구봉 송익필(1534-1599)은 조선 중기를 대표하는 성리학자요 예학자이다. 그는 율곡 이이, 우계 성혼 등과 도의지교를 맺었을 뿐만 아니라 그들과 필적할만한 학문적 능력을 갖추었던 인물이다. 그런데 구봉집에는 유교지식인들에게는 특이하게 비쳐질 수밖에 없는 도가적 사유의 스펙트럼을 통해 해석된 세계와 인간에 대한 다수의 시선들이 확인된다.BR 특히 구봉은 『장자』의 내편, 외편, 잡편의 전편에 걸쳐있는 주요 철학개념들을 자유롭게 원용하여 자신의 삶의 지평을 이상적으로 설계해보고자 한 특징이 확인된다. 그는 논문의 형식보다는 자유로운 형식의 문학 장르의 하나인 시의 양식을 통해 자신과 세계에 대한 내면적 심상을 피력하는 모습을 보여준다. 이는 (...) 장자가 성리학이나 예학의 범주로부터 독립된 문학적 지식인임을 은연중 드러냄으로써 문학적 장르에 어느 정도 허용되고 있던 자유로운 삶의 이념에 대한 문제의식을 피력해보고자 한 이유와 무관하지 않다.BR 이 글은 구봉의 도가철학적인 사유방식에 주목하면서, 구봉이 본 이상적 인격과 삶의 지평에 대한 문제를 구체적으로 조명해본 것이다. 이 글은 다음과 같은 세 가지 주제를 논의의 대상으로 삼는다. 첫째, 구봉의 도가사상에 나타난 성인의 이상적 인격과 무정의 미학적 의의가 무엇인지를 확인한다. 둘째, 빈 배의 은유와 물아상망의 이상적 삶의 지평의 문제에 대해 검토한다. 셋째, 장자가 주목하는 안시처순(安時處順, 태어나는 것과 죽는 때를 편안하게 여기는 태도) 또는 자족안분의 이상적 삶의 형태가 구봉에게서 어떻게 이해되고 있는지를 확인한다.BR 이 글은 이와 같은 논의를 통해 구봉이 도가철학적인 사유방식을 통해 기존의 이분법적 세계인식과 사적 욕망의 굴레로부터 벗어나 개체인격을 해방시키자 한 인간학적 의의를 확보할 수 있었음을 확인하였다. 그리고 우리는 결론적으로 이 글의 논의를 통해 조선중기 유교지식인의 내면세계에 조응된 도가철학의 풍경 하나를 새롭게 발견하여 해석할 수 있는 연구사적 계기를 확보한 의의가 있다. (shrink)

구봉 송익필은 신분의 제약으로 직접 경륜할 수 없었다. 그럼에도 지치주의(至治主義)를 목표로 ‘처변위권(處變爲權)’을 발휘하여 지우나 후생을 통한 간접적으로 경륜을 펼칠 수밖에 없었다. 그는 천명사상에 바탕한 민본주의 정치사상을 주장하였고, 애민의식에 입각하여 왕실의 검소화와 진휼책을 제시하기도 하였다. 또한 민생안정을 통해 애국심을 증진시키고 양천종부종모법(良賤從父從母法)을 실시하여 서얼공사천(庶孽公私賤)의 군역부담으로 국방강화정책을 주장하기도 하였다. 또한 이산보에게 준 편지에서는 개인적으로는 사심을 제거하고 근면, 청렴, 지혜를 발휘하여 공평무사한 업무처리를 위해 최선을 다하고, 대외적으로 인재관리와 활용에 적극적으로 임하면서, 궁민구휼(窮民救恤)이나 명인(名人)들에 대한 관리도 필요하다는 공직윤리를 제시하기도 하였다. 결국 송익필의 경세사상은 인정(仁政)이나 덕치에 바탕한 (...) 민생안정을 통해 지치라는 왕도정치에 도달하고자 하는 구체적 방법론을 제시한 것이라고 할 수 있다. 천부적 자질과 지략으로 제갈량에 비유되기도 하고, 이이, 성혼, 정철, 이귀 사인(四人)의 모주(謀主)로, 혹은 간귀(奸鬼)로 악평될 만큼 뛰어난 경세 능력을 가지고 있던 그이다. 그러나 그의 경세사상은 신분상의 제약으로 미완으로 끝날 수밖에 없었다. 누구보다 백성들을 사랑하였고, 민생 안정을 위한 혁신적인 개혁안을 꾸준히 제기하였으며, 실천할 능력 또한 소유하였던 그였다. 그러나 지치라는 이상은 꿈으로 남을 수밖에 없었다. (shrink)

고청 서기와 구봉 송익필은 조선중기 신분적 제약 속에서도 수양과 학문에 정진하여 기호유학에 큰 업적을 남긴 유학자이다. 두 사람은 태어나면서부터 신분적 굴레에 얽매여 과거시험을 통한 관직의 길이 막혔지만, 그에 굴하지 않고 평생 동안 투철한 선비정신의 실천모습을 공통적으로 보여준다. 이들은 같은 시대를 살면서 교유하기도 하였으며, 두 사람 모두에게 가르침을 받은 송준길의 부친 송이창을 통하여, 충청 기호유학 형성 기반에 큰 영향을 남기고 있다. 이처럼 성리학을 국가제도의 기본이념으로 하는 조선중엽의 사회에서, 신분 차별과 관직의 길이 막힌 현실적 질곡을 극복하고 유학자로서 큰 업적을 남긴 두 사람의 (...) 실천정신 근저에는 고도(古道)를 지향한 도학정신이 자리한다. 두 사람이 공통적으로 추구한 실천정신에는, 탕(湯)임금이 설파한 ‘입현무방(立賢無方)’의 유가본래의 평등과 소통정신을 찾을 수 있다. 이는 『대학』에서 공자가 말한 왕도(王道)실천원리인 ‘혈구지도(絜矩之道)’와 그 맥을 같이한다. 아울러 두 사람이 추구한 평등과 소통의 실천적인 선비정신은, 오늘날 다문화와 다종교로 인한 갈등과 분쟁이 많이 발생하고 있는 현대사회에서 거울로 삼아 본받고 실천할 수 있는 정신적 귀감으로서 큰 의의를 지닌다. (shrink)

This article is a close analysis of a popular song by the Italian singer-songwriter Paolo Conte, ‘Sparring Partner’, in Ozon's film [Formula: see text]. With particular reference to what Barthes called the ‘grain’ of the voice, the article shows how the song does not work anempathetically, cutting across characters and narrative and undermining them; nor does it work empathetically to support the characters or reflect their emotions in a straightforward way. Rather, the song creates a complex haptic (...) moment, where affect and gender fluidity combine to form a ‘haptic metaspace’; this acts as a frame for productively unstable embodiments, marked by nomadic transitions and volatilities, focused on the male of the couple. (shrink)

직(直)사상은 유가철학의 종지요 심법이며 지결이라 일컬어진다. 『주역』에서 ‘경이직내’라 하였고, 공자는 『논어』에서 인간의 태어남은 직이라 하였다. 맹자도 호연지기를 직으로써 기른다고 하였다. 정명도는 천지사이에 정정당당한 직이라 하였으며, 주자는 성현이 상전한 심법은 직 한 글자라 하여 유언으로 남겼다. 조선의 유학자 가운데 구봉 송익필은 제자인 김장생에게 「김은자직백설」의 글을 주면서 직에 대해 전승하고 있다. 이러한 직은 기호유학의 송시열, 권상하, 윤봉구, 김원행, 박윤원, 홍직필, 전우 등 근대 기호유학자들에게까지 사승(師承)되어 전해지고 있다. 고려 말부터 조선의 유학자들이 직에 대해 언급하고 있지만, 대부분 『주역』과 『심경』에 대한 설명에서 벗어나지 않는다고 할 (...) 수 있다. 그러나 본 연구에서 고찰한 바, 구봉 송익필로부터 기호유학으로 전승되고 있는 직사상은, 공·맹·정·주의 직사상을 온전히 담고 있으면서도, 이름, 호, 자, 서재명 등에 직에 대한 자신들의 견해를 붙여서 상전(相傳)하고 있다. 이런 특징은 스승과 제자 사이에 학문의 요체를 상전하는 학문적 수수(授受)방식이라 할 수 있으며, 특수한 전승(傳承)방식을 지니고 있다고 할 수 있다. 이런 점에서 조선유학자들 가운데 공·맹·정·주의 직사상의 맥은 구봉 송익필이 계승하고 있으며, 또한 그를 비롯하여 기호유학에서 학문적 특수성을 지닌 전승방식을 지니면서 근대 기호유학자들에게까지 사승(師承)되어져 온다고 할 수 있다. 이와 같은 구봉의 직사상에 대한 기호유학에서의 학문적 위상 정립과, 한국유학사상사에서의 재조명이 필요하다고 하겠다. (shrink)

1. Tan'gun sinhwa ŭi wŏnhyŏngjŏk segyegwan kwa p'ungnyu chŏngsin -- 2. Wŏnhyo ŭi hwajaeng sasang kwa muaehaeng ŭi silch'ŏn -- 3. Ŭisang ŭi 'Hwaŏm ilsŭng pŏpkyedo' e nat'anan Hwaŏm sasang -- 4. Chinul ŭi Tono chŏmsu wa Chŏnghye ssangsu sasang -- 5. Sambong Chŏng To-jŏn ŭi Pulgyo paech'ŏk ŭi naeyong kwa sŏngkyŏk -- 6. T'oegye Yi Hwang ŭi ch'ŏrhakchŏk ipchang kwa 'Kyŏng' sasang -- 7. Kobong Ki Tae-sŭng ŭi hangmun chŏngsin kwa ch'ŏrhak sasang -- 8. Ugye Sŏng Hon ŭi Tohakchŏk (...) sam kwa hangmun yŏnwŏn -- 9. Yulgok Yi I ŭi Taedong sahoeron kwa ch'ŏrhakchŏk chihyang -- 10. Sŏgye Pak Se-dang ŭi Sirhakchŏk sayu ŭi kich'o -- 11. Namdang Han Wŏn-jin ŭi yŏksa insik kwa Chosŏn chunghwajuŭi -- 12. Sŏngdam Song Hwan-gi ŭi 'T'aegŭk tosŏl' haesŏk ŭi kibon ipchang -- 13. Kanjŏng Yi Nŭng-hwa 'Chosŏn Togyosa' ŭi haksulsachŏk ŭiŭi wa han'gye -- 14. Manhae Han Yong-un i pon chuch'e ŭi munje wa minjok chagyŏl ŭi wŏnch'ik. (shrink)

Previous studies have found that the proportions of people who endorsed utilitarian decisions varied across different variants of the trolley dilemma. In this paper, we explored whether moral choices were associated with beliefs about outcome probabilities in different moral dilemmas. Results of two experiments showed that participants’ perceptions of outcome probabilities were different between two dilemmas that were similar to the classical switch case and footbridge case. Participants’ judgments of the outcome probabilities were associated with their moral choices. The results (...) suggested that participants might not accept task instructions and thus did not perceive the outcomes in the dilemmas as certain. We argued that researchers who endorse descriptive tasks in moral reasoning research should be cautious about the findings and should take participants’ beliefs in the outcomes into account. (shrink)

Research based on the behavioral theory of the firm (BTOF) argues that firms will actively adopt strategic actions to respond to performance that falls below aspirations, that is performance shortfalls. However, most previous studies have focused on market-related strategic actions, paying less attention to the impact of performance shortfalls on non-market-related strategic actions, especially corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate social irresponsibility (CSI). In this study, we propose that firms facing performance shortfalls are likely to reduce CSR levels and increase (...) CSI levels. In addition, we also propose that board characteristics (board size, board age and board tenure) have a significant moderating effect on the above relationship. Empirical analyses based on an unbalanced panel data of China's listed firms from 2010 to 2018 show that our arguments are largely supported. (shrink)

Anthropological discussions were important for Michael Polanyi in the middle phase of his intellectual career, in which he articulated in some detail his understanding of science, culture and society. This middle period commenced with his 1946 Riddell Memorial Lectures at Durham University in early 1946, published as Science, Faith and Society later that year, and extended through the publication of Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy in 1958, based on Polanyi’s 1951 and 1952 Gifford Lectures. The Riddell Lectures gave Polanyi’s (...) most robust working out of his constructive theory of science to date, although some of the ideas developed in Science, Faith and... (shrink)

