Publicou-se pela editora Appris no ano de 2019 o livro Nas trilhas de Edith Stein:gênero em perspectiva fenomenológica e teológica, da pesquisadora Clélia Peretti,professora do curso de Bacharelado em Teologia e do Programa de Pós-Graduação(Mestrado e Doutorado) em Teologia da PUCPR. Resultado do seu doutorado, o livropossui como tema as contribuições nos campos da filosofia e da teologia na perspectivafeminina a partir da filósofa e mística Edith Stein, uma das grandes mulheres do séculoXX. Escrito por uma mulher sobre uma das (...) grandes mulheres do século XX, um dosseus méritos consiste no fato de assumir a defesa da feminilidade à luz da fé.Prefaciado pelo professor, pesquisador e tradutor Renato Kirchner e apresentado peloprofessor Ezequiel Westphal, o livro está dividido em cinco capítulos. (shrink)

Academic integrity has become a significant point of concern in the post-secondary landscape, and many institutions are now exploring ways on how to implement academic integrity training for students. This paper delineates the development of an Academic Integrity E-Learning (AIE-L) tutorial at MacEwan University, Canada. In its first incarnation, the AIE-L tutorial was intended as an education tool for students who had been found to violate the University’s Academic Integrity Policy. However, in a discourse of the academic integrity process, the (...) University reimagined it from only emphasising the increased understanding and strengthened commitment of students found to have committed academic misconduct to a proactive focus with education for all students. The purpose of the present paper is three-fold: first, describe the development of the AIE-L tutorial as an experiential case study; second, improve the content of the AIE-L tutorial through students’ quantitative and qualitative feedback; third, calibrate the pre and post-test questions for content validity for a forthcoming large-scale measurement of the AIE-L tutorial effectiveness. (shrink)

El artículo investiga los fundamentos racistas del autoritarismo brasileño a través del análisis de la obra de Oliveira Viana. En primer lugar, se desarrolla la idea de “decantación blanca de la teoría social”, fenómeno por el cual la blancura separa y desecha la crítica al racismo de un determinado autor, depurando su pensamiento. Luego, con base en las contribuciones de Clóvis Moura y Michel Foucault, analizamos cómo los argumentos de Viana sobre el “tipo racial” local y el “pueblo” como objeto (...) de ciencia representan un punto de inflexión para la ciencia brasileña. A través del conocimiento gerencial de la población, tales concepciones vinculan decisivamente “raza” y administración pública, constituyendo la soberanía como biopolítica y la arquitectura institucional del Estado como gestión racial de la vida y la muerte. Se concluye que el pensamiento de Viana fue estratégico en el tratamiento de los dilemas de la blanquitud brasileña frente a los impasses resultantes de la posabolición y las transformaciones políticas y económicas globales de principios del siglo XX. (shrink)

Trata-se de abordar a concepção dworkiniana de dignidade humana a partir de sua obra Domínio da Vida. O intuito deste texto é delimitar conceitualmente sua concepção de dignidade humana para, posteriormente, analisar a importância dessa concepção para a solução de problemas de ordem prática, tais como o aborto e a eutanásia.

When we think about our way of seeing, appreciating and understanding the different forms and manifestations of the life of the mind in human civilization, we become aware of a rather surprising fact. We are ready and spontaneously inclined to place them in a historical perspective and consequently to judge them according to a “historical consciousness”, with practically only one exception, that of science. No one finds it difficult to admit that the poetry of Homer, Virgil, Dante, Goethe or Baudelaire (...) has always been an authentic poetry, attaining the heights of absolute value and even at times being incomparable, all the while recognizing that to understand this poetry, to appreciate its nobility and penetrate its meaning the effort must be made to put it within its historical context (and ideally to put oneself within that context) rather than to judge it according to the modes and forms of the poetry of our own day. What we have just said regarding poetry also applies to music, the fine arts, philosophy, law, social and political institutions, ethical concepts, religions and customs. In the case of science, on the other hand, such a historical consciousness is almost entirely lacking, even among cultivated people: the history of the sciences is not normally a part of the store of knowledge of these people, but this situation, far from being the cause of such a lack of historical consciousness, is rather the consequence. This is because we are unconsciously persuaded that science is not properly speaking a historical phenomenon; we have the impression that it has not had a real history. (shrink)

No Órganon Aristóteles descreve alguns esquemas dedutivos nos quais a presença de inconsistências não acarreta a trivialização da teoria lógica envolvida. Esta tese é corroborada por três diferentes situações teóricas estudadas por ele, as quais são apresentadas neste trabalho. Analizamos o esquema de inferência utilizado por Aristóteles no Protrepticus e o método de demonstração indireta para os silogismos categóricos. Ambos os métodos exemplificam como Aristóteles emprega estratégias de redução ao absurdo logicamente clássicas. Na sequência, discutimos os silogismos válidos a partir (...) de premissas opostas (contrárias e contraditórias) estudadas pelo Estagirita no Analytica Priora (B15). De acordo com o autor, os seguintes silogismos são válidos a partir de premissas opostas, nos quais letras latinas minúsculas denotam termos como sujeito e predicado, enquanto que letras latinas maiúsculas denotam proposições categóricas tal como na notação tradicional: (i) na segunda figura, Eba,Aba ` Eaa (Cesare), Aba, Eba ` Eaa (Camestres), Eba, I ba ` Oaa (Festino), e Aba,Oba ` Oaa (Baroco); (ii) na terceira, Eab,Aab ` Oaa (Felapton), Oab,Aab ` Oaa (Bocardo) e Eab, Iab ` Oaa (Ferison). Por fim, discutimos a passagem do Analytica Posteriora (A11) no qual Aristóteles enuncia que o Princípio de Não-Contradição não é, em geral, pressuposto de toda demonstração (silogismo científico), mas apenas daquelas nas quais a conclusão deve ser provada a partir do Princípio; o Estagirita enuncia que se um silogismo da primeira figura tiver o termo maior consistente, os outros termos da demonstração podem ser separadamente inconsistentes. Estes resultados permitem-nos propor uma interpretação de sua teoria dedutiva como uma teoria paraconsistente lato sensu. Primeiramente, efetuamos uma análise hermenêutica, avaliando seu significado lógico e a correlação desses resultados com outros aspectos da filosofia de Aristóteles. Em segundo lugar, consignamos uma interpretação dos silogismos aristotélicos a partir de premissas opostas à luz dos antilogismos propostos por Christine Ladd-Franklin em 1883, e da demonstração aristotélica com termos inconsistentes nas lógicas paraconsistentes Cn, 1 n !, introduzidas por da Costa em 1963. Esses dois aspectos não parecem ter sido ainda detalhadamente analisados na literatura. DOI:10.5007/1808-1711.2010v14n1p71. (shrink)

Globalization has created the favorable conditions for social, economic and cultural integration in today’s world; but also problems and challenges involving ethics and bioethics. In this context, beside the many benefits of global range, several challenges have emerged, requiring a specific reflection. These challenges involve general disciplines such as anthropology, medicine/healthcare, and ecology as well as specific aspects: in a broad range, those linked to social justice fulfillment, guaranteeing safety, promoting interreligious dialogue, building peace; in a narrow range, those related (...) to professional moral conduct, healthcare delivery, access to healthcare and equitable distribution of healthcare resources, and provision of treatment.Therefore, new priorities arise also in the teaching of ethics and bioethics in a globalized world.“Global conscience”: first of all; we have the necessity of providing moral knowledge, skills and attitudes, developing consciences to have a new ethical awareness, enabling first to recognize and then to face the challenge posed by the globalized world.“Universal values”: second; we must spread universal values, particularly anthropological values such as human dignity.“Common responsibility”: third; rethink and propose again responsibility in seeking a sustainable and integral development. Common responsibility must take into account both promotion of human beings’ dignity and preservation of creation, showing how all these aspects are absolutely interconnected. (shrink)

Regroupement d'articles et d'essais sous deux grands titres : le monde de la science et de la technique; la rencontre avec la dimension éthique. [SDM].

This book is the outcome of the Workshop Ciências Humanas, held in the city of São Pedro (SP), by thePROPe (Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Unesp), with the aim of comprising ebooks for the collection "Desafios Contemporâneos". On this occasion, a team of teachers and representatives of research groups, formed by academics Evandro Fiorin, José Marcos Romão da Silva, Maria Antônia Benutti, Paula da Cruz Landim, Paulo Roberto Masseran, Rosa Maria Araújo Simões (...) and Rosangela da Silva Leote (of several university units and different courses), discussed the ideas of its formulation according to the following "Art, science and creative processes; philosophy in Brazil: incorporation or creation. (shrink)

