The aim of this review is to identify and provide a structured overview of quantitative models in the pharmaceutical supply chain, a subject not exhaustively studied in the previous reviews on healthcare logistics related mostly to quantitative models in healthcare or logistics studies in hospitals. The models are classified into three categories of classification: network design, inventory models, and optimization of a pharmaceutical supply chain. A taxonomy for each category is shown describing the principal features of each echelon included in (...) the review; this taxonomy allows the readers to identify easily a paper based on the actors of the pharmaceutical supply chain. The search process included research articles published in the databases between 1984 and November 2016. In total 46 studies were included. In the review process we found that in the three fields the most common source of uncertainty used is the demand in the 56% of the cases. Within the review process we can conclude that most of the articles in the literature are focused on the optimization of the pharmaceutical supply chain and inventory models but the field on supply chain network design is not deeply studied. (shrink)

Dear readers, perhaps you have not realized it, but your lives so far have been spent in a period called ‘postmodern’.The word is well-known to you. It has been around for many years. It almost always occurs unexpectedly, half way through an article, in the middle of a conversation, in the course of an argument on radio or television. Something, when all is said and done, is postmodern, someone is what he or she is because he or she is postmodern; (...) a strange and inexplicable phenomenon can be explained as postmodern. This changeable, suggestive, authoritative term, which seems to allude to something precise and technical and which, at the same time, suggests the epoch-making, says all that is good and all that is bad of something. Postmodern is an accusation. Postmodern is praise. What is postmodern is degenerate, has got worse, is hardly serious, of low quality, a poor imitation, irresponsible, frivolous. Nevertheless, what is postmodern is also still more topical, even more modern, forward-looking, amusing and light, cultured without being boring, sophisticated without being elitist, complex without being obscure. (shrink)

Narrative fictions have surely become the single most widespread source of entertainment in the world. In their free time, humans read novels and comics, watch movies and TV series, and play video games: they consume stories that they know to be false. Such behaviors are expanding at lightning speed in modern societies. Yet, the question of the origin of fictions has been an evolutionary puzzle for decades: Are fictions biological adaptations, or the by-products of cognitive mechanisms that evolved for another (...) purpose? The absence of any consensus in cognitive science has made it difficult to explain how narrative fictions evolve culturally. We argue that current conflicting hypotheses are partly wrong, and partly right: narrative fictions areby-productsof the human mind, because they obviously co-opt some pre-existing cognitive preferences and mechanisms, such as our interest for social information, and our abilities to do mindreading and to imagine counterfactuals. But humans reap some fitness benefits from producing and consuming such appealing cultural items, making fictionsadaptive. To reconcile these two views, we put forward the hypothesis that narrative fictions are best seen asentertainment technologiesthat is, as items crafted by some people for the proximate goal to grab the attention of other people, and with the ultimate goal to fulfill other evolutionary-relevant functions that become easier once other people’s attention is caught. This hypothesis explains why fictions are filled with exaggerated and entertaining stimuli, why they fit so well the changing preferences of the audience they target, and why producers constantly make their fictions more attractive as time goes by, in a cumulative manner. (shrink)

Although the problems of the Indian communities of Mexico are not identical with those of other Latin American countries, they are nevertheless similar, and I am sure that the solutions that have been tried in Mexico can also be used in other countries on that continent.The present territory of the Republic of Mexico was divided, in the period prior to the Spanish conquest, into two great cultural provinces: There was on the one hand the Northern region which was generally inhabited (...) by nomadic tribes—hunters and gatherers whom the Mexicans used to call by the name of chichimecas—and on the other hand the central region of the country which extended towards the North-West as far as Sinaloa along the Western Sierra Madre and towards the North-East as far as Soto la Marina along the Eastern Sierra—a province which is now called Mesoamerica—and which then comprised various native peoples with a plurality of languages and characteristic cultural features, whose manner of life was based essentially on the cultivation of corn, beans and other edible plants and who lived without exception in cities organized already according to a political system which was essentially monarchical and theocratic. (shrink)

We review recent evidence that game rules, rules of etiquette, and supernatural beliefs, that the authors see as “ritualistic” conventions, are in fact shaped by instrumental inference. In line with such examples, we contend that cultural practices that may appear, from the outside, to be devoid of instrumental utility, could in fact be selectively acquired and preserved because of their perceived utility.

