Recent controversies about the level of replicability of behavioral research analyzed using statistical inference have cast interest in developing more efficient techniques for analyzing the results of psychological experiments. Here we claim that complementing the analytical workflow of psychological experiments with Machine Learning-based analysis will both maximize accuracy and minimize replicability issues. As compared to statistical inference, ML analysis of experimental data is model agnostic and primarily focused on prediction rather than inference. We also highlight some potential pitfalls resulting from (...) adoption of Machine Learning based experiment analysis. If not properly used it can lead to over-optimistic accuracy estimates similarly observed using statistical inference. Remedies to such pitfalls are also presented such and building model based on cross validation and the use of ensemble models. ML models are typically regarded as black boxes and we will discuss strategies aimed at rendering more transparent the predictions. (shrink)

In two papers earlier in his career, Siméon Rajaona—one of Madagascar's most famous intellectuals—argues that Westerners have tended to distort the Malagasy worldview by interpolating Western notions into their understanding of it. As a result, the authentic characteristics of the Malagasy mind have been missed by many in the West. He claims that when compared to Westerners, Malagasy have a distinct notion of truth, a different style of reasoning, a different conceptual connection with the world, and a distinct ethical system. (...) His work on this topic is pioneering and insightful. We think that Rajaona is correct on some points but that others are overestimated. In the essay, we explain his work and raise challenges for most of his claims and express agreement with him in parts. While we express skepticism about his claims involving truth, reasoning, and conceptual connection, we agree with him that there is a distinctive Malagasy ethics, though it has analogues in the West. At the end of the paper, we sketch what we take to be distinct elements in the Malagasy worldview relative to Rajaona’s claims. (shrink)

The present paper is meant to summarise and enlighten the theoretical implications of the twin theories of text comprehension and of text compression. Compatibility and non-exclusiveness of particle-like analysis of language and wave-like analysis of intentionality are also demonstrated within the newly established quantum linguistics framework. The informative state of language is viewed as being relatively stable; once activated and subject to motion, therefore reaching a communicative state, different phenomena occur, which may be observed, analysed and visualised through CPP-TRS observational (...) devices. Relativity theory may therefore be organised in terms of quanta with continuity and no contradiction. (shrink)

Il soggetto empirico indagato dagli psicologi trattiene forti legami con il soggetto puro indagato dai fenomenologi. Ne deriva il paradosso di una differenza che è insieme identità. L’analisi fenomenologica allora potrebbe assumere presupposti naturalistici, esito che Husserl ha decisamente escluso, affermando invece la necessità dell’epoché, della ricerca eidetica e il primato della coscienza intenzionale. Le ricerche che vertono sulla coscienza vedono oggi consumarsi un contrasto tra i sostenitori dell’embodiment, secondo cui le neuroscienze sono in grado di spiegare a sufficienza i (...) fenomeni psichici, e i fenomenologi, i quali, basandosi sul concetto husserliano di hyle, configurano una soggettività sensoriale, ovvero una coscienza legata strettamente all’esperienza sensibile. La ricerca di scientificità nel primo caso giunge attraverso le scienze della complessità alla matematizzazione della psiche, mentre nel secondo caso i fenomenologi si appoggiano ai progressi delle neuroscienze. (shrink)

This article seeks to examine Ricœur's reflection on metaphor through an intertextual reading. This reading relates The Rule of Metaphor (1975) with lines of thought developed in a series of lectures held at the Centre de recherches phénoménologiques in Paris, from 1973–1974, on the theme From Language to Image, and an essay which appeared in 1978, “The Metaphorical Process as Cognition, Imagination and Feeling”. This work starts with an analysis of Ricœur's interpretation of the Aristotelian theory of metaphor, a theory (...) which the French philosopher principally develops in The Rule of Metaphor. In the other two papers, Ricœur develops his metaphorology through a dialogue with Kant and he reformulates in linguistic terms the doctrine of productive imagination and transcendental schematism, which become the ontological sphere on which metaphorical and narrative activity are founded. Through the long journey of language, Ricœur's hermeneutics builds a bridge between Aristotle and Kant. This article examines this link to understand and explain further, also at the epistemological level, the relationship between metaphor and narrative. (shrink)