A dazzling insight into what gives meaning to our life and to us as a species. What makes us human? From Professor Brian Cox on the particles of dust that make us, to Caitlin Moran on the joy of Friday nights, and A C Grayling on how we express ourselves through culture: this illuminating book shares over 100 mind-expanding answers to that question. We all want to understand our place in the universe and find a sense of purpose in the (...) life. This book will help the reader navigate that journey with the help of leading names from the worlds of literature, history, philosophy, politics, sport, comedy and popular culture. Originally broadcast as a popular feature on the Jeremy Vine Show, What Makes Us Human? includes short essays from: Andrew Marr, Carlo Rovelli, Justin Welby, Marian Keyes, Alain de Botton, Robert Webb, Richard Dawkins, Stephen Fry, and many more"--Publisher's description. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic shocked the global economy, with numerous companies suffering losses and shutting down. However, some companies proved to be resilient, being able to sustain their economic performance despite the pandemic. The study aims to explain the sustainable economic performance of companies during the COVID-19 pandemic. The relationships between empowering leadership, innovative work behavior, organizational readiness to change, and sustainable economic performance were assessed. The data were collected via an online questionnaire from January 2021 to March 2021, during the (...) height of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia. The respondents were Russian companies’ employees holding management positions, competent to objectively assess organizational circumstances during the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 337 was used in the analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with maximum likelihood estimation was conducted using SPSS AMOS. The structural model was tested with standardized parameter estimates, standard errors, and p-values calculated. The findings of the study suggest that innovative work behavior and organizational readiness to learn have a direct influence on sustainable economic performance. The findings also suggest that empowering leadership impacts innovative work behavior but not sustainable economic performance. The mediation analysis indicates that innovative work behavior is a mediator between empowering leadership and sustainable economic performance, whereas organizational readiness to learn is not a moderator. The study adds to the leadership and sustainability body of knowledge and contributes to the research on the COVID-19 pandemic in the organizational context. (shrink)

Resumo: Para Paul Auster, um quarto é, em essência, “a própria substância da solidão”, uma solidão espacialmente definida. Nesse sentido, o fenômeno transcendeu suas limitações físicas e assumiu significado existencial e filosófico. Em seus escritos, uma sala é, antes de tudo, um espaço arquitetônico que um escritor solitário ocupa; além disso, é metaforizado como a mente que é a sala - um espaço construído intelectualmente; e, por fim, é um lugar narrado em suas histórias, onde seus personagens meditam e compõem, (...) um espaço que existe em palavras. O artigo realiza estudos sobre os escritos da vida de Auster e uma de suas ficções, Homem no Escuro, para apresentar a complexidade das três formas de quartos solitários e sua mútua inclusão na solidão intersubjetiva. (shrink)

With the idea of analyzing awareness as potential for knowledge, we propose a novel semantics for awareness logic. Expressivities of languages with different combinations of modalities for this semantics are investigated. We explore the properties of our semantics and compare our model with Fagin & Halpern model and the model by Heifetz et al. in partitional settings. A series of equivalence results are established from the comparison. Finally, we provide two axiomatizations for implicit knowledge and explicit knowledge, respectively, and prove (...) soundness and completeness for them. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:As Ground of Being, God Favors Good Over Bad Choices:Confucian Response to Wesley J. WildmanBin Song (bio)I. Historical/Historic LocationThroughout the history of Western exploration of worldviews and lifepaths, three figures prominently herald the overarching nature of Wildman's scholarship on science, philosophy, theology, and religion: Aristotle, Spinoza, and Tillich (along with his contemporary counterpart, Robert C. Neville). While the link between Tillich-Neville and Wildman is extensively articulated in Wildman's (...) own writings and the festschrift1 dedicated to him, I will center my discussion on Aristotle and Spinoza.The thoughts of all three aforementioned historical figures constitute a lineage towards merging science, philosophy, theology, and religion into an open inquiry process concerning the foundational conditions of human existence. This inquiry also has profound practical implications for humanity's pursuit of the ultimate meaning and power in life that are larger than any human self. Aristotle's architectonic philosophy, evident in the early currents of Western thought, reveals the organic links among all major disciplines practiced in the modern academy. For Aristotle, "theology,"2 focused on the ultimate cause of the world, is nested within "metaphysics." This discipline delves into the most fundamental natures of reality and is a subset of "theoretical philosophy." This broad category also encompasses sciences such as "mathematics," "physics," and the study of animals and plants—what we now term "biology." In the "practical philosophy," Aristotle crafted his renowned virtue "ethics," advocating for individuals to cultivate stable character traits through a liberal arts education and a well-informed democracy, all in the pursuit of a [End Page 50] eudaimonic, or fulfilling, life. This aspiration for the good life aims to emulate and perpetually approach the achievements of the ultimate reality, the eternally self-contemplating Nous, on a cosmic scale. This grants Aristotle's philosophy a deeply "religious" dimension.3The virtual confluence of "philosophy" and "science" involves mastering all requisite knowledge and tapping into multi-generational and multicultural intellectual assets to support and refine one's theological hypothesis about ultimate reality. Moreover, it entails understanding the practical and religious implications of such theological inquiry. These facets of Aristotle's thought align closely with Wildman's conception of "religious philosophy" or "philosophical theology."4 I contend that if the Western world had consistently embraced Aristotle's liberal arts educational model, without the extended influence of Christian theology on medieval universities, Wildman, as a teacher-scholar, would likely feel entirely at home within a modern branch of the Peripatetic school based in the Lyceum.The affinity between Wildman's religious philosophy and Spinoza's thought is more substantive than formal. The Spinozian notion that equates God with nature echoes Wildman's religious naturalism. Wildman's inclination towards the Plotinus model of ultimate reality as the ground of being, which envisions the emergence of distinct entities from the One akin to "breaking off pieces from an endless and paradoxically edgeless chocolate bar,"5 is reminiscent of Spinoza's distinction between God as "natura naturans" and the world as "natura naturata."6 Furthermore, the "dipolar monism" metaphysics7 Wildman employs to address the hard question in neuroscience and the philosophy of mind is clearly derivative of Spinoza's monistic parallelism between mind and body. [End Page 51]More crucially, by equating God with nature, Spinoza posits that revealed truths about God are merely particular instances of natural truth. The "prophets" described in the Hebrew Bible don't necessarily possess unique wisdom about this natural truth. Instead, they have vivid imaginations, enabling them to employ those particular instances of truth to appeal to the masses' senses, thereby cultivating morality and serving various institutional and political aims. When aligned with natural reason, religion, as thus understood, complements philosophy and science in fostering the humanistic ethics of the general populace. However, when rooted in superstition rather than natural reason, it becomes a source of political manipulation and societal unrest.8 Echoing Spinoza's views on religion, Wildman presents a compelling refutation of the distinction between revealed and natural theology, leaning in favor of the latter.9 Yet, Wildman is still open to retaining "God" as the term for ultimate reality to uphold the moral-guiding role of traditional... (shrink)

Background COVID-19 has greatly impacted the health of incarcerated individuals in the US. The goal of this study was to examine perspectives of recently incarcerated individuals on greater restrictions on liberty to mitigate COVID-19 transmission.Methods We conducted semi-structured phone interviews from August through October 2021 with 21 people who had been incarcerated in Bureau of Prisons (BOP) facilities during the pandemic. Transcripts were coded and analyzed, using a thematic analysis approach.Results Many facilities implemented universal “lockdowns,” with time out of the (...) cell often limited to one hour per day, with participants reporting not being able to meet all essential needs such as showers and calling loved ones. Several study participants reported that repurposed spaces and tents created for quarantine and isolation provided “unlivable conditions.” Participants reported receiving no medical attention while in isolation, and staff using spaces designated for disciplinary purposes (e.g., solitary housing units) for public health isolation purposes. This resulted in the conflation of isolation and discipline, which discouraged symptom reporting. Some participants felt guilty over potentially causing another lockdown by not reporting their symptoms. Programming was frequently stopped or curtailed and communication with the outside was limited. Some participants relayed that staff threatened to punish noncompliance with masking and testing. Liberty restrictions were purportedly rationalized by staff with the idea that incarcerated people should not expect freedoms, while those incarcerated blamed staff for bringing COVID-19 into the facility.Conclusions Our results highlighted how actions by staff and administrators decreased the legitimacy of the facilities’ COVID-19 response and were sometimes counterproductive. Legitimacy is key in building trust and obtaining cooperation with otherwise unpleasant but necessary restrictive measures. To prepare for future outbreaks facilities must consider the impact of liberty-restricting decisions on residents and build legitimacy for these decisions by communicating justifications to the extent possible. (shrink)

On peut difficilement contester l’importance de la traduction du Timée (17a-53c) par un certain Calcidius, accompagnée d’un commentaire d’une section plus courte (31c-53c), datant du ive siècle de notre ère. Comme le note Béatrice Bakhouche (p. 58), ce texte est, avec le Commentaire au Songe de Scipion de Macrobe, les Noces de Mercure et Philologie de Martianus Capella et la Consolation de Philosophie de Boèce, un des quatre « maîtres-livres‑» qui ont assuré la transmission de l’héritage phil...