This article presents a case that former President of the United States Donald Trump was a tyrant-like leader in the mold of the tyrant in Plato’s Republic. While he does not perfectly embody the tyrant as presented in the Republic, he captures its core feature. Like the tyrant, Trump is driven by unregulated desires that reflect what Plato describes as an extreme freedom that underlies and threatens democratic regimes. Extreme freedom is manifested in Trump’s disregard for social and legal norms, (...) which mirrors the lawlessness of the tyrant. The people, in turn, interpret that posture as a mark of authenticity. Understanding Trump’s appeal in the United States helps alert friends of democracy to the possible rise of tyrant-like figures. In closing, and as a way of remedying the harm done by the tyrannical soul, the article recommends that society help temper tyrant-like passions in the people through a rededication to civic equality. (shrink)

A partir de una lectura conjunta de la Pítica 8 de Píndaro y el libro 10 de la República de Platón, se estudian las relaciones que en la vida humana guarda lo efímero con la dicha. El poema pindárico ofrece determinaciones decisivas para la comprensión de lo efímero en el ser humano, en el sentido de que en medio de la precariedad la dicha aún puede alcanzar al ser humano. Hay razones para pensar que el texto platónico trabaja sobre el (...) texto pindárico, lo que ofrece elementos nuevos para la interpretación del mito de Er como gesto poético supremo de Platón, lo que permitirá plantear una nueva comprensión de las relaciones entre filosofía y poesía. (shrink)

Double‐checking one's reasoning is a perfectly normal way of responding to a disagreement between peers. I argue that conciliationist approaches lack the resources to accommodate this phenomenon adequately. On the one hand, conciliationists cannot claim that double‐checking is a rationally impermissible response to disagreement because a compelling case for its permissibility appeals to arguments analogous to those often used by conciliationist in favour of their own view. On the other, they lack the resources to accommodate double‐checking as a rationally permissible (...) response to disagreement. To show this, I draw a distinction between strong and moderate versions of conciliationism. The strong version accepts, whereas the moderate version rejects, that the conciliatory obligation exhausts the rational requirements engendered by disagreements. Strong conciliationists cannot explain the motivation for someone to double‐check if they have followed the conciliationists advice. Moderate conciliationists who try to make space for double‐checking are forced to concede that disputants can respond rationally to disagreement without lowering their confidence in the disputed belief. (shrink)

La aceptación de la esclavitud es una de las cuestiones donde la Antigüedad muestra un mayor rezago en relación con el mundo contemporáneo; esto suele aducirse para criticar la filosofía griega. En este artículo se examina hasta qué punto el pensamiento de Platón en las Leyes puede caer bajo esta imputación o sustraerse a ella. Se plantea que en el autor se encuentra una dialéctica del esclavo, que consiste en mantener, por un lado, la función de la esclavitud dentro de (...) la estructura social y política propuesta, mientras que, por el otro lado, se cuestiona la existencia del esclavo como tal. Así, se hace primero una presentación general de la esclavitud en las Leyes y de la función que dicha institución cumple en la comprensión filosófica del propio diálogo y, después, se adelanta un examen detenido del pasaje central de 6.777d5-7. Se concluye que si bien, en clave histórica, Platón no logra eludir la tensión de esta dialéctica, en clave filosófica ofrece su resolución en el obrar del hombre verdaderamente justo. (shrink)

La investigación se inscribe dentro de un movimiento que busca poner de relieve la pertinencia de textos poéticos para la comprensión de los diálogos de Platón. En este caso, se parte de la comunidad de la expresión “el jardín de Zeus” en la Pítica 9 de Píndaro y en el Discurso de Diotima en el Banquete. Primero, se presenta un esquema temático de los dos textos. Luego, se ofrece un recorrido en tres etapas: el paso del deseo a la mediación, (...) el estudio de la figura del mediador, y la apertura de la mediación al ámbito metapoético y lo que se sigue de ello. En la primera etapa se muestra cómo Eros dirige a la inmortalidad por medio de la generación, que se guía por la virtud en su condición más noble, al instituirse la ciudad, a la vez que, en el diálogo entre Apolo, enamorado de Cirene, y Quirón, se identifican los mismos pasos de una pulsión erótica que conduce a lo cívico. En la segunda etapa se destaca la tarea mediadora de Quirón ante Apolo, semejante a la relación de Diotima con Sócrates; esta mediación de Quirón produce un nuevo ámbito, que lleva su impronta, por lo que se entiende que la mediación de Diotima haya generado al filósofo erótico Sócrates, también ahora mediador. En la tercera etapa se muestra cómo franquea el sabio la diferencia entre los tiempos divino y humano mediante la creación metapoética, cuya consumación poética y filosofica es la constitución de la ciudad bella. (shrink)

Se investigan las relaciones complejas que se dan entre el creer y el conocer, relaciones que constituyen un círculo que discurre entre el creer y el conocer y entre el conocer y el cree sin que sea posible asignarle prioridad a ningunos de dