Cet article analyse les représentations de la « femme masculinée » vers 1900. Il se fonde d’abord sur le constat de la prégnance du topos de la « fin d’un sexe » à la fin du xixe siècle, imaginaire qui contamine la presse féminine elle-même. Par la suite, il montre comment cette « crise » de la femme masculinisée s’est résorbée grâce aux innovations de certaines revues féminines du début du xxe siècle. Femina et La Vie heureuse revendiquent une certaine (...) libération de la femme, qui suppose une forme de « virilité » assumée. Ainsi un nouveau genre journalistique, le reportage, est mis au service de ces représentations de la féminité moderne. (shrink)

L’évolution de la société se traduit dans le langage. Au Moyen Âge, notairesse, tutorresse et défenderesse rendaient visibles, dans les textes, l’épouse et la femme agissant dans la société. À notre époque s’emploient des noms, tels infirmière, institutrice et vendeuse, qui ne sont pas neufs. Simultanément, comme la femme accède à des professions réservées aux hommes, s’installent des appellations féminines nouvelles telles que (la) juge, (la) pénaliste, présidente, consœur, avocate, magistrate, huissière, enquêtrice. Au Québec, en Suisse, en Belgique et en (...) France, des textes officiels recommandent la féminisation. Celle-ci suscite les passions parce qu’elle touche aux traditions, au savoir-vivre, aux préjugés, au souci d’égalité et surtout à l’identité de la personne. Même si des raisons culturelles et sociales freinent l’évolution des mentalités, la progression de la féminisation dans l’usage constitue un fait linguistique remarquable. (shrink)

La réflexion philosophique, dont l'ouverture à l'univers dans lequel nous nous découvrons - avec une acuité proportionnelle à un étonnement renouvelé - n'a pas de limites, n'en est que plus tributaire des sciences et des techniques, des arts et de multiples activités qui régissent plus ou moins fructueusement notre expérience. Or, au sein des sciences humaines, privilégiées pour éclairer une condition que nous ne saurions cesser d'interpréter, peu d'oeuvres du dernier siècle auront enrichi en le précisant notre être-au-monde, comme la (...) théorie linguistique de Gustave Guillaume, assez solitaire, et les recherches multiformes de Jean Piaget - où la psychologie de l'enfant a souvent occulté la visée épistémologique et son enracinement biologique (cf Biologie et connaissance, 1967) et ses prolongements pédagogiques, voire éthiques. Le Cinquantenaire et le Trentenaire de leur disparition appelaient un hommage d'autant plus impératif qu'ils sont restés marginaux ou ignorés dans les milieux philosophiques, malgré la centralité de leurs élucidations. Leur commune orientation génétique et structurale n'ayant suscité aucun échange, pendant la contemporanéité de publications d'un tiers de siècle (1923-1960), mesurer leur complémentarité s'impose d'autant plus. S'ils peuvent aider à repenser la condition humaine, c'est qu'ils auront contribué à dissiper le "mystère de la pensée". L'un cherchant à habiliter les caractères systématique et cinétique des langues, irremplaçables moyens de penser ; l'autre dans un vis-à-vis cognitif et opératoire de Freud, en relavant sur les plans épistémologique et logique, notamment, l'élan révolutionnaire de la seconde modernité, autour de l'évolutionnisme. Mais les thèmes majeurs du constructivisme, du schème et de la symbolisation - et plus largement du temps et du langage - auront sans doute aidé à spécifier les mutations autorisées par la révolution critique. Entre l'Instant du je parle et un décentrement exigible pratiquement (éthique) comme théoriquement (épistémique), c'est bien la condition humaine dans son ensemble qui est concernée. Si repenser cette Condition s'impose en permanence, il importe de ne pas manquer des oeuvres qui, par-delà toute mode, proposent à notre expérience des fondations résistant à d'inéluctables vicissitudes. (shrink)

Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre was a true nineteenth-century visionary—a painter, printmaker, set designer, entrepreneur, inventor, and pioneer of photography. Though he was widely celebrated beyond his own lifetime for his invention of the daguerreotype, it was his origins as a theatrical designer and purveyor of visual entertainment that paved the way for Daguerre's emergence as one of the world's most iconic imagemakers. In Speculating Daguerre, Stephen C. Pinson reinterprets the story of the man and his time, painting a vivid (...) picture of Daguerre as an innovative artist and savvy impresario whose eventual fame as a photographer eclipsed everything that had come before. Drawing upon previously unpublished correspondence and unplumbed archival sources, Pinson mixes biography with an incisive study of Daguerre's wide-ranging involvement in visual culture. From his work as a commercial lithographer to his coinvention of the Paris Diorama—a theater in the round in which Daguerre employed natural light and special effects to simulate time and movement in large-scale paintings—here we are given access to Daguerre the artist, whose tireless experimentation, entrepreneurial spirit, and exceptional talent for popular spectacle helped to usher in a new visual age. Filled with more than one hundred illustrations and including the first complete catalogue of Daguerre's paintings, works on paper, and daguerreotypes to appear in print, the publication of Speculating Daguerre will be a much-heralded event for anyone with even a passing interest in one of the most fascinating characters in the history of photography. (shrink)