While much work has been done on improving undergraduate education in bioethics, particularly in medicine, less has been said about continuing education of health care workers, particularly non-medical and nursing personnel. Hospitals bring together a variety of professional and non-professional groups in the place where clinical dilemmas are daily events, and would seem ideal places to conduct an ongoing bioethics dialogue. Yet evidence that this is being achieved is sparse.The European Hospital (-Based) Bioethics Program (EHBP) brings together both current and (...) aspirant members of the EU as partners in a project that aims to assess the current situation with regard to bioethics education in hospitals, identify shortfalls, and address these. In order to achieve the first objective of the EHBP a survey of the current training activities (focused on activities in hospitals) in clinical bioethics in Europe was carried out. The results are presented in this paper, along with a discussion about the implications for the EHBP to address these issues. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em analisar algumas considerações de Chisholm sobre as mudanças presentes na definição brentaniana de fenômeno psíquico, tal como foi apresentada na obra Psicologia Descritiva. Para dar conta desta tarefa, exporemos a tese de Chisholm que aponta uma mudança na doutrina da in-existência intencional do objeto apresentada na Psicologia do ponto de vista empírico em 1874. A exposição desse ponto consistirá de três etapas. Mostraremos, na primeira etapa, que tal tese encontra essas mudanças na descrição brentaniana (...) dos fenômenos psíquicos e as atribui ao abandono da ontologia aristotélico-tomista que fundamentava a doutrina da in-existência intencional do objeto. Apresentaremos, na segunda etapa, a nova definição brentaniana de fenômeno psíquico formulada na Psicologia descritiva e destacaremos o novo fundamento epistemológico apontado pela tese de Chisholm, ou seja, a relação intencional própria de todo ato psíquico. Finalmente, com o propósito de destacar a virtude da tese chisholmeana, nós utilizaremos seus pressupostos para interpretar um ponto específico da recepção de Descartes na Psicologia descritiva. (shrink)

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a análise, o problema, a solução, mas, em particular, o conceito de verdade formulado por Franz Brentano, em 1889. Como base textual, eu analiso a comunicação de Brentano apresentada à comunidade filosófica de Viena, em março de 1889, intitulada Sobre o conceito de verdade (Über den Begriff der Wahrheit), e faço uma exposição sistemática da análise de Brentano acerca dos problemas que envolvem a interpretação do conceito aristotélico de verdade como correspondência. Minha interpretação (...) explicita o modo como Brentano reinterpretou o conceito aristotélico de verdade como correspondência, no contexto da estrutura conceitual de sua psicologia descritiva. (shrink)

These are some of the topics discussed in this book, both theoretically and with reference to concrete cases.

Summary Philosophy of science is, in Italy, a relatively young field of research. The foreword of the paper gives some explanation of this fact, which is the consequence of a particular situation of Italian culture between the two world wars. When problems in this field began to be studied after the war, they were practically imported matter, and a rather long time was necessary before an original research started in this country. The beginning of it was marked by a profound (...) interest in mathematical logic and in the foundations of mathematics. More recently, also other topics in the philosophy of science (which is frequently called epistemology in Italy) have began to be studied, such as philosophy of physics, foundations of probability and inductive logic, philosophical problems of cybernetics, etc. The article gives a survey of these developments and offers an outline of the positions upheld by some more significant representatives of present philosophy of science in Italy, in the last section. (shrink)

Modern philosophy of science was, initially, an epistemology of science based on the logical analysis of the language of science. It was superseded by a “sociological epistemology,” according to which the acceptance of scientific statements and theories depends on conditioningscoming from the social context and powers, and this view has fueled anti-scientific attitudes.This happened because the sociological turn still expressed an epistemology of science. Science, however, is not only a system of knowledge, but also a complex human activity. Hence, ethical, (...) political, social, religious issues appear legitimate if they concern “doing science.”Therefore, we must “rethink” philosophy of science, accepting in it also an axiology of science that could enable us to retain the cognitive value of science and at the same time to make techno-scientific activity compatible with the satisfaction of a great variety of values that inspire our societies. (shrink)

Entrevista com o Rabino Dr. Fishel Szlajen.

A presente reflexão visa investigar a concepção de estado de exceção enquanto dispositivo de governamentalidade que inclui a vida por meio do direito, pelo uso da exceção firmada como norma, o que coloca a Vida e o Direito em uma íntima relacionalidade. Esse dispositivo instituído pela exceção jurídica firmada pela decisão soberana estabelece mecanismos e estratégias de poder que insere e produz novas modalidades de controle sobre a vida, - paradigma de decisionismo soberano – que faz coincidir excepcionalismo e governamentalidade. (...) Esse paradigma de exercício do poder assente no decisionismo soberano faz com que o Direito e as instituições democráticas se tornem instâncias de subtração de direitos. Esse dado basilar gera uma situação paradoxal diante da modernidade, sua concepção do político e de soberania enquanto garantia de direitos e de autonomia dos indivíduos. Essa configuração coloca em xeque o significado que o Direito e a própria vida passam a ter no tempo presente. (shrink)

The Catholic Church’s reflection on and assessment of the Covid-19 pandemic has developed in several areas. Inspired by the tradition of its social teaching, specifically by the values of the dignity of the human person, justice, solidarity, and the common good, a strong sense of responsibility—on the part of all to prevent the spread of the pandemic and care for the affected sick—was called for. This resulted in a series of interventions and documents on the various medical and spiritual issues (...) involved, particularly concerning the vaccines again Covid-19. In this short article, I draw out these insights from the official and universal reference point of the Catholic Church (i.e., Vatican sources in their various expressions and expertise). Interventions from other religions have also played a significant role during the Covid-19 pandemic as exemplified by the close relationship between certain religious actors and the World Health Organization. However, these alternative viewpoints, while important in and of themselves, do not find a suitable place within this work, which focuses on the Catholic Church’s perspective. (shrink)

Perspectivism is often understood as a conception according to which subjective conditions inevitably affect our knowledge and, therefore, we are never confronted with reality and facts but only with interpretations. Hence, subjectivism and anti-realism are usually associated with perspectivism. The thesis of this paper is that, especially in the case of the sciences, perspectivism can be better understood as an appreciation of the cognitive attitude that consists in considering reality only from a certain ‘point of view’, in a way that (...) can avoid subjectivism. Whereas the way of conceiving a notion is strictly subjective, the way of using it is open to intersubjective agreement, based on the practice of operations whose nature is neither mental nor linguistic. Therefore, intersubjectivity is possible within perspectivism. Perspectivism can also help understand the notion of ‘scientific objects’ in a referential sense: they are those ‘things’ that become ‘objects’ of a certain science by being investigated from the ‘point of view’ of that science. They are ‘clipped out’ of things by means of standardized operations which turn out to be the same as those granting intersubjectivity. Therefore this ‘strong’ sense of objectivity, which is clearly realist, coincides with the ‘weak’ one. The notion of truth appears fully legitimate in the case of the sciences, being clearly defined for the regional ontology of each one of them and, since this truth can be extended in an analogical sense to the theories elaborated in each science, it follows that are real also the unobservable entities postulated by those theories. (shrink)

In the Organon Aristotle describes some deductive schemata in which inconsistencies do not entail the trivialization of the logical theory involved. This thesis is corroborated by three different theoretical topics by him discussed, which are presented in this paper. We analyse inference schema used by Aristotle in the Protrepticus and the method of indirect demonstration for categorical syllogisms. Both methods exemplify as Aristotle employs classical reductio ad absurdum strategies. Following, we discuss valid syllogisms from opposite premises (contrary and contradictory) studied (...) by the Stagerian in the Analytica Priora (B15). According to him, the following syllogisms are valid from opposite premises, in which small Latin letters stand for terms such as subject and predicate, and capital Latin letters stand for the categorical propositions such as in the traditional notation: (i) in the second figure, Eba,Aba ` Eaa (Cesare), Aba, Eba ` Eaa (Camestres), Eba, I ba ` Oaa (Festino), and Aba,Oba ` Oaa (Baroco); (ii) in the third one, Eab,Aab ` Oaa (Felapton), Oab,Aab ` Oaa (Bocardo) and Eab, Iab ` Oaa (Ferison). Finally, we discuss the passage from the Analytica Posteriora (A11) in which Aristotle states that the Principle of Non-Contradiction is not generally presupposed in all demonstrations (scientific syllogisms), but only in those in which the conclusion must be proved from the Principle; the Stagerian states that if a syllogism of the first figure has the major term consistent, the other terms of the demonstration can be each one separately inconsistent. These results allow us to propose an interpretation of his deductive theory as a broad sense paraconsistent theory. Firstly, we proceed to a hermeneutical analysis, evaluating its logical significance and the interplay of the results with some other points of Aristotle’s philosophy. Secondly, we point to a logical interpretation of the Aristotelian syllogisms from opposite premises in the antilogisms method proposed by Christine Ladd-Franklin in 1883, and we also present a logical treatment of the Aristotelian demonstration with inconsistent material in the paraconsistent logics Cn, 1 _ n _!, introduced by da Costa in 1963. These two issues seem having not yet been analysed in detail in the literature. (shrink)

SummaryScientific realism is here made equivalent to the referentiality of scientific language. A clear distinction of meaning and reference is advocated and certain ‘symptoms' of referentiality in scientific language are stressed. It is then shown that contemporary scholars stressing the contextual determination of meaning, the meaning variance and theory‐ladenness of all terms in scientific theories, often fail to recognize that an independent ‘stable’ core of the meaning still exists. This allows for theory comparison and is witness that science investigates reality, (...) provided one is aware that different kinds of reality are investigated by different sciences. Naive realism amounts to disregarding that no access to reality is given outside meaning and language, naive antirealism amounts to overlooking that language refers to something different from language itself. (shrink)

A atual cena política nacional e sul-americana inspiram cuidados. Nelas, a extrema direita e os seus militantes insistem em simular um poder que não possuem. Nesse contexto, os tipos humanos, que se autoproclamam “cidadãos de bem”, tornam-se mais politicamente perigosos quanto mais convencidos estão do valor moral dos próprios motivos ou motivações. No intento de vislumbrar os elementos que visam a uma leitura mais consequente desse cenário, o texto objetiva revisitar o problema do fundamento da obrigação política, em companhia da (...) original abordagem de Hannah Arendt. Na provisoriedade que instiga o debate, chega-se à preliminar conclusão, a partir do suporte teórico-conceitual arendtiano, que é inadequada a tentativa de fundar a obrigação política na consciência (moral) individual ou nos imperativos da moralidade subjetiva, o que permite que se recoloque em questão a onda dos fundamentalismos de coloração moral, quaisquer que sejam as vertentes ideológicas que assumem. (shrink)

O trabalho é uma determinação natural do homem, porque tem como finalidade a transformação da natureza segundo as necessidades basilares dos próprios homens. Os capitalistas alteraram esta ordem específica e passaram a ver na ação trabalhista apenas uma forma de valorização exacerbada da mercadoria. Na obra "O Capital", Karl Marx representa essa transição a partir de uma tríade: mercadoria, trabalho e valor. Para ele, estes elementos devem ser analisados sob dois aspectos: o valor de uso (estágio natural do valor da (...) mercadoria) e o valor de troca (estágio modificado do valor da mercadoria). Na ordem natural, a mercadoria é trocada em equivalência ao tempo de trabalho socialmente necessário para a sua produção (valor). Na esfera capitalista, a mercadoria foge à ordem natural e se torna em fonte de exploração dos trabalhadores. Desse modo, o objetivo deste artigo é mostrar como a teoria natural do trabalho é modificada em um instrumento proeminente de exploração (mais-valia). A competição entre os capitalistas, para dominar a mais-valia, leva à formação de uma taxa generalizada de lucro e, portanto, a uma modificação da natureza da mercadoria, trabalho e valor. (shrink)

O trabalho que apresentamos é a tradução do párodo da tragédia euripidiana As Suplicantes, uma tradução semântica, acompanhada de uma introdução em que abordamos algumas linhas gerais sobre o párodo e a estética e função do ritual fúnebre contido nele.

A tradução que apresentamos é referente ao debate entre Jocasta, Polinices e Etéocles, sobre o exílio de um e o governo tirânico do outro, a eminente guerra entre Argos e Tebas e a tentativa da mãe de impedir que a maldição de Édipo proferida contra os filhos, encontre, enfim, seu termo.

Modern cosmology, though a confluence of relativity theory and elementary particle physics, and with the help of very sophisticated mathematical models, tries to encompass the Universe as a whole, and to propose theories regarding its origin and evolution. But this cannot work without the evolution of several philosophical issues, concerning the epistemological status of this enterprise, its implicit or explicit extra-scientific presuppositions, as well as the real sense and interpretation of the theories and principles involved. This book provides a survey (...) of these different aspects, for it gives some essential elements of the scientific background necessary for understanding the main issues of modern cosmology, and at the same time offer a discussion of the problems arising in it; problems which are never purely scientific, nor purely philosophical. Science and philosophy are therefore again deeply interrelated, at the moment where man tries to understand the Universe and his place in it. And this not only because the legitimacy of calling cosmology a science implies the acceptance of intellectual approaches which overstep the usual criteria of physical science and have a deep philosophical connotation, but also because the evolutionary way of thinking, strongly backed by cosmology, reinforces the role of this approach in the philosophy of science and in philosophy in general. (shrink)

Due to the recent gains in biomedical sciences, the fetus1 is more exposed and subjected to increasing possibilities of intervention, becoming a full-fledged patient, and entering more often into a...

[First paragraph] According to a widely accepted opinion, the most typical characteristic and even the constitutive element of science is measurement, i.e., those processes of measuring upon which science is based. For a long time this has caused a general orientation of disciplines seeking to call themselves "science"; toward a certain form of quantification; in order to achieve the prestigious title of "science"; some form of measurement, of whatever kind, had to be introduced into the area of study.