscience de Levinas implique une distance avec Husserl en engageant dans sa conception de la phénoménologie une conception hégélienne, selon une approche où la conscience n’est pas donnée comme point de départ pour la description des phénomènes, mais émerge en même temps qu’elle se rapporte à ses phénomènes. Par conséquent, nous soutenons qu’il est possible de démontrer que dans un certain sens dans Totalité et infini, il est possible de parler d’une Phénoménologie de l’Esprit qui est en cours. (shrink)

A worldwidemental health crisis is expected, as millions worldwide fear death and disease while being forced into repeated isolation. Thus, there is a need for new proactive approaches to improve mental resilience and prevent mental health conditions. Since the 1990s, art has emerged as an alternative mental health therapy in the United States and Europe, becoming part of the social care agenda. This article focuses on how visual esthetic experiences can create similar patterns of neuronal activity as those observed when (...) the reward system is activated. The activation of the reward structures could have a stress buffering effect, given the interdependence observed between the reward and stress systems. Therefore, could visual esthetic experiences stimulate mental resilience? And if this were the case, could art-based interventions be offered for mental health in the context of COVID-19 and beyond? (shrink)

O presente texto relata a experiência da produção de dois vídeos: Rotas da Marrabenta - Música Moçambicana em Movimento e “Esta cultura que te conduz a saber ser”: Um olhar sobre o fortalecimento das capacidades nacionais para a salvaguarda do patrimônio imaterial nos países africanos de língua oficial portuguesa.. Discutindo a categoria de Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial o texto aponta as possibilidades de se pensar e mostrar a diversidade cultural e social do continente africano por meio de uma linguagem audiovisual em (...) diálogo com a antropologia. Palavras Chave: Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial, audiovisual, Moçambique, Cabo Verde. (shrink)

Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISE) are a means of redressing injustices that People With Mental Illness and/or Intellectual Disability (PWMI/ID) face in the labor market. As the field’s understanding of WISE improves, many have argued for the need to study their underlying philosophies and ethical foundations. We present a case study of a WISE for PWMI/ID that responds to a humanistic-personalist framework. This framework is based on the consideration of several features of the person: their wholeness, uniqueness, intrinsic dignity, innate (...) rights, and capacity for permanent development. Under this perspective, human work entails dignity because it is a potential source of meaning and personal growth. The humanistic-personalist framework is more comprehensive than other approaches presented in the literature, based on justice and human rights or care ethics, thereby advancing our knowledge of how WISE may provide economically viable and meaningful work experiences to underserved communities. Drawing from this humanistic-personalist perspective, we provide six criteria that can serve as a normative framework for organizations, particularly WISE for PWMI/ID. The case study focuses on La Fageda, a 40-year-old Spanish WISE that has achieved significant social and economic success. La Fageda is based on a sound understanding of the human person. From its foundations and practices, three pillars are identified: the rehabilitating power of work, the practice of designing individual itineraries, and the pursuit of economic success as a means to social success, which is the project’s mission. (shrink)

We investigated the contribution of bilingual experience to the development of cognitive reserve when compared with other, traditionally more researched, CR proxies, in a sample of cognitively healthy senior bilingual speakers. Participants performed in an online study where, in addition to a wide inventory of factors known to promote CR, we assessed several factors related to their second language use. In addition, participants’ inhibitory executive control was measured via the Flanker Task. We used Structural Equation Modeling to derive a latent (...) composite measure of CR informed by traditional CR proxies. We examined whether bilingualism may act as a mediator of the effects of such proxies on cognitive performance therefore assessing the unique contribution of dual language use to CR. First, our analyses revealed facilitatory effects of both L2 age of acquisition and L2 proficiency on the executive performance. Second, our analyses confirmed the moderating role of bilingual experience on the relationship between other factors known to promote CR and cognitive integrity, revealing a strong contribution by bilingualism to CR development. Our findings provide further support to the notion that bilingualism plays an important role in mitigating cognitive decline and promoting successful aging. (shrink)

Este artículo busca presentar el legado teórico-político de Rousseau a través de la interpretación de su _Discurso sobre los orígenes y fundamentos de la desigualdad entre los hombres y el Contrato social_, entendidos como una unidad argumentativa y metodológica en la obra del ginebrino. Para esto se expondrán en un primer momento las consideraciones normativas y antropológicas que marcan el problema político de Rousseau. A partir de allí se presentarán las ideas principales de su noción de democracia, para finalmente concluir (...) que el legado democrático de Rousseau resulta particularmente útil como elemento crítico en el contexto de la hegemonía de las democracias representativas liberales actuales. (shrink)

