Neste artigo, analisamos os desafios historiográficos relacionados à produção de biografias no âmbito da História da Ciência. Em especial, discutimos as ideias apresentadas pelo historiador francês Jacques Le Goff em seu livro São Luís, publicado em 1996. Essa análise, de natureza teórica e metodológica, é cotejada com o esboço panorâmico da biografia do físico norte-americano David Bohm, recentemente publicada sob o título David Bohm – A Life Dedicated to Understanding the Quantum World. O tema tem relevância também para a história (...) da ciência no Brasil, uma vez que nosso personagem lecionou na Universidade de São Paulo entre fins de 1951 e início de 1955. (shrink)

Crucial to most research in physics, as well as leading to the development of inventions such as the transistor and the laser, quantum mechanics approaches its centenary with an impressive record. However, the field has also long been the subject of ongoing debates about the foundations and interpretation of the theory, referred to as the quantum controversy. This Oxford Handbook offers a historical overview of the contrasts which have been at the heart of quantum physics for the last 100 years. (...) Drawing on the wide-ranging expertise of several contributors working across physics, history, and philosophy, the handbook outlines the main theories and interpretations of quantum physics. It goes on to tackle the key controversies surrounding the field, touching on issues such as determinism, realism, locality, classicality, information, measurements, mathematical foundations, and the links between quantum theory and gravity. This engaging introduction is an essential guide for all those interested in the history of scientific controversies and history of quantum physics. It also provides a fascinating examination of the potential of quantum physics to influence new discoveries and advances in fields such quantum information and computing. (shrink)

This authoritative biography addresses the life and work of the quantum physicist David Bohm. Although quantum physics is considered the soundest physical theory, its strange and paradoxical features have challenged - and continue to challenge - even the brightest thinkers. David Bohm dedicated his entire life to enhancing our understanding of quantum mysteries, in particular quantum nonlocality. His work took place at the height of the cultural/political upheaval in the 1950's, which led him to become the most notable American scientist (...) to seek exile in the last century. The story of his life is as fascinating as his ideas on the quantum world are appealing. (shrink)

Controversies in science are an essential feature of scientific practice: defined here as current problems that are unresolved because there are no accepted procedures by which they can be resolved or there are differing assumptions that affect the interpretation of evidence. Although there has been much attention in science education literature addressing socio-scientific and historical controversies in science, less has been paid to the teaching of contemporary scientific controversies. Using semi-structured qualitative interviews with 18 teachers at different career stages in (...) England, we investigated teachers’ social representations of scientific controversies using the discourse of the collective subject. We found a lack of controversy in teachers’ responses. Whilst scientific controversies were seen as an essential feature of how science works, they were not viewed as essential in science education and were represented as a distraction and dealt with informally, outside the planned curriculum and in response to students’ questions. Subject knowledge was considered a barrier. We argue that teaching about carefully selected scientific controversies has the potential to contribute to teachers’ and students’ understandings of science and the nature of science. There are perceived to be few opportunities for teachers to exercise this in the English context. We suggest how the collective subject discourses might be used to open up a discussion about teaching controversies in professional learning situations. Materials to stimulate discussion of scientific controversies could be useful in future curriculum development in science, but these would need to address the barriers of subject knowledge, access to literature and conflict with assessment-related priorities and a perceived need to advocate for trust in science. (shrink)

This book tells the fascinating story of the people and events behind the turbulent changes in attitudes to quantum theory in the second half of the 20th century. The huge success of quantum mechanics as a predictive theory has been accompanied, from the very beginning, by doubts and controversy about its foundations and interpretation. This book looks in detail at how research on foundations evolved after WWII, when it was revived, until the mid 1990s, when most of this research merged (...) into the technological promise of quantum information. It is the story of the quantum dissidents, the scientists who brought this subject from the margins of physics into its mainstream. It is also a history of concepts, experiments, and techniques, and of the relationships between physics and the world at large, touching on themes such as the Cold War, McCarthyism, Zhdanovism, and the unrest of the late 1960s. (shrink)

Com base no desvelamento dos conceitos elaborados pelo filósofo contemporâneo Giorgio Agamben, a pesquisa faz uma analise sucinta de estado de exceção, vida nua e campo para buscar a compreensão de fatos que perpassam na modernidade, como os regimes políticos e fenômenos que pairam pela contemporaneidade.

