This study investigates how essential retailers responded to the COVID-19 pandemic through stakeholder communications. Based on a comprehensive text analysis of the corporate websites of the 20 largest U.S. essential retailers during the first 19 months of the crisis, we categorize the public health measures communicated by these retailers and assess how these retailers adapted their messaging to address the concerns of different stakeholders over time. This analysis allowed us to create a framework for understanding the flow of retailer/stakeholder communication (...) during a health crisis, highlighting the important role businesses can play in alleviating stakeholder concerns when public health is on the line. We discuss the implications of our findings for retailers and public policy, aiming to enhance preparedness and response for future health emergencies. (shrink)

Trust in vaccination is eroding, and attitudes about vaccination have become more polarized. This is an observational study of Twitter analyzing the impact that COVID-19 had on vaccine discourse. We identify the actors, the language they use, how their language changed, and what can explain this change. First, we find that authors cluster into several large, interpretable groups, and that the discourse was greatly affected by American partisan politics. Over the course of our study, both Republicans and Democrats entered the (...) vaccine conversation in large numbers, forming coalitions with Antivaxxers and public health organizations, respectively. After the pandemic was officially declared, the interactions between these groups increased. Second, we show that the moral and non-moral language used by the various communities converged in interesting and informative ways. Finally, vector autoregression analysis indicates that differential responses to public health measures are likely part of what drove this convergence. Taken together, our results suggest that polarization around vaccination discourse in the context of COVID-19 was ultimately driven by a trust-first dynamic of political engagement. (shrink)

Many philosophers hold that generics (i.e., unquantified generalizations) are pervasive in communication and that when they are about social groups, this may offend and polarize people because generics gloss over variations between individuals. Generics about social groups might be particularly common on Twitter (X). This remains unexplored, however. Using machine learning (ML) techniques, we therefore developed an automatic classifier for social generics, applied it to 1.1 million tweets about people, and analyzed the tweets. While it is often suggested that generics (...) are ubiquitous in everyday communication, we found that most tweets (78%) about people contained no generics. However, tweets with generics received more “likes” and retweets. Furthermore, while recent psychological research may lead to the prediction that tweets with generics about political groups are more common than tweets with generics about ethnic groups, we found the opposite. However, consistent with recent claims that political animosity is less constrained by social norms than animosity against gender and ethnic groups, negative tweets with generics about political groups were significantly more prevalent and retweeted than negative tweets about ethnic groups. Our study provides the first ML-based insights into the use and impact of social generics on Twitter. (shrink)

Responses to outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics involves a heterogeneous set of activities that aim to address threats to public health. In addition to research, non-research activities, such as prevention and control interventions, and surveillance, are conducted. The boundaries between research and non-research responses can rapidly blur during a public health emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic. There may be common elements between these types of activities, and they may draw on the same resources and infrastructure. Non-research activities, such as surveillance (...) and emergency non-research use of unproven interventions, and research activities must all be undertaken in an ethical manner as components of emergency response. However, care is needed to distinguish between non-research public health activities and research, because research often has considerations and requirements for its ethical conduct which are distinct from non-research public health activities. Research aims to produce generalizable knowledge, and mechanisms such as participant consent and independent ethics review aim to ensure that the rights and interests of research participants are respected. Ensuring that research and non-research activities are appropriately distinguished can additionally promote proper coordination of such activities, and increase trust and social accountability in pandemic responses. Consequently, it is important to distinguish between these different activities on the basis of their primary aim, and to consider whether their implementation is justifiable, based on their aims and the relevant ethical framework for each type of activity, and how they are coordinated as part of the larger collective activity of emergency response and management. Complex questions arise about how the different stakeholders involved in decision-making should make valid and justifiable decisions about whether the response activity is research or non-research. The cases in this chapter invite consideration about how such decisions should be made, and their implications, in the context of applications to conduct retrospective research into the outcomes of emergency uses of unproven interventions outside clinical trials, and of characterising antibody-testing initiatives and systematic data collection activities as surveillance or research. (shrink)