The primary goal of the peer review of research grant proposals is to evaluate their quality for the funding agency. An important secondary goal is to provide constructive feedback to applicants for their resubmissions. However, little is known about whether review feedback achieves this goal. In this paper, we present a multi-methods analysis of responses from grant applicants regarding their perceptions of the effectiveness and appropriateness of peer review feedback they received from grant submissions. Overall, 56–60% of applicants determined the (...) feedback to be appropriate, although their judgments were more favorable if their recent application was funded. Importantly, independent of funding success, women found the feedback better written than men, and more white applicants found the feedback to be fair than non-white applicants. Also, perceptions of a variety of biases were specifically reported in respondents’ feedback. Less than 40% of applicants found the feedback to be very useful in informing their research and improving grantsmanship and future submissions. Further, negative perceptions of the appropriateness of review feedback were positively correlated with more negative perceptions of feedback usefulness. Importantly, respondents suggested that highly competitive funding pay-lines and poor inter-panel reliability limited the usefulness of review feedback. Overall, these results suggest that more effort is needed to ensure that appropriate and useful feedback is provided to all applicants, bolstering the equity of the review process and likely improving the quality of resubmitted proposals. (shrink)

The well known Bell experiment with two actors Alice and Bob is considered. First the simple deduction leading to the CHSH inequality under local realism is reviewed, and some arguments from the literature are recapitulated. Then I take up certain background themes before I enter a discussion of Alice’s analysis of the situation. An important point is that her mind is limited by the fact that her Hilbert space in this context is two-dimensional. General statements about a mind’s limitation during (...) a decision process are derived from recent results on the reconstruction of quantum theory from conceptual variables. These results apply to any decision situation. Let all the data from the Bell experiment be handed over to a new actor Charlie, who performs a data analysis. But his mind is also limited: He has a four-dimensional Hilbert space in the context determined by the experiment. I show that this implies that neither Alice nor Charlie can have the argument leading to the CHSH inequality as a background for making decisions related to the experiment. Charlie may be any data analyst, and he may communicate with any person. It is argued that no rational person can be convinced by the CHSH argument when making empirical decisions on the Bell situation. (shrink)

This book is about the necessity, and even value, of vulnerability in human experience. In it, Michael Ing brings early Chinese texts into dialogue with questions about the ways in which meaningful things are vulnerable to powers beyond our control; and more specifically, how relationships with meaningful others might compel tragic actions.

As coleções paleontológicas representam uma herança natural e cultural, que deve ser salvaguardada em acervos institucionais. Dentre elas, destaca-se a Coleção de Paleovertebrados do Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia do Museu Nacional (DGP-MN), que sofreu uma considerável perda, em decorrência do incêndio sofrido por este museu em 2018. Uma forma de recuperar as informações históricas e científicas desta coleção está em seu registro iconográfico. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho inventaria e ilustra o acervo, que ficou conhecido no Departamento de Geologia (...) e Paleontologia do Museu Nacional como “Coleção Cope”. Trata-se de uma centena de vertebrados fósseis que foram enviados, sob a forma de empréstimo, ao paleontólogo norte-americano Edward Drinker Cope (1840-1897), no final do século XIX, para identificação e descrição. Grande parte desta coleção foi obtida durante a construção da Estrada de Ferro da Bahia ao São Francisco, inaugurada em 1860. A implementação e consequente ampliação da rede ferroviária no Brasil, no final do século XIX, trouxe não só crescimento econômico, como possibilitou a formação de muitas coleções paleontológicas, uma vez que os cortes abertos nos terrenos para a construção das estradas de ferro revelaram o registro fossilífero, como é o caso da “Coleção Cope”. Se esta não mais existe fisicamente, ao menos a listagem e o registro iconográfico aqui apresentados poderão revalidá-la para a paleontologia brasileira. (shrink)

Michael Ing's The Dysfunction of Ritual in Early Confucianism is the first monograph in English about the Liji--a text that purports to be the writings of Confucius' immediate disciples, and part of the earliest canon of Confucian texts called ''The Five Classics,'' included in the canon several centuries before the Analects. Ing uses his analysis of the Liji to show how early Confucians coped with situations where their rituals failed to achieve their intended aims. In contrast to most contemporary interpreters (...) of Confucianism, Ing demonstrates that early Confucian texts can be read as arguments for ambiguity in ritual failure. (shrink)

La conocida teoría de la intersubjetividad, desarrollada por Husserl en sus Meditaciones Cartesianas, ha sido objeto de innumerables críticas. La virtud de estas críticas es que son precisamente ellas las que han ofrecido la posibilidad de renovar la fenomenología como teoría social. Nuestro propósito es confrontar la Quinta meditación cartesiana con otros textos del corpus husserliano para proponer tres nuevas entradas críticas a su teoría de la intersubjetividad en relación a la cuestión del lenguaje, el mundo y la cultura, y (...) las insuficiencias que la Quinta meditación cartesiana encierra frente a esos presupuestos. (shrink)

L’État constitue, pour Levinas, l’institution d’une limite à la responsabilité infinie. Mais il soutient aussi que le politique fondé sur la justice peut virer à la violence lorsque s’impose une logique autonome, où le pouvoir s’exerce en vue de lui-même, à travers un système abstrait et impersonnel, qui conduit à une logique totalitaire lorsqu’elle oublie l’expérience concrète d’autrui dont la société est issue. Il revient alors à l’anarchie éthique d’opérer un contrôle sur l’État, ce qui nous ramène à une impossibilité (...) de retrancher la socialité, cette source vive qui inspire la politique et continue de l’inspirer, mais qui reste aussi à sa marge. (shrink)