BackgroundTemporal lobe epilepsy is the most prevalent refractory focal epilepsy and is more likely accompanied by cognitive impairment. The fully understanding of the neuronal activity underlying TLE is of great significance.ObjectiveThis study aimed to comprehensively explore the potential brain activity abnormalities affected by TLE and detect whether the changes were associated with cognition.MethodsSix static intrinsic brain activity indicators [amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation, fractional ALFF, regional homogeneity, degree centrality, global signal correlation, and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity ] and their corresponding dynamic indicators, (...) such as dynamic ALFF, dynamic fALFF, dynamic ReHo, dynamic DC, dynamic VMHC, and dynamic GSCorr, in 57 patients with unilateral TLE and 42 healthy volunteers were compared. Correlation analyses were also performed between these indicators in areas displaying group differences and cognitive function, epilepsy duration, and severity.ResultsMarked overlap was present among the abnormal brain regions detected using various static and dynamic indicators, primarily including increased ALFF/dALFF/fALFF in the bilateral medial temporal lobe and thalamus, decreased ALFF/dALFF/fALFF in the frontal lobe contralateral to the epileptogenic side, decreased fALFF, ReHo, dReHo, DC, dDC, GSCorr, dGSCorr, and VMHC in the temporal neocortex ipsilateral to the epileptogenic foci, decreased dReHo, dDC, dGSCorr, and dVMHC in the occipital lobe, and increased ALFF, fALFF, dfALFF, ReHo, and DC in the supplementary motor area ipsilateral to the epileptogenic foci. Furthermore, most IBA indicators in the abnormal brain region significantly correlated with the duration of epilepsy and several cognitive scale scores.ConclusionThe combined application of static and dynamic IBA indicators could comprehensively reveal more real abnormal neuronal activity and the impairment and compensatory mechanisms of cognitive function in TLE. Moreover, it might help in the lateralization of epileptogenic foci and exploration of the transmission and inhibition pathways of epileptic activity. (shrink)

本书共七章,概述了作为人生主体的个人的人生基础、动力、际遇(命运)、形象(人格)、价值以及真谛。.

Tourism in the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System is critical to the inheritance and innovation of excellent traditional farming cultures. Based on social identity theory, this paper explored the process by which agricultural heritage systems’ creative performance influences tourists’ cultural identity through 406 questionnaires from Chinese tourists. The results indicate that creative performance affects tourists’ cultural identity through a dual perspective of knowledge transfer and novelty perception. Furthermore, perceived authenticity acts as a moderator, weakening the impact of creative performance on (...) tourists’ knowledge transfer, while perceived authenticity does not affect the process of tourists’ novelty perception. This research provides a fresh perspective on the sustainable development of agricultural heritage tourism. Meanwhile, it offers theoretical foundations and practical inspirations for the development of agricultural heritage’s creative tourism. (shrink)

The complexity of language is usually reflected in the complexity of sentences. At present, the research of sentence complexity mainly focuses on the analysis of syntactic complexity. In this paper, from the perspective of Leech's theory of sentence semantic structure, the predication structure is taken as the semantic unit to explore the sentence semantic complexity. The predication structures are extracted based on the result of sentence-based syntactic analysis, and then the linear expression sequence of a sentence is converted into a (...) semantic hierarchy based on predicate semantic frameworks; the universality of predicate semantic frameworks is obtained by using the spectral clustering algorithm; and the sentence semantic complexity depends on the universality of predicate semantic frameworks at various layers. The experimental results show that the measurement method of sentence sematic complexity based on predicate semantic frameworks is more effective by comparing with the method that only considers the semantic categories of words in the sentence. (shrink)

Warning signs, as a type of safety signs, are widely applied in our daily lives to informing people about potential hazards and prompting safe behavior. Although previous studies have paid attention to the color of warning signs, they are mostly based on surveys and behavioral experiments. The neural substrates underlying the perception of warning signs with different background colors remain not clearly characterized. Therefore, this research is intended to address this gap with event-related potentials technique. Warning signs with three different (...) background colors were used in the experiment. The results showed that the perceptual differences between different warning signs were present in the form of differential ERPs components though subjects were not required to explicitly attend to the warning signs. (shrink)