In this paper, we propose a performative account of hinge epistemology to make the case for a feminist hinge epistemology. We characterize it as follows: 1) there are hinges that enable and govern our ordinary epistemic practices, functioning as rules; 2) these hinges are enacted and actualized in the specific actions of agents that participate in such practices; 3) this makes room for the transformation and emergence of hinges; 4) against this background, we argue in favor of the possibility of (...) feminist hinges. This novel account opens the way for hinge epistemology to be useful for feminist goals in epistemology, which we believe is the ultimate criterion for hinge epistemology to be legitimately feminist. (shrink)

Classic and modern philosophy propose different views on the question of self-knowledge. Ancient philosophy identifies self-knowledge with the knowledge of the soul, which is the principle of unity in man. Modern philosophy is intereseted in subjectivity, but has a problematic view of it. Some currents, like Idealism, consider that a total reflexcion is possible, in which the subjectivity becomes totally present to itself, but others, as Empiricists, are skeptical and even deny the existence of a true subject. The difficulties of (...) the Idealistic project have are uncovered by some contemporary philosophers, like Heidegger and post-modern thinkers. Polo shows how the denial of a reflective and objective knowledge of the person is compatible with the claim that the person is a radical and transcendental act of intellect. The key of this proposal is the affirmation that there are different kinds of acts of the intellect, according to their theme. (shrink)

La construcción de las repúblicas iberoamericanas, si bien no contaba con un programa definido, tenía una pretensión de sistematicidad expresada en cada una de las Constituciones de los nuevos Estados. Esta pretensión, además de buscar un orden interno, también establecía un vínculo con las teorías políticas modernas que durante siglos se habían desarrollado en Europa. Se investiga este lazo tendido entre el Viejo y el Nuevo Continente, a través de la clave interpretativa de la idea de sistema, para explicar y (...) comprender los proyectos jurídico-políticos elaborados en América y sus posibles consecuencias en la vida de los pueblos. (shrink)

Este ensayo presenta una reflexión sobre las limitaciones del medio digital para la enseñanza de disciplinas teóricas como la filosofía. Se quiere contrarrestar, hasta cierto punto, el entusiasmo prematuro que despierta la virtualidad en algunos estamentos universitarios. El texto se nutre de mi experiencia pedagógica en la pandemia y traza una mirada fenomenológica sobre lo que implica la pérdida del entorno de la presencia para la enseñanza filosófica. Al reflexionar sobre dicha pérdida, el ensayo también esboza algunas reflexiones dispersas sobre (...) lo que significa aprender y enseñar filosofía. (shrink)

Este artículo expone algunas actualizaciones del cronotopo bajtiniano del camino en tres filmes del “novísimo cine chileno”. En primer lugar, se estudiarán las modalidades viajeras que las tres obras proponen, gracias a nociones de la filosofía y la teoría del turismo.2 Se identificará, luego, una serie de submotivos cronotópicos, verdaderos momentos afectivos, que desembocarán en nuestra hipótesis de trabajo; a saber, que las protagonistas de cada filme recorren un “espacio liso”, genérico, hecho de intensidades, un “medio” donde lo que prima (...) es la “experiencia”, el aprendizaje y el encuentro con sí mismas. (shrink)

La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo analizar la percepción del profesorado en el constructo igualdad de género. Se diseñó un estudio cuantitativo exposfacto utilizando la Escala de Igualdad de Género Oculta que se aplicó sobre una muestra incidental de 391 docentes de la Comunidad de Madrid. Para el análisis de datos se aplicaron las pruebas de Student, ANOVA y MANOVA. Los resultados revelaron diferencias significativas en las principales dimensiones de la escala IGOE. La dimensión Situación de Género en la Escuela (...) actuó como la principal transmisora de estereotipos, actitudes y conductas sexistas mediante el currículo oculto. (shrink)

Pierre Bourdieu in Hispanic Literature and Culture is a collective reflection on the value of French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's work for the study of Spanish and Latin American literature and culture. The authors deploy Bourdieu's concepts in the study of Modernismo, avant-garde Mexico, contemporary Puerto Rican literature, Hispanism, Latin American cultural production, and more. Each essay is also a contribution to the study of the politics and economics of culture in Spain and Latin America. The book, as a whole, is (...) in dialogue with recent methodological and theoretical interventions in cultural sociology and Latin American and Iberian studies. (shrink)

Este artículo revisa la situación de la teoría filosófica del conocimiento en la segunda mitad del siglo XX y el aporte de L. Polo a la misma. Se considera la importancia del aporte de L. Polo al realismo gnoseológico que se ha ido abriendo paso en esta época postmoderna, después de los excesos del criticismo inmanentista moderno. Se destacan dos aspectos relevantes de la teoría del conocimiento de L. Polo: a) su propuesta de una versión realista, no husserliana-cartesiana, de la (...) intencionalidad cognitiva como intencionalidad del objeto respecto a la realidad objetivada y no como relación del acto al objeto, y b) su aporte a la superación del criticismo inmenentista moderno mediante la identificación y revisión de sus orígenes tardomedievales en el representacionismo semántico de Ockham y en el representacionismo especulativo de Duns Escoto. (shrink)

Introduction: Traditionally, empathy has been studied from two main perspectives: the theory-theory approach and the simulation theory approach. These theories claim that social emotions are fundamentally constituted by mind states in the brain. In contrast, classical phenomenology and recent research based on enactive theories consider empathy as the basic process of contacting others’ emotional experiences through direct bodily perception and sensation. Objective: This study aims to enrich knowledge of the empathic experience of pain by using an experimental phenomenological method. Method: (...) Implementing an experimental paradigm used in affective neuroscience, we exposed 28 healthy adults to a video of sportspersons suffering physical accidents while practicing extreme sports. Immediately after watching the video, each participant underwent a phenomenological interview to gather data on embodied, multi-layered dimensions (bodily sensations, emotions, and motivations) and temporal aspects of empathic experience. We also performed quantitative analyses of the phenomenological categories. Results: Experiential access to the other person’s painful experience involves four main-themes. Bodily resonance: participants felt a multiplicity of bodily, affective, and kinesthetic sensations. Attentional focus: some participants centered their attention more on their own personal discomfort and sensations of rejection, while others on the pain and suffering experienced by the sportspersons. Kinesthetic motivation: some participants experienced the feeling in their bodies to avoid or escape from watching the video, while others experienced the need to help the sportspersons avoid suffering any injury while practicing extreme sports. Temporality of experience: participants witnessed temporal fluctuations in their experiences, bringing intensity changes in their bodily resonance, attentional focus, and kinesthetic motivation. Finally, two experiential structures were found: one structure is self-centered empathic experience, characterized by bodily resonance, attentional focus centered on the participant’s own experience of seeing the sportsperson suffering, and self-protective kinesthetic motivation; the other structure is other-centered empathic experience, characterized by bodily resonance, attentional focus centered on the sportsperson, and prosocial kinesthetic motivation to help them. Discussion: We show how phenomenological data may contribute to comprehending empathy for pain in social neuroscience. In addition, we address the phenomenological aspect of the enactive approach to the three dimensions of embodiment of human consciousness, especially the intersubjective dimension. Also, based on our results, we suggest an extension of the enactive theory for non-interactive social experience. (shrink)

Desarrollar la libertad como donación es, según Leonardo Polo, exigencia de nuestra altura histórica. Tras comprobar la vigencia actual de tal demanda, este trabajo concreta una propuesta de filosofía, no del don, sino del dar, cuyo modelo puro se toma de los datos de la revelación cristiana. Primero establece las características nucleares del dar divino (comunicación interpersonal, gratuidad y sobreabundancia), para considerar, después, el dar humano: sus diferencias con Aquél y la posibilidad de asemejarlo a él. Se concluye que dar (...) es actividad trascendental, que ser persona es dar, y que el dar pleno será coronación de nuestro dar redimido. (shrink)

La filosofía puede desenredar problemas humanos que obscurecen los misterios revelados. Este trabajo, primero de una serie sobre ese tema, presenta la noción de dar mediante un conocido texto agustiniano sobre la gracia. Y, tras confrontarlo con textos de autores semipelagianos, propone entender la gracia en clave donal, no causal. Si la actividad de la gracia fuera causal, quedarían imposibilitadas la libertad y el mérito; en cambio, ejercida según el dar, incluye a ambos. Ni pelagianos ni semipelagianos entendieron esto; s. (...) Agustín, empero, descubrió dicha donalidad: los méritos derivan, conjuntamente, de los dones divinos y de nuestra colaboración con ellos. (shrink)

Recientemente, en la literatura sobre neuroética se ha analizado la integración entre neurotecnologías y ser humano desde la teoría de la mente extendida. La discusión se ha centrado en buscar dimensiones para evaluar la integración de los dispositivos en las funciones cognitivas de sus usuarios. Este enfoque ha tenido un relativo éxito en conceptualizar la paridad ética de los dispositivos respecto del cuerpo orgánico. Sin embargo, esta integración presenta al menos tres desafíos que no han sido abordados y requieren un (...) nuevo marco conceptual. El primero, concierne a la distinción entre paciencia y agencia moral. El marco actual aborda solo el primero de estos aspectos. Los otros dos se desprenden en parte de este. El segundo, se relaciona con la distinción entre las dimensiones fenoménicas de los mencionados aspectos, esto es, el sentido de pertenencia corporal y el sentido de agencia. El foco en la paciencia moral descuida aspectos fenoménicos fundamentales de la integración con la neurotecnología. Finalmente, la posibilidad de que el dispositivo actúe coercitivamente sobre nuestros centros cognitivos constituye una forma de integración problemática que no puede abordarse adecuadamente desde los enfoques actuales. Proponemos que estos tres desafíos pueden ser estudiados explorando un nuevo abordaje sobre la identidad personal que enfatiza dichas dimensiones. (shrink)

Field practices are ideal for the acquisition of specific competencies and for students to get a first-hand experience of the real environment of their profession. The COVID19 pandemic stopped them, forcing a move to online teaching. This research aims to define a new teaching approach to adapt them to the online environment, ensuring that the competencies are acquired in the same way as traditionally. It was decided to use various available audio-visual materials (documentaries, video reports, interactive web resources) from different (...) sources. The results obtained were very positive, as the advantages provided by ICT resources outweigh the disadvantages. (shrink)

El impacto de los movimientos emancipatorios en las sociedades contemporáneas es incuestionable; alcanza incluso al ámbito académico, donde se busca comprender las experiencias que los motivan y se llega a tomar partido por sus causas. Sin embargo, estos movimientos están orientados a la consecución de derechos para identidades concretas, como las personas no binarias, de forma que se consiga paliar o incluso eliminar la situación de desigualdad que las oprime. Así, podría parecer que las causas de los grupos oprimidos resultan (...) «ajenas» para los grupos dominantes, los cuales no tienen que luchar por sus derechos, pues ya disfrutan de ellos, lo que confinaría el discurso acerca de las reivindicaciones y las experiencias que las motivan exclusivamente a los colectivos oprimidos. Abordaremos la polémica cuestión de hablar de una causa ajena desde la epistemología feminista del punto de vista y las literaturas sobre opresión e injusticia epistémica. A grandes rasgos, siguiendo la línea iniciada por Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (1988), quien se distancia de autores como Michel Foucault o Gilles Deleuze, a quienes acusa de rechazar el hablar por otros asumiendo falsamente que las personas oprimidas pueden representar de manera transparente sus propios intereses, entenderemos el hablar de una causa ajena como un hablar con. Frente a la oposición escuchar versus hablar por, apostaremos por un informado hablar con que no participe de la esencialización de los oprimidos como sujetos no ideológicamente construidos. (shrink)

En este artículo abordo críticamente la aseveración de David Papineau según la cual la evidencia fisiológica acumulada es suficiente para adoptar razonablemente el Principio del Cierre Causal de lo Físico y la vía negativa, viz. entender físico como no mental, como solución al dilema de Hempel. Comenzaremos restando fuerza a tal afirmación revisando el trabajo de W. Penfield y J. Eccles, dos importantes neurocientíficos y declarados dualistas. No obstante, luego nos centraremos en el trabajo de B. Libet en el que (...) se demostraría que los movimientos voluntarios están realmente determinados por causas enteramente fisiológicas, lo cual constituiría una pieza fundamental de evidencia a favor de Papineau. Nuestro análisis mostrará que no se siguen tales conclusiones. Esto tendrá consecuencias negativas para el Cierre Causal de lo Físico y con ello para el Argumento Causal para el Fisicalismo del cual el mencionado principio es premisa clave. (shrink)