Prosthetic devices that replace an absent body part are generally considered to be either cosmetic or functional. Functional prostheses aim to restore (some degree of) lost physical functioning. Cosmetic prostheses attempt to restore a “normal” appearance to bodies that lack (one or more) limbs by emulating the absent body part’s looks. In this article, we investigate how cosmetic prostheses establish a normal appearance by drawing on the stories of the users of a specific type of artificial limb: the facial prosthesis. (...) Given that prostheses are first and foremost devices worn upon the body, such an analysis requires an understanding of the ways in which bodies and technologies interact. We thus interpret users’ stories by critically engaging with the work of disability researcher and Actor-Network theorist Myriam Winance, as well as with the postphenomenological scholarship of Don Ihde and Peter-Paul Verbeek. Using this framework, we explore users’ attempts to achieve a proper fit between their faces and their prostheses, the technological transparency such a fit enables, and the ways in which transparency mediates users’ everyday exchanges with others. We conclude that a normal appearance, when it is achieved by means of prosthetics, enables the device’s user to navigate a precarious social environment as they encounter and interact with others in public. (shrink)

Debates about new technologies, such as crop and food genetic modification, raise pressing questions about the ways ‘experts’ and ‘ nonexperts’ communicate. These debates are dynamic, characterized by many voices contesting numerous storylines. The discoursal features, including language choices and communication strategies, of the GM debate are in some ways taken for granted and in others actively manipulated by participants. Although there are many voices, some have more influence than others. This study makes use of 50 hours of in-depth interviews (...) with GM scientists, nonexperts, and other stakeholders in the GM debate to examine this phenomenon. We uncover rhetorical devices used by scientists to characterize and ultimately undermine participation by non-experts in areas including rationality, knowledge, understanding and objectivity. Scientists engage with ‘the public’ from their own linguistic and social domain, without reflexive confirmation of their own status as part of the public and the citizenry. This raises a number of interesting ironies and contradictions, which are explored in the article. As such, it provides valuable insights into an increasingly important type of discourse. (shrink)

A ‘teoria da virtude’ contemporânea enfatiza a necessidade de voltar à formação moral do indivíduo, seguindo o modelo ético disponibilizado por Aristóteles. Segundo MacIntyre, representante importante dessa teoria, o estoicismo favoreceu o desenvolvimento da ética moderna e contemporânea, ao destacar noções como vontade, assentimento e lei natural ou divina. Por conseguinte, o desenvolvimento do próprio agente moral foi negligenciado. No século XII, Abelardo apresenta uma ética híbrida, que mantém, ao mesmo tempo, a teoria aristotélica da virtude e elementos da moral (...) estoica. No presente estudo, consideramos a crítica feita por MacIntyre da ética abelardiana, estimada ser na origem das concepções morais modernas e contemporâneas. (shrink)

Peter Abelard and William of Ockham represent the two main figures of the nominalism of the Middle Ages. Both share the fundamental thesis of that doctrine, according to which only individual entities exist. The repercussions of nominalism are quite evident in relation to the question of universals, which constitutes a subject that, until now, won the attention of the majority of contemporary studies on the two most important logicians of their time. Nevertheless the nominalism of each of these two protagonists (...) apparently diverges in a significant manner, especially in respect to the role exercised by the mind in the semantic process. Ockham seems to distance himself definitely from his predecessors, including Abelard, when he transfers grammar and semantic functions of conventional language to the level of mental language. In the present article, the chief intention is to expound the theory of sign and signification of each of the authors under consideration. The ultimate objective is to compare their respective semantic positions and indicate the principal points of agreement and disagreement, keeping in mind the hypothesis according to which these two medieval nominalists should have more theoretical elements in common than not. (shrink)