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a contribuição do marxismo ao debate sobre a cultura, destacando suas principais orientações e contrapontos ao debate pós-moderno. Expõe um panorama sintético do debate sobre cultura na atualidade, realiza um balanço da análise marxista sobre cultura, destacando as contribuições de Trotski sobre a temática e sua íntima ligação com o contexto revolucionário soviético e europeu de seu tempo. Ressalta a importância de compreender a interdependência dialética entre a cultura e a economia. Concluindo que a (...) análise da cultura no campo do marxismo nos possibilita elencar orientações que demarcam a compreensão da cultura no campo da revolução social. This article aims to present the contribution of Marxism to the debate about culture, highlighting its main lines and counterpoints to the postmodern debate. Outlines of overviews of the debate on culture today, carries a balance of the Marxist analysis of culture, highlighting the contributions of Trotsky on the subject and its intimate connection with the revolutionary Soviet and European context of his time. Emphasizes the importance of understanding the dialectical interdependence between culture and economy. Concluding that the analysis of culture in the field of Marxism enables us to list guidelines that demarcate the understanding of culture in the field of social revolution. (shrink)

Este trabalho analisa idéias e atividades de Karl Popper referentes à controvérsia sobre interpretações e fundamentos da mecânica quântica. Atenção especial será dedicada às relações entre Popper e o físico italiano Franco Selleri, ao longo da década de 1980. A interpretação proposta por Popper para os enunciados probabilísticos como propensões, bem como seu ponto de vista realista, contribuíram para estabelecer uma ponte entre suas investigações filosóficas e a pesquisa física em mecânica quântica, ainda que sua idéia sobre as propensões tenha (...) tido uma pequena repercussão entre físicos, matemáticos e filósofos. Argumentaremos neste trabalho que a influência de Popper na física foi possível devido à legitimação, a partir de 1970, da controvérsia sobre os fundamentos da teoria quântica como uma genuína controvérsia científica com implicações filosóficas. Popper foi beneficiado por essa legitimação, mas ele também contribuiu para fazer aquela controvérsia chegar a um público mais amplo que aquele dos físicos envolvidos na própria controvérsia.I intend to present in this paper Karl Popper’s ideas and activities concerning the controversy about the interpretations and foundations of quantum mechanics. I will pay special attention to Popper’s relationship with the Italian physicist Franco Selleri, during the 1980s. Popper’s ideas of propensity and realism contributed to build a bridge between his philosophy and physical research in quantum mechanics, even if his idea of propensity has had a weak reception among physicists, mathematicians and philosophers. I will argue that Popper’s contributions to physics were possible due to the legitimization in the 1970s of the controversy about the foundations of quantum mechanics, a process which permitted a trading zone between physics and philosophy. Popper was benefited by that process, but he also contributed to give to that controversy a larger audience thanthat of the physicists involved in that controversy. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:preface At a time when access to safe abortions is being curtailed in the United States under the pretext of a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, this Feminist Studies issue focuses on abortion and women’s embodiment. The essays by Melissa Oliver-Powell, Rachel Alpha Johnston Hurst, and Jennifer L. Holland each contribute new approaches to the stillvexed topic of abortion, positioning movements for abortion access in relation to historical and (...) ecological change. Two collaboratively written essays, by South American authors María Fernanda Olarte-Sierra and Tania Pérez-Bustos, and by North American and European authors Laura Bisaillon with six colleagues, both center the body within feminist labor, exploring how the embodied experience of work can also be a site of knowledge-making. Other authors push us to move beyond humanistic understandings of affect and the body in feminist work, as Nathan Snaza shows in a review essay of four recent books engaging “Biopolitics without Bodies.” Poems by Rosetta Marantz Cohen, Darlene Taylor, and Abby Minor also feature experiences of bodily violence and bodily pleasure, while Ellyn Weiss discusses the distinctive representations of bodies in the visual art of Swedish-American artist Anna U. Davis. To close the issue, two News and Views pieces by Pang Laikwan and Sealing Cheng on the recent protest movement in Hong Kong provide two complementary perspectives on living through tumultuous political times. Our next issue will include content directly focused on the COVID-19 pandemic. In the first essay, Melissa Oliver-Powell’s “Beyond the Spectacle of Suffering: Agnès Varda’s L’Une chante, l’autre pas and Rewriting the Subject of Abortion in France” addresses the