InFellow Creatures, Christine Korsgaard claims that human beingsoughtto treat all sentient animals as ends in themselves. However, in this article, I argue that Korgaard's method goes beyond what a coherent constructivist conception allows, and I claim that we should therefore adopt a Humean rather than a Kantian version of constructivism. I believe that such a conception permits us to hold substantial ethical positions about non-human animals without having to compromise our ontological commitments.

Feminist theory, broadly construed, lacks a comprehensive theory of misogyny. While there has been a great deal of feminist work dedicated to analysing the social, cultural, political, and institutional effects of misogyny, the ancillary theories of misogyny these analyses produce are only ever partial, fragmented, vague or conceptually inconsistent. This article engages and critiques these theories by focusing on three separate but related issues within existing feminist scholarship on misogyny: the conflation of misogyny with sexism, the elision of misogyny's affective (...) elements and the supplanting of misogyny with gendered violence. Through my identification and critique of these issues, I argue that misogyny should be understood as a profoundly complicated and emotional social dynamic. Moreover, I argue that to attempt to cleanse misogyny of its affective/emotional complexity or conflate misogyny with sexism and/or violence is to rob theorists of possible loci of apprehension and intervention. My hope is that this article will stimulate feminist theorists to work collectively towards a more comprehensive feminist understanding of misogyny – one that grapples with the interpersonal and affective complexities of how misogyny emerges, circulates and self-perpetuates. (shrink)

Although Wilhelm Dilthey and Franz Brentano apparently were pursuing roughly the same objective—to offer a description of our mental functions and of their relations to objects—and both called their respective research programs ‘descriptive psychology’, they seem to have used the term to refer to two different methods of psychological research. In this article, I compare analyses of these differences. Against the reading of Orth but also against a possible application of recent relativist accounts of the epistemology of peer disagreement to (...) this case, I argue that their apparent shared objective is not enough to support an understanding of their views as two alternatives within a given historical or scientific context, or as a mutual peer disagreement. I show that the impression of a shared objective can be explained away as stemming from the influence of their teacher Adolf Trendelenburg, and I stress that the case of introspection strongly suggests that an account in terms of peer disagreement is not plausible. Finally, I conclude that the opposition between two traditions, Austrian philosophy and historicism, might be better suited to account for the dispute and its apparent common historical context. (shrink)

Il y a dans le roman des Lumières une véritable vogue de la parenthèse utopique. Les textes retenus pour cette étude sont donc des romans non utopiques dans lesquels figurent une ou plusieurs "micro-utopies.".

Guillaume Collett questions to what extent we can locate Deleuze within the Lacanian School during the late-1960s, prior to Guattari. In so doing, he offers a new, integrated reading of Deleuze's The Logic of Sense by understanding it as a 'psychoanalysis of sense', and gives a new interpretation of Deleuze's conception of philosophy itself. The Psychoanalysis of Sense shows that Deleuze was not merely aware of the debates animating the Lacanian School during the 1960s: he sought to contribute to (...) them. Emphasising his appropriation of the work of post-Lacanian Serge Leclaire, Collett explains how Deleuze constructed a more singular and immanent theory of the linguistic structure of the unconscious - granting the erogenous body a larger structuring role. (shrink)

This conference was devoted to the 80 years of the Copenhagen Interpretation, and to the question of the relevance of the Copenhagen interpretation for the present understanding of quantum mechanics. It is in this framework that fundamental questions raised by quantum mechanics, especially in information theory, were discussed throughout the conference. As has become customary in our series of conference in Växjö, we were glad to welcome a fruitful assembly of theoretical physicists, experimentalists, mathematicians and even philosophers interested in the (...) foundations of probability and physics. The nature of quantum fluctuations---in the form of Stochastic Electrodynamics or in other approaches to stochastic quantum mechanics---was also a central topic discussed during the conference, especially during debates. We should also mention talks on the completeness or incompleteness of quantum mechanics; on macroscopic quantum systems; on Bell's inequality, entanglement and experiments on quantum nonlocality (and locality); on Bohmian mechanics; on the connection between quantum mechanics and general relativity; on quantum probability; on quantum computing, quantum teleportation and quantum cryptography technologies; and more generally on the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics and on the philosophical problems raised by its interpretations. (shrink)

À propos de : Jacques Rancière, Les Mots et les torts. Dialogue avec Javier Basas, Paris, La Fabrique, 2021, 96 p. Comme le titre de l’ouvrage l’indique, il s’agit de la transcription d’un entretien entre le philosophe français et le jeune philosophe espagnol Javier Basas. Ce der- nier interroge Jacques Rancière sur ses pratiques d’écriture, plus précisément sur le rapport entre ces pratiques et la notion d’égalité que le philosophe français met au cœur de sa philosophie de la politique. Il (...) y... (shrink)

Parmi les difficultés que l’on rencontre lorsqu’on s’intéresse à la notion philosophique de représentation, il y a celle qui provient du fait qu’elle tient une place importante dans trois domaines distincts du champ philosophique : la théorie de la connaissance, l’esthétique et la philosophie politique. Effectivement, en philosophie, la représentation est soit la réalité mentale considérée par l’esprit (en ce sens, elle est parente de l’« idée » telle qu’elle a été définie par les philosophes...

Resumo O artigo descreve o poema “An die Melancholie” como um momento crucial e essencial da evolução da filosofia de Nietzsche, aquele de uma primeira intuição da noção de “vontade de potência”. O filósofo se afasta da longa tradição alemã dos hinos à melancolia, ao mesmo tempo em que subverteu os poemas filosóficos - os darwinistas em particular - de sua época, para superar seu pessimismo schopenhaueriano.The article aims at describing the poem “An die Melancholie” as an essential and crucial (...) moment within the development of Nietzsche’s philosophy, which refers to the first intuition of the notion of “Will to Power”. The philosopher deviates from the long German tradition of odes to melancholy, whilst subverting the philosophical poems of his own time - specially the Darwinian ones -, in order to overcome his Schopenhauerian pessimism. (shrink)

Many results in logic and mathematics rely on techniques that allow for concrete, often visual, representations of abstract concepts. A primary example of this phenomenon in logic is the distinction between syntax and semantics, itself an example of the more general duality in mathematics between algebra and geometry. Such representations, however, often rely on the existence of certain maximal objects having particular properties such as points, possible worlds or Tarskian first-order structures. -/- This dissertation explores an alternative to such representations (...) known as possibility semantics. Its core idea is to replace maximal objects with ordered systems of partial approximations. Although it originates in the semantics of modal logic and the representation of abstract ordered structures, I argue that it has far-reaching mathematical, foundational and philosophical significance, especially in the context of semiconstructive mathematics, a foundational framework that does not assume any fragment of the Axiom of Choice beyond the Axiom of Dependent Choices. -/- The dissertation is divided in two main parts. The first part explores various applications of the mathematical framework underlying possibility semantics to lattice theory and non-classical propositional logics. A major theme is the development of constructive dualities for various categories of lattices, which are related to standard non-constructive dualities via Vietoris constructions. -/- The second part of the dissertation explores the alternative foundational setting of semi-constructive mathematics, focusing on three applications of possibility semantics for classical first-order logic to the philosophy of the mathematical infinite. In particular, we introduce generic powers, a semi-constructive analogue of ultrapowers in classical model theory, and we explore the merits of these structures from a foundational, conceptual and historical viewpoint. (shrink)

Galileo asked in his Dialogue of the Two New Sciences what relationship exists between the size of the set of all natural numbers and the size of the set of all square natural numbers. Although one is a proper subset of the other, suggesting that there are strictly fewer squares than natural numbers, the existence of a simple one-to-one correspondence between the two sets suggests that they have, in fact, the same size. Cantor famously based the modern notion of cardinality (...) on the second intuition, but recent advances in mathematical logic (most notably, numerosity theory) have renewed an interest in the question whether Cantor’s way out of Galileo’s paradox was the only possible one. I present a new solution to Galileo’s paradox and argue that it is a better alternative to the Cantorian solution than numerosity theory. In fact, I argue that it is the best possible way out of Galileo's Paradox that can be based on the "Euclidean" intuition that the whole is always greater than any of its proper parts. (shrink)

In the 1990s, large insurance companies failed in virtually every major market, prompting a fierce and ongoing debate about how to better protect policyholders. Drawing lessons from the failures of four insurance companies, When Insurers Go Bust dramatically advances this debate by arguing that the current approach to insurance regulation should be replaced with mechanisms that replicate the governance of non-financial firms.Rather than immediately addressing the minutiae of supervision, Guillaume Plantin and Jean-Charles Rochet first identify a fundamental economic rationale (...) for supervising the solvency of insurance companies: policyholders are the "bankers" of insurance companies. But because policyholders are too dispersed to effectively monitor insurers, it might be efficient to delegate monitoring to an institution--a prudential authority. Applying recent developments in corporate finance theory and the economic theory of organizations, the authors describe in practical terms how such authorities could be created and given the incentives to behave exactly like bankers behave toward borrowers, as "tough" claimholders. (shrink)

(2014). Epistemological foundations for the assessment of risks in banking and finance. Journal of Economic Methodology: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 125-138. doi: 10.1080/1350178X.2014.907438.

In many respects, Mach’s arrival in Vienna in 1895 marks the beginning of a new era in Austrian philosophy, paving the way for young philosophers and scientists like Hahn and Neurath and preparing the soil for the Vienna Circle. While this understanding of Mach’s contribution to the development of Viennese philosophy seems correct to an important extent, it leaves aside the role of Brentano and his school in this development. I argue that the Brentanian and Machian moments of Austrian philosophy (...) are jointed. I propose a description of the nature of these joints based on institutional, methodological, and philosophical aspects of these phases, and suggest a diagnosis that supports what I take to be the right carving between these two moments. (shrink)

Phenomenological accounts of intuition are often considered as significantly different from, or even incommensurable with most of the conception of intuitions defended in analytical philosophy. In this paper, I reject this view. Starting with what I consider to be a relatively neutral phenomenological account of intuition, I first present the main features of Husserl’s and Brentano’s accounts of intuition, showing the structural similarities and differences between these two views. After confronting them, I finally come back to what unites the two (...) views in order to outline a map of the problem of intuition in which both traditions, the analytical and the phenomenological, appear as two complementary takes on one and the same problem. (shrink)

Analysis of the etymology of the name of the Tangut emperors.

Le colloque du 3 décembre était la manifestation de lancement du projet SAB PROCBENTHAM. Ce projet interdisciplinaire vise à comprendre certains aspects de l’émergence d’une branche du droit spécifique destinée à réguler l’activité d’application juridictionnelle du droit. La construction intellectuelle de ce corpus repose sur une dichotomie entre les normes « substantielles » que les tribunaux appliquent aux litiges qui leur sont soumis, d’une part, et les normes qui déterminent leur propre f...

Le manuel de sophismes politiques de Bentham se fixait pour objectif de dénoncer un certain nombre de raisonnements fallacieux destinés à entraver les propositions de réforme politique. Il définissait ainsi comme sophisme « tout argument avancé ou tout sujet de discussion suggéré afin de, ou avec la probabilité de produire l’effet de tromper ou de causer quelque opinion erronée susceptible d’être admise par toute personne dont l’esprit a pu se trouver mis en présence de cet argument ». Si Ben..

Merleau-Ponty, Theatre and Politics.Virtue and Plasticity of the ImaginaryWe will attempt, starting from a course given at the Sorbonne and devoted to the work of the actor, to develop the meaning of the theatrical metaphor in the political philosophy of Merleau-Ponty. Even if the presence of the theater in his philosophy does not seem evident at first glance, it is possible to negotiate his political thought from the metaphor of the theater. This metaphor even allows us to clarify the meaning (...) of a well known expression from the Preface of Signs: “virtue without resignation.” We will then construe the concept of the “plasticity of the imaginary” so as to show how a reflection on the theater opens up a certain understanding of Merleau-Ponty’s ethics.Merleau-Ponty, teatro e politica.Virtù e plasticità dell’ immaginarioA partire da un corso tenuto alla Sorbona e consacrato al mestiere dell’attore, proveremo a sviluppare il senso della metafora teatrale nella filosofi a politica diMerleau-Ponty. Anche se la presenza del teatro nella sua filosofi a non sembra a un primo approccio evidente, è possibile attraversare il suo pensiero politico proprio a partire dalla metafora del teatro. Quest’ultima permette di chiarire il significato di un’espressione ben nota della fine della Prefazione a Segni: quella di «virtù senza alcuna rassegnazione». Si elabora allora il concetto di «plasticità dell’immaginario» per mostrare come la riflessione sul teatro offra a una determinata comprensione dell’etica merleau-pontiana. (shrink)

On examine ici les principaux linéaments de l'herméneutique de Johannes Clauberg, notamment à travers la structure de sa Logica Vetus et Nova et le modèle qu'elle propose de l'analyse de la " phrase obscure ". La thèse soutenue est que si Clauberg place essentiellement dans le lexique, et non dans la syntaxe, les racines de l'ambiguïté et de l'obscurité des énoncés, c'est que sa conception du langage et de la pensée les rend trop isomorphes l'un à l'autre pour qu'une obscurité (...) proprement syntaxique puisse être conçue. (shrink)