This article reports the findings of a one-year project examining British press coverage of the genetically modified food debate during the first half of 2003, and both expert and non-expert reactions to that coverage. Two pro-GM newspapers and two anti-GM newspapers were selected for analysis, and all articles mentioning GM during the period in question were stored in a machine readable database. This was then analyzed using corpus linguistic and discourse analytic techniques to reveal recurrent wording, themes and content. This (...) text analysis was complemented by 12 interviews with experts involved in the communication of GM issues, and 12 focus-group sessions in which members of the public reacted to selected newspaper texts and other GM material. Both in the press and in public reaction, the issue of GM was found to be intimately associated with other political events of the time, notably the invasion of Iraq. Except among experts, there was little awareness of the official national debate and issues were approached in more general terms. Pro-GM characterization of the issues as primarily scientific, both by newspapers and experts, was rejected by the anti-GM press and campaigners, and by the focus-group participants. They assessed the issues in a more global frame, rejecting scientists and companies as unreliable. In addition, they linked both US and British GM policy to the invasion of Iraq, and, by analogy, rejected pro-GM arguments as untrustworthy. (shrink)

Of the many difficult questions that populate the rather treacherous terrain of the philosophy of music, the one that perplexes and interests me the most often crops up in various guises in the myriad books of‘ Quotations for music lovers’ and such like. The following version may be said to capture its fundamental idea. Given that music doesn’t seem in any obvious sense to be about anything precisely, why do we seem to think that it conveys so much so strongly?

The sign is often defined as a thing standing for another, the first one being sensible, and the second, intelligible. Authors like Derrida and Kristeva link this definition to a "métaphysique de la présence". This paper shows that they are quite mistaken, and all the more so when one distinguishes the constitutive and factorial definitions of the sign: "rather than the sign being an index of 'the' Occidental metaphysics, it is the so-called Occidental metaphysics that is an index of a (...) rather poor conception of the sign". (shrink)

Pour Foucault, la philosophie doit se préoccuper des problèmes réels qui concernent les gens ici et maintenant: cet article porte sur la façon dont le philosophe français aborde l'un de ces problèmes, celui des rapports "politiques" entre hommes te femmes, en relation d'une part avec le féminisme, d'autre part avec les mouvements préoccupés par la condition masculine. Il s'agit de comprendre pourquoi Foucault méconnaît l'envergure réelle de ceux-ci comme de celui-là.

L'auteur se propose de parcourir la pensée de Derrida en la faisant "circuler dans le champ de la pensée contemporaine". La question fondamentale est, dit-il, celle du sens dans le débat entre phénoménologie et structuralisme. Sont cités à comparaître: Husserl, Heidegger, Dufrenne et Levi-Strauss. L'ouvrage intéressera ceux qui se préoccupent de ces auteurs. Les autres: s'abstenir.

Entre herméneutique et grammatologie, entre Gadamer et Derrida, il y aurait une profonde incompatibilité. Insurmontable? Les deux camps ont au moins en commun de réfléchir sur les conditions de possibilité du discours philosophique.Mais, en définitive, il faudrait dépasser ces deux approches au profit d'une nouvelle époque de la philosophie s'obligeant à approfondir le sens de la différence et à "retrouver à nouveaux frais la question de l'essence".

Cet ouvrage se veut "une réflexion sur le phénomène multiforme et universel des philosophies langagières" cherchant à comprendre "la hantise linguistique de la pensée contemporaine". Il s'attarde en particulier à la philosophie anglo-saxonne contemporaine et à la phénoménologie, le tout dans la nostalgie de "l'ancienne vigueur ontologique" du discours philosophique, non pour prôner le retour à la métaphysique, mais pour affronter la "cause profonde" de la "névrose ou psychose langagière": l'univers techno-scientifique.

Cette introduction au actes du XXe congrès de la Société de philosophie du Québec présente celui-ci comme l'occasion d'un bilan et d'une prospective. La société nouvelle, en effet, c'est d'abord la société actuelle. que l'on peut examiner par rapport aux revendications féministes des trois décennies précédentes: lecture politique. Mais la société nouvelle, c'est aussi celle de demain, celle qu'il faut imaginer pour mesurer les insuffisances de la société actuelle et pour inciter le présent à s'humaniser: lecture hétéropolitique. Il s'agissait donc (...) d'interroger le présent à la lumière des étapes franchies et des effets pervers qu'elles ont parfois entraînés, et de "rappeler les projets mis de l'avant par le mouvement des femmes". (shrink)

D'emblée, il est admis que les textes ici rassemblés "illustrent l'ultime indétermination de l'objet métaphorique lui-même". Ils abordent à tour de rôle: l'inflation du concept de métaphore; les aspects métonymiques et métaphoriques des signes picturaux; la nature "énonciative-prédicative" de la métaphore; les modalités du fonctionnement métaphorique dans les discours scientifiques; et le rôle de la métaphore en psychanalyse. L'ensemble est peut-être un prélude à une étude multidisciplinaire de la métaphore mais, pour l'apprécier, le lecteur devrait être versé au moins en (...) métaphysique, en philosophie de l'art, en linguistique, en philosophie des sciences et en psychanalyse. Et il pourrait encore se demander en quel(s) sens le mot métaphore peut circuler dans tous ces discours. (shrink)

Dans "L'un est l'autre. Des relations entre hommes et femmes", Élisabeth Badinter découpe l'histoire de l'humanité, du point de vue des rapports entre les sexes, en trois périodes, les deux premières inscrites sous le signe de la complémentarité, la troisième inaugurant l'ère de la ressemblance. Or, les deux modèles sous-jacents à cette évolution de l'humanité sont susceptibles de deux évaluations, l'une positive, l'autre négative, ce qui permet d'engendrer quatre types de civilisation: complémentarité positive ; complémentarité négative ; ressemblance positive ; (...) ressemblance négative. Ce dernier type n'a pas été identifié par l'auteure, d'où son absence de nom et d'ancrage historique. L'article soutient que le non-lieu et le non-temps de cette option renvoient à un imaginaire qui commande également la description du premier et du troisième modèles :seule réalité attestable, le patriarcat s'insère entre un mythe de l'âge d'or et une gémellité hétéropolitique dont la reconnaissance confère à l'ouvrage de Badinter une nouvelle dimension: au lieu d'enter l'androgynie sur un socle scientifique vacillant la concevoir comme une nouvelle façon de vivre la condition humaine dans une société meilleure. (shrink)

Le modèle hétéropolitique comporte d'abord un moment discursif où le thème de la société idéalisée se présente soit dans une fiction (utopie) soit dans un texte non fictif (para-utopie); celle-ci peut-être élaborée en détails ou rester nucléaire, selon un mode négatif (facteurs à proscrire) ou positif (changements souhaités). Si le moment discursif paraît prometteur, il peut être repris dans un relais idéologique collectif et, éventuellement, aboutir à une implantation historique. La seconde partie de l'article illustre le modèle hétéropolitique d'une part (...) en soulignant la dimension féministe de certains textes hétéropolitiques masculins, d'autre part en analysant la dimension hétéropolitique de textes féminins féministes. La conclusion prône la nécessité "d'une hétérosophie qui assume enfin l'égalité de tous les êtres humains", et soutient que "la perspective féministe renouvelle radicalement la discursivité hétéropolitique". (shrink)

Après avoir esquissé le champ de la pensée héteropolitique, celle qui est consacrée au thème de la société idéalisée, ce texte présente et discute les grands modèles de société nouvelle préconisés par l'hétéropolitique féministe : la société androgyne, la société gynocratique et la société gynocentrique, et il essaie d'établir les bases de leur (ré-)conciliation. -The first part of this paper tries to delineate the field of heteropolitical thought, that form of speculation dealing with the theme of an idealized society. The (...) second part is a discussion of the new societies proposed hy feminist heteropolitical thought : the androgynous society, the gynocratic society, and the gynocentric society, and it tries to see how they could be reconciled. (shrink)

La nouvelle rhétorique de Perelman identifie plusieurs types d'auditoires, dont l'auditoire spécialisé (un groupe de physiciens, les adeptes d'une religion) et l'auditoire universel ("l'ensemble de ceux qui sont considérés comme des hommes raisonnables et compétents en la matière"). Ce dernier se distingue des autres par son caractère fictif, car il est une construction mentale de l'orateur. Il pourrait donc reposer sur une pétition de principe, c'est-à-dire sur une ou des prémisses que l'on suppose admises alors qu'elles ne le sont pas. (...) L'examen de cette question est d'autant plus crucial que, pour Perelman, c'est le recours à ce type d'auditoire qui caractérise le discours philosophique. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage collectif publié sous la direction de Jean Greisch examine divers aspects de le théorie du texte, depuis le "mouvement de la textualisation" jusqu'à "l'herméneutique de la textualité", en passant par la notion même de texte, la grammaire du texte, l'histoire de l'écriture, le rapport du texte au monde, les lacunes de l'approche psychanalytique, etc. Il n'est pas sûr que chacune des contributions se hisse au niveau de généralité requis par l'approche philosophique, mais suffisamment d'entre elles y parviennent pour (...) alimenter la réflexion. (shrink)

This book makes Calhoun's philosophy accessible to contemporary thinkers and shows what Calhoun thought about issues such as world government.Topics discussed ...

This book collects some 75 texts from the history of American thought, starting with the colonial religious background, and arranged into 6 historically oriented chapers. Each chapter has a general introduction and ends with suggestions for further readings; and each of the texts is prefaced by a short explanatory paragraph. Overall, the book provides an historical introduction to central ethical themes of American thought.

The mismatch between goals and means is a major cause of crisis in labour law. The regulations that we use - the legal instruments and techniques - are no longer in sync with the goals they are supposed to advance. This mismatch leads to a problem of coverage, where many workers who need the protection of labour law are not covered by it, as well as a problem of obsoleteness, as labour laws are not sufficiently updated in light of dramatic (...) changes in the labour market. Adopting a purposive approach to interpretation and legislative reform, this volume addresses this crisis of mismatch. It first articulates the goals of labour law, both general and specific, through an in-depth normative discussion and a consideration of critiques. The book then proceeds to reconsider our means, asking what we need to change or improve in the laws themselves in order to better advance the goals. Some of the proposed solutions are at the level of judicial interpretation, others at the legislative level. The book offers several examples for the way a purposive analysis should be performed in concrete cases. It also recommends institutional structures that are suited to ongoing adaptation of the law to ensure that our goals are advanced even when circumstances frequently change. Finally, in response to the crisis of enforcement in this field, which frustrates the achievement of labour law's goals, several proposals to improve compliance and enforcement are considered. (shrink)

La science ne se construit pas dans la solitude. La recherche s'inscrit dans les pratiques sociales d'un milieu et d'une époque. Mais, la croissance rapide de nos sociétés a créé une scission entre nos concitoyens et les "spécialistes", perçus comme perdus dans leurs savoirs et pratiquant des rites complexes et incompréhensibles. Le "peuple" et les "élites" ont cessé de se comprendre et une méfiance réciproque est née entre ces deux catégories qui fonctionnent pourtant selon les mêmes règles.

Why is it so difficult for 'voluntary simplicity' to become truly voluntary? It is suggested that an important distinction has to be made between beliefs which are 'espoused' and those which are 'embodied'. Certain crucial systems of embodied beliefs constitute traps, in the sense that they set, invisibly, a person's motivational agenda, and bias perception against their own detection. This analysis makes it clear why certain popular forms of campaigning and education are ineffective; and suggests that some methodologies of self-transformation (...) associated with spiritual traditions such as Buddhism may have much to offer the environmental movement. (shrink)

Analyse et discussion d'un livre de Roger-Pol Droit sur le bouddhisme : 1 / On a commis l'erreur de faire du bouddhisme un culte du néant ; 2 / On a oublié la bodhi, l' éveil, dont le Bouddha tire son surnom ; 3 / La question est posée de savoir si le Bouddha entend « guérir la vie » ou « guérir de la vie ». This is an analysis and a discussion of a recent book by Roger-Pol Droit (...) about Buddhism : 1 / Buddhism has been erroneously understood as a worship of nothingness ; 2 / The notion of bodhi, awakening, has been neglected ; 3 / What was Buddha's intent : healing life or healing of life? (shrink)