Reflection on the natural/artificial, real/imaginary, subjective/objective dicotomies is increasingly the subject of debate on systems of communication, which make more and more widespread use of expert and/or intelligent advanced technologies.This paper analyses different forms of communication operating in a socio-technical system. The analysis is concerned with changes in creativity and participation of the human being in the decision and production processes within various contexts of social life. It is thus important to verify the possibility of an interpolation between vital world, (...) social system, and information technologies in order to understand a possible interrelation between therational and therelational components in the presentsocio-technical system. (shrink)

Es mag überraschen, in einer der Religion und Offenbarung gewidmeten Schrift ein einleitendes Kapitel moralischen Inhalts zu finden: Die »Theorie des Willens«, die bedeutendste Erweiterung in der zweiten Auflage der Offenbarungskritik. Die Einschiebung dieses Kapitels macht die Beziehung zwischen Moral und Religion noch deutlicher, wodurch sich Fichte auf eine charakteristische Tendenz der deutschen Aufklärung bezieht. Ein erster Grund dieser fichteschen Stellungnahme liegt in der geistigen Bildung des jungen Gelehrten, der zur moralischen Thematik und zur Begeisterung für Kants moralisches System aus (...) einem ursprünglichen theologischen und religiösen Interesse heraus kommt: In den unmittelbar der Offenbarungskritik vorangehenden Jahren ist dieses Interesse besonders dem Problem der Gnade und der menschlichen Freiheit gewidmet. Ich beschränke mich auf die drei wichtigsten Schriften der jugendlichen fichteschen Periode, oder besser der sogenannten »vorkantischen« Periode, die Predigten An Mariä Verkündigung und Ueber die Absichten des Todes Jesu und das Fragment Einige Aphorismen über Religion und Deismus ; in all diesen Schriften ist die Annahme der sich auf den Menschen auswirkenden Gnade Gottes, die ihm Versöhnungs- und fortschreitende Annäherungsgelegenheiten zur moralischen Vollkommenheit gibt, der Bedingung unterworfen, daß der Mensch von seiner moralischen Verantwortlichkeit nicht abgehalten wird, daß er sich sozusagen nicht einer untätigen Erwartung des göttlichen Gefallens überläßt. Er soll dagegen, je nach der Wohltat, die er von Gott bekommen hat, das Bessere anstreben, und das ist auch das Kriterium, wonach Gott ihn beurteilen wird. Dieses aktive Bemühen um die eigene Rettung kann aber nur aus der Beachtung und aus dem Gehorsam gegenüber der Stimme des eigenen Gewissens, und nicht aus der Ausübung einer nur formalen Gerechtigkeit oder aus der Befolgung besonderer Kultusformen hervorgehen. Wie Fichte mit ausdrücklichem Bezug auf Paulus behauptet, wird man vor Gott nicht durch Werke gerechtfertigt, sondern durch die Ausübung eines Glaubens, der in seiner vollkommensten Form von der christlichen Religion vertreten wird und vor allem ein und dasselbe mit einer »Verfassung der Seele« ist; das führt zu jener »genauen Beobachtung unsrer eignen Seele«, die uns erlaubt, die von Gott in unsere Seele gebrachten Veranlassungen zur moralischen Besserung mit Klarheit zu erfassen. Die wahre Religion hat die Rolle, die Sinnlichkeit auszurotten und die »sanften Neigungen des Menschen, Güte, Sanftmuth, Gefälligkeit« zu erwecken: Fichte spricht von einer »Religion des Herzens«, aus dessen Güte und Wohlwollen eine »warme, lebendige Überzeugung« kommt, die auf ein inneres »Gefühl des Guten« gegründet ist und die religiöse Wahrheiten zur moralischen Triebfeder macht. In den kurz nach der Lektüre der ersten Kritik Kants geschriebenen Aphorismen ist das Gleichgewicht zwischen intellektuellen und sinnlichen Bestandteilen durch den von Fichte hervorgehobenen Widerspruch zwischen dem Gesichtspunkt des Herzens und den Forderungen der Spekulation in Frage gestellt: In der Spekulation würde man verlangen, eine rein vernünftige Erklärung des Glaubens zu geben, dessen innigste Natur aber, als der Bestrebung zu einem vertrauten und persönlichen zuerst auf die Empfindung gegründeten Verhältnis zu Gott einer solchen Beanspruchung eben nicht gerecht werden kann. Nur der von Kant herausgestellte Unterschied zwischen praktischer und spekulativer Vernunft wird Fichte die Mittel für die Überwindung dieses Widerspruchs geben, und damit auch die Möglichkeit, die Harmonie zwischen Philosophie und Religion wieder zu bestätigen: In einer bemerkenswerten Stelle der Aphorismen sieht Fichte nämlich eine völlige Übereinstimmung zwischen der kantischen Kritik und den Grundsätzen der Apostel über die Grenze der menschlichen Vernunft in den Untersuchungen der Glaubensdinge. (shrink)

The question of the mimesis metaphorike in Aristotle is developed, in the interpretative perspective of this work, through an itinerary that defines it in relation to poetical thought, ontology and in its gnoseological and epistemological aspects. The pages that the philosopher has explicitly dedicated to the metaphor might be considered as examples in a sort of reflection-guide to understand the link existing, according to Aristotle, between language, thought and being. At the same time they offer a fundamental theoretical element to (...) proceed in the search for that unity by analogy that has occupied a great part of the Aristotelian interpretative tradition. The hermeneutical perspective of this work represents a critical position in relation to the most common interpretations of the theory of the metaphor in Aristotle (that explain it in linguistic-semiotic terms) and tries to retrieve and bring to light the metaphysical horizon and the “referentialist” vocation that mark the reflection of the Greek philosopher. Yet, notwithstanding this background, Aristotle’s reflection manages to generate a realism that is not quashed in the opposition object-subject, inner world-outside world, but that is able, even today, to offer fundamental parameters to think of the relationship between language, world and thought in terms that are not any longer those of a world defined through a totalising linguistic dimension. In this sense, the Aristotelian doctrine of the metaphor constitutes today a fundamental theoretical paradigm to think deep and critically the kind of relation that might exist between arts and truth and, also, between language and world. (shrink)

Throughout his different attempts Deligny never ceased outwitting the function of education. He preferred the verb « to permit », an infinitive allowing him to sidestep the majority posture expected from one who knows the model and its failures. By his tracing of maps among other things, he replaces the gaze that sees nothing but sad deficiencies in these others with a gaze that could encounter the force and singularity of different relations to the world. How does this position upset (...) the way that anthropologists address themselves to others and establish the relations between heterogeneous worlds ? To what extent could these experiments among the singular inhabitants of the Cevennes constitute an antidote to the standardization that too often speaks, sees and feels in the anthropologists ? Practical and political questions brought up to date by the phrase « nearby stranger ».. (shrink)

This paper explores the «nature» of street art, highlighting its innovative features, the new socio-political status, and the differences between this emerging art form and dominant trends in contemporary visual art. This examination builds on the premise that artistic phenomena can only be considered from a critical perspective that situates questioning within a historical and specific gaze. Therefore, my aim is not to place this art movement within categorial boundaries, identifying the necessary and eternally true characteristics of street art, but (...) to identify the motives and tendencies that constitute it as a movement that runs against the dominant orientations in contemporary art. Building on this comparative analysis, the construens part of this paper explores the salient features of street art more thoroughly and more extensively, through an examination of the works of certain street artists. (shrink)

In an era characterized by fast technological progress that introduces new unpredictable scenarios every day, working in the law field may appear very difficult, if not supported by the right tools. In this respect, some systems based on Artificial Intelligence methods have been proposed in the literature, to support several tasks in the legal sector. Following this line of research, in this paper we propose a novel method, called PRILJ, that identifies paragraph regularities in legal case judgments, to support legal (...) experts during the redaction of legal documents. Methodologically, PRILJ adopts a two-step approach that first groups documents into clusters, according to their semantic content, and then identifies regularities in the paragraphs for each cluster. Embedding-based methods are adopted to properly represent documents and paragraphs into a semantic numerical feature space, and an Approximated Nearest Neighbor Search method is adopted to efficiently retrieve the most similar paragraphs with respect to the paragraphs of a document under preparation. Our extensive experimental evaluation, performed on a real-world dataset provided by EUR-Lex, proves the effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed method. In particular, its ability of modeling different topics of legal documents, as well as of capturing the semantics of the textual content, appear very beneficial for the considered task, and make PRILJ very robust to the possible presence of noise in the data. (shrink)

In timing perception studies, the timing of one event is usually manipulated relative to another, and participants are asked to judge if the two events were synchronous, or to judge which of the two events occurred first. Responses are analyzed to determine a measure of central tendency, which is taken as an estimate of the timing at which the two events are perceptually synchronous. When these estimates do not coincide with physical synchrony, it is often assumed that the sensory signals (...) are asynchronous, as though the transfer of information concerning one input has been accelerated or decelerated relative to the other. Here we show that, while this is a viable interpretation, it is equally plausible that such effects are driven by shifts in the criteria used to differentiate simultaneous from asynchronous inputs. Our analyses expose important ambiguities concerning the interpretation of simultaneity judgement data, which have hitherto been underappreciated. (shrink)

Pulitzer Prize-winning author Will Durant chronicles the lives and ideas of key philosophers throughout history in this informative yet eminently readable text. Beginning with Socrates and Plato and concluding with Friedrich Nietzsche, Durant builds a history of philosophy by showing how each thinker's ideas informed and influenced the next generation.

A socio-cognitive approach to trust can help us envisage a notion of networked trust for multi-agent systems (MAS) based on different interacting agents. In this framework, the issue is to evaluate whether or not a socio-cognitive analysis of trust can apply to the interactions between human and autonomous agents. Two main arguments support two alternative hypothesis; one suggests that only reliance applies to artificial agents, because predictability of agents’ digital interaction is viewed as an absolute value and human relation is (...) judged to be a necessary requirement for trust. The other suggests that trust may apply to autonomous agents because predictability of agents’ interaction is viewed only as a relative value since the digital normativity that grows out of the communication process between interacting agents in MAS has always deal with some unpredictable outcomes (_reduction of uncertainty_). Furthermore, human touch is not judged to be a necessary requirement for trust. In this perspective, a diverse notion of trust is elaborated, as trust is no longer conceived only as a relation between interacting agents but, rather, as a relation between cognitive states of control and lack of control (_double bind_). (shrink)

Plato -- Aristotle and Greek science -- Francis Bacon -- Spinoza -- Voltaire and the French Enlightenment -- Immanuel Kant and German idealism -- Schopenhauer -- Herbert Spencer -- Friedrich Nietzsche -- Contemporary European philosophers : Henri Bergson ; Bennedetto Croce ; Bertrand Russell -- Contemporary American philosophers : George Santayana ; William James ; John Dewey.

In 1930, a stranger walked up to the home of Will Durant and asked Durant if he could give him one good reason not to kill himself. The encounter so moved Durant that, in 1932, Durant released On the Meaning of Life, a collection of essays from various public and private figures ruminating on the meaning of life. Long sought and hard to come by, this book is one of the most meaningful books Will Durant ever brought to the public.

Examines the history of speculative thought by focusing on such dominant personalities as Plato, Bacon, Spinoza, Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche.

Lorenzo Magnani’s book is a broad and deep meditation on the theme of violence. For the author, the theoretical and methodological problem lies not in trying to find a privileged access to the issue of violence, but rather to raise this issue to the status of an independent, chiefly philosophical subject. This requires a strategic twofold move: on the one hand, one needs a strong and comprehensive philosophical hypothesis about violence; on the other, it is necessary to bring to a (...) theoretical unity the plurality or, to put it differently, the fragmentation of analyses consecrated to the issue of violence—and this result is achieved precisely thanks to a comprehensive philosophical hypothesis. (shrink)