complexities of anti-​ abortion 8 rhetoric in France. Placing Varda’s 1977 film in the historical context of French nationalistic anxiety about low birthrates in the twentieth century, Oliver-Powell argues that the film deconstructs polarized narratives about abortion. While dominant cultural representations of abortion typically depicted it as the result of female irresponsibility or traumatic victimization, Varda’s film rejects the binary concepts of villain and victim and questions the presumption that women always suffer when exercising their reproductive choice. Oliver-Powell situates Varda alongside the 343 eminent French female cultural leaders who composed a famous 1971 Manifesto publicly declaring themselves criminals for having had illegal abortions and presents simultaneous histories of French feminism and French cinema. Varda’s film constructs a feminist representation of abortion that avoids foregrounding women ’s suffering and instead emphasizes empowerment and solidarity. Its narrative features two women friends, both treated unjustly by France’s abortion laws, who participate in the movement for reform over a fourteen -year span. Varda represents the interplay of motherhood with women ’s lives as a continuum, not a disruptive episode, and she blends documentary -style devices with imaginative musical interludes: she shows actual women seeking abortions in Holland and includes songs about abortion, pregnancy, and motherhood. Oliver-Powell claims that Varda dramatizes unprecedented representations “of female friendship without pathology, of abortion without guilt, death or persecution, of motherhood without objectification....” A second essay, Rachel Hurst’s “Abortion as a Feminist Pedagogy of Grief in Marianne Apostolides’s Deep Salt Water,” proposes that the championing of women’s reproductive rights could better account for the context of difficult emotions and an imperfect world. Hurst uses reproductive justice approaches to critique simplistic rights-based arguments for abortion, premised on liberal concepts of choice and autonomy, which fail to understand the material conditions of poor women and especially women of color. Such analyses emphasize the necessity of rights discourses that include the right to bear and parent one’s own children free from violence and economic hardship, and they advocate the transformative possibilities of acknowledging rather than suppressing women’s ambivalence about their own abortions as well as others’ choices. Hurst describes a collaboration between two contemporary Canadian feminists, writer Marianne Apostolides and visual artist  9 Catherine Mellinger, in their mixed-media text, Deep Salt Water, which is organized according to the weeks of a pregnancy and the aftermath of its termination. Rather than falling back into familiar polarizations for and against “choice,” they use the story of Apostolides’s abortion seventeen years earlier... (shrink)

O artigo percorre argumentos presentes na obra de Lélia Gonzalez que justificam sua importância na formulação de uma perspectiva original interpretação da formação social do Brasil. Nesse sentido, sugere-se um percurso analítico a partir de diferentes textos da autora que traduzem seus vínculos teóricos e interesses especulativos. Marxismo, teoria social e psicanálise são eixos estruturais do pensamento de Gonzalez, em função dos quais procura-se evidenciar as contribuições dessa intelectual amefricana sobre a formação social do Brasil enquanto um campo aberto de (...) estudos. (shrink)

Living in rural areas has been described as a driver for behaving in a pro-environmental way, mainly due to the more frequent contact with nature that people from rural areas have. However, the processes that link living in a rural area and behaving in a more ecological manner have not been systematically studied. Moreover, most studies have focused on adults living in developed countries. Given the importance that the actions conducted by people in developing countries have for the future of (...) the environment, as well as the relevance of children’s pro-environmentalism for nature conservation, we present a brief research report examining the relationship between Mexican children’s place of residence and self-reported pro-environmental behavior. Participants were 200 children from Mexican rural areas (less than 1.000 inhabitants) and 200 from a Mexican urban city (more than 150.000 inhabitants). Children were between 9 and 12 years old. Children’s connection to nature was considered as a mediator in the relationship between children’s place of residence and pro-environmental behavior. Our findings revealed that rural children hold a stronger sense of connection to nature and behave in a more pro-environmental way than urban children. In addition, the place of residence was directly and positively linked to their pro-environmental behaviors, and this relationship was mediated by children’s connection to nature. The relationship between connection to nature and pro-environmental behavior was stronger for girls than for boys. The model explained 45% of the variance of children’s self-reported pro-environmental behaviors. (shrink)

Este ensaio introdutório faz uma breve apresentação do tratado de óptica atribuído a Euclides de Alexandria, inserindo-o no contexto das teorias sobre a visão formuladas pelas doutrinas filosóficas antigas. Ressalta-se o antagonismo entre a análise geométrica da visão, empreendida por Euclides, e as considerações filosóficas acerca dos processos físicos subjacentes à sensação visual. Pretende-se mostrar que o objeto da óptica euclidiana é a percepção visual daquilo que Aristóteles denomina "sensível comum". This introductory essay provides an abridged presentation of the optical (...) treatise attributed to Euclid of Alexandria, placing it in the context of theories about vision formulated by the ancient philosophical doctrines. I emphasize the antagonism between the geometric analysis of vision, undertaken by Euclid, and the philosophical considerations about the physical processes underlying visual sensation. In addition, I aim to show that the object of Euclidean optics is the visual perception of what Aristotle calls "common sensible". (shrink)

A pesquisa em informação quântica sugere uma íntima conexão entre o conceito de informação e a teoria quântica, mas essa conexão envolve nuances cuja análise é o objeto deste trabalho. A sabedoria comum nesse campo divide-se em duas grandes áreas, não excludentes entre si. Há os que são movidos pela possibilidade de uso da teoria quântica em um novo campo, o da computação, independentemente do esclarecimento de seus fundamentos, aqui incluído o conceito de "informação". Alguns consideram que estamos diante de (...) um grande problema conceitual sem resposta satisfatória no momento, enquanto que outros, dentre os que reconhecem a magnitude do problema, têm proposto formulações com a pretensão de solução do problema. Este artigo tem pretensões modestas. Não pretendemos aportar novas soluções ao problema, nem apoiar uma das soluções existentes. Temos a expectativa de através da análise histórico-conceitual do problema mapear as diversas possibilidades, apontando o que nos parecem ser aspectos fortes e fracos nessas possibilidades. Research in quantum information suggests a close connection between information and quantum theory. The aim of this article is to analyze nuances involved in this connection. Scientists in this field are divided into two overlapping camps. Some are motivated only by the use of quantum features to improve information processing, in spite of concerns about the foundations of the quantum theory, while others recognize deep conceptual problems of this theory, and attempt to solve them. This article has modest ambitions. It aims only to chart, by way of historical and conceptual analysis, the diverse possibilities available, indicating the strengths and weaknesses of each of them. (shrink)

El campo del arte, a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad, se ha visto envuelto en una serie de cambios en su estructura, en sus valores, en la manera como se ve al artista, a la obra de arte y al público al que va dirigido. Lo cual siempre lleva consigo una controversia, pues muchas veces esos cambios se dan por presiones políticas, sociales, o de intereses económicos, etcétera y las vanguardias no fueron la excepción, ya que surgieron (...) con el colapso de la unidad cultural que fue el siglo XIX; a modo de propuesta esperanzadora o como revuelta nació un nuevo arte. (shrink)

O texto explora a maneira pela qual o transindividual em Individuação à luz das noções de forma e Informaçãose compõe como saída para a combinação entre as fases do ser, do pré-individual à individuação psíquico coletiva.Na tese de 1958, o transindividual se apresenta também como um tipo singular de intersecção que visa resolver acomposição entre o físico e o vital, e o singular e o coletivo. Aparece, com isso, a coexistência entre os dinamismosque disparam individuações e que correspondem tanto à (...) necessidade de repor o que garante a metaestabilidade,quanto ao conjunto de relações transindividuais que sugerem uma revisão das noções de subjetivação e identidade. (shrink)

Lucílio Manjate, Rabhia (Maputo: Alcance, 2019), 139 pp., ISBN: 9789928794338 The growing interest in Mozambican crime fiction since the early 2000's reflects a move to portray underexplored characters, stories and spaces of postcolonial life through the lens of the police procedural. This period has not only seen numerous debates in Mozambique surrounding the purported 'death' of Mozambican literature, but it has coincided with a significant literary shift towards the crime novel. Works such as Mia Couto's Under the Frangipani and Lília (...) Momplé's Neighbours have drawn Anglophone readers and scholars into these conversations.1 Since then, Mozambican writers have continued to expand the boundaries of the crime novel in order to question the status of 'engaged' literature and to offer readers nuanced explorations of the genre alongside that of the country's social inheritances of colonialism, liberation struggle, civil war and ongoing armed conflict. (shrink)

Alicia en el País de las Maravillas ha sido la historia preferida en los últimos tiempos para la investigación del sinsentido literario. Partiendo de ella los investigadores han obtenido infinitud de teorías, tanto literarias como matemáticas; casi todas ellas centradas en profundizar en la habilidad con la que su creador, Lewis Carroll, ha logrado erosionar la lógica. Este trabajo investigativo intentará una aproximación a la lógica que posiblemente utilizó Carroll en el proceso creativo de su aclamada obra literaria, pues a (...) la obra escrita por él difícilmente se le agotarán todas sus posibles interpretaciones. (shrink)

El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer un instrumento de análisis para las instituciones públicas de Educación Superior que están comenzando con el proceso de incorporar una política institucional de género, considerando los elementos básicos para su puesta en marcha. En un primer momento se contempla el tema de la Política Institucional de Género y como soporte teórico: las políticas públicas, la teoría de género, la perspectiva de género, los principios de equidad e igualdad y, la transversalización. Con este sustento (...) se crea una tabla de variables, dividida en dimensiones y preguntas para el análisis del contexto institucional, la identificación y valoración de los avances institucionales en la materia, así como las percepciones de las y los actores involucrados en las temáticas de género. Es importante que las instituciones de Educación Superior trabajen en la incorporación de estrategias, programas y acciones en perspectiva de género para el avance así una sociedad más igualitaria, justa y libre de discriminación, así como de violencia de género. (shrink)

Durante los años 80 en Buenos Aires comenzaron a multiplicarse los casos de una enfermedad mortal que afectaba especialmente a jóvenes. Silenciosa y desconocida, generó pánico y estigmatización hacia quienes la contraían ya que no se conocía las verdaderas formas de contagio y la muerte de los infectados resultaba inminente. En esos años, el sida fue catalogado como “peste rosa” o “un justo castigo divino” por sectores vinculados a la iglesia que acusaban a los enfermos de prácticas promiscuas y vergonzosas. (...) El presente trabajo se propone describir el impacto del HIV/sida en la comunidad del underground porteño y en particular analizar el caso del actor Batato Barea, para pensar algunas cuestiones diferenciales tanto de la enfermedad como de la manera que encontró la comunidad artística y LGTB de lidiar colectivamente con ella, mientras ni el Estado ni la comunidad científica internacional articulaban planes de acción efectivos para su cura. En consonancia con este planteo, indagaremos puntualmente en la ceremonia fúnebre de Batato Barea y su vínculo con los velorios festivos, en torno al HIV/sida, que se efectuaron en la comunidad artística en esos años. Analizaremos su impronta característica en relación a otros modos colectivos de enfrentar la muerte y reclamar por una cura, en los funerales del grupo activista ACT UP, realizados en Estados Unidos y Europa. En suma, postulamos que este tipo de funerales festivos, como el de Batato Barea, buscaban preservar la integridad anímica, sobre todo, de quienes estando infectados luchaban contra la enfermedad. (shrink)

O conceito de helenismo, no contexto romano, já foi sinônimo de elevação intelectual, como se pode verificar, por exemplo, em escritos de Cícero. Entretanto, ao voltar-se o foco de percepção do termo que marca a identidade grega na fase tardia do período Clássico, percebe-se como tal conceito sofre uma transformação no seu significado e, por conseguinte, em seu valor positivo. Essa transformação traduz não apenas a revalorização do conceito de héllenes ándres, mas, sobretudo, denuncia uma ligação entre o conceito em (...) tela e os credos pagãos atacados por um cristianismo cada vez mais avalizado pelo estado romano e, consequentemente, mais agressivo e intolerante. Na presente investigação, procurar-se-á compreender o significado político, cultural e social dessa revaloração do conceito de helenismo, tendo por foco principal o contexto da Alexandria do Egito na fase tardia do Império Romano. (shrink)

O ensino é sempre uma pauta presente em discussões teóricas, especialmente após a pandemia em 2020, que agravou várias questões no âmbito educacional, como as dificuldades nos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem. O presente artigo trata da importância do erro na aprendizagem da matemática nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, por meio de uma análise documental a partir da Proposta Pedagógica Curricular (PPC) da Associação dos Munícipios do Oeste do Paraná (AMOP), de 2020, que é o documento adotado pela (...) rede municipal de Palotina e região oeste do Paraná. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar qual a percepção e o entendimento sobre o erro no processo de aprendizagem de matemática apresentados no currículo dos anos iniciais de Palotina e região oeste do Paraná. Mediante análise, é possível concluir que o erro é inevitável no processo de aprendizagem da matemática, sendo necessário incluí-lo como aspecto a ser considerado de maneira construtiva na docência, através de uma abordagem, sobretudo, qualitativa. Assim, cabe indagar se os professores detêm formação, tempo, materiais necessários, e condições de aprofundamento acerca do currículo oficial antes de ministrar suas aulas, para incluir devidamente o erro em sua prática. (shrink)

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el fenómeno de la motivación en la deliberación, retomando la idea del artículo “Razón práctica y motivaciones para la deliberación pública” (Vidiella, 2017) que sostiene que la teoría deliberativa clásica presenta un “déficit motivacional”. Para ello me centraré en la transformación de las opiniones. Tendré en cuenta cómo se conciben las opiniones desde un punto de vista racionalista, mostrando una alternativa que otorga relevancia al aspecto emocional. Luego argumentaré a favor de la posibilidad (...) de transformación de las opiniones, y por último haré referencia a la idea de que el racionalismo puede llegar a incluir el aspecto motivacional. Para ello a diferencia Vidiella que remite a los avances en psicología moral y a los estudios sobre el papel cognitivo de las emociones, me basaré principalmente en algunas críticas a los presupuestos del racionalismo que proponen flexibilizar ciertas condiciones que funcionan como principios de la deliberación. (shrink)

A rigorous wave-theoretic approach to the Michelson-Morley (M-M) experiment is presented, with special emphasis on the Huygens' principle derivation of the laws of reflection by a moving mirror. A detailed discussion of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction hypothesis (CH) is included. Several mistakes appearing in the standard textbook treatments of these issues are pointed out, and a number of related historical questions are considered.

We used several cue–target SOAs and three different degrees of cue predictability , to investigate the role of awareness of cue–target predictability on cueing effects. A group of participants received instructions about the informative value of the cue, while another group did not receive such instructions. Participants were able to extract the predictive value of a spatially peripheral cue and use it to orient attention, whether or not specific instructions about the predictive value of the cue were given, and no (...) matter their ability to correctly report it in a post-test questionnaire. In the non-predictive block, bad estimators who received no instructions showed regular cueing effects, while good estimators exhibited smaller and non-significant facilitatory effects at the short SOA and an absence of significant IOR at longer SOAs. However, for the instructions group, the pattern of results reversed. (shrink)

artigo analisa a crítica de Perrenoud ao sistema seriado de ensino e à pedagogia tradicional como sendo promotores da mera adaptação ao sistema de produção capitalista, propondo que sejam substituídos pela Pedagogia das Competências e sua organização escolar em ciclos, como superação dessa adaptação acrítica. Nesta análise, tecemos um diálogo entre as afirmativas de Perrenoud e os teóricos-críticos da Escola de Frankfurt.