IT may be taken as a great verity of Greek syntax that ν is not construed with the present or the perfect of the indicative. Exceptions are either apparent, needing explanation, or errors in transmission, requiring correction. There are no discordant voices in the expert choir on this point, all say the same. As usual the collections of examples are most copious in Kühner-Gerth, other authorities attempting only to adduce a few new examples. Since these are so readily available there (...) is no need to review all the pertinent passages here. The apparent exceptions are either cases of confusing word-order or anacolutha. Confusing word-order occurs for example when ν attaches itself to a verb of speaking, or to a negative when it belongs logically elsewhere in the sentence. The anacolutha are principally formulaic in character, as when kaν єi is used simply as ═ kαiє and so brings an extra ν into the sentence which may seem to belong to an indicative. (shrink)

The present essay explores conversation as a phenomenon of mutual turning . The act of turning reveals a basic tension between two approaches – that which puts the unmediated turn as the basis of dialogue , and the present approach that regards speech and the creative text as part and parcel of the conversational turn. The controversy is brought to the point of “break” which is both theoretical and refering to actual gaps of silence that occur at the midst of (...) conversation. Three such gaps or critical silences are explored – silence about, silence between and silence within. From these a general notion of break is discussed in a negative sense of a conversational crisis and in a positive sense of a creative breakthrough. (shrink)

In this article, we present a dialogical approach to empirical ethics, based upon hermeneutic ethics and responsive evaluation. Hermeneutic ethics regards experience as the concrete source of moral wisdom. In order to gain a good understanding of moral issues, concrete detailed experiences and perspectives need to be exchanged. Within hermeneutic ethics dialogue is seen as a vehicle for moral learning and developing normative conclusions. Dialogue stands for a specific view on moral epistemology and methodological criteria for moral inquiry. Responsive evaluation (...) involves a structured way of setting up dialogical learning processes, by eliciting stories of participants, exchanging experiences in (homogeneous and heterogeneous) groups and drawing normative conclusions for practice. By combining these traditions we develop both a theoretical and a practical approach to empirical ethics, in which ethical issues are addressed and shaped together with stakeholders in practice. Stakeholders' experiences are not only used as a source for reflection by the ethicist; stakeholders are involved in the process of reflection and analysis, which takes place in a dialogue between participants in practice, facilitated by the ethicist. This dialogical approach to empirical ethics may give rise to questions such as: What contribution does the ethicist make? What role does ethical theory play? What is the relationship between empirical research and ethical theory in the dialogical process? In this article, these questions will be addressed by reflecting upon a project in empirical ethics that was set up in a dialogical way. The aim of this project was to develop and implement normative guidelines with and within practice, in order to improve the practice concerning coercion and compulsion in psychiatry. (shrink)

In the first half of the eleventh century, a group of scholars in southwest India did something new. They began composing systematic texts about everyday life in a register of language sometimes called New Kannada. While looking back toward earlier texts composed in Sanskrit – and even translating portions of them – these scholars centered their poetic ability and their personal experiences as opposed to prior authoritative texts. They described themselves as authoring “worldly sciences” that were “useful to the people (...) of the world,” and they provided extensive reflections on the systematics of knowledge. Epistemic, linguistic, and political concerns were significantly renegotiated in this moment as local context was turned into a virtue for the production of technical treatises. This article uses this moment to interrogate recent discussions of useful knowledge and vernacular science. Usefulness can mean different things at different times and vernacular sciences change according to their language. This article argues for a usage of both terms that is more attuned to historical particulars. A history of useful knowledge from a place that now appears under the double effacement of the non-modern and non-West offers an opportunity to think through central concepts of the history of science without relying on economic or utilitarian discourses. This paper presents one possible example of what a more global history of useful knowledge might look like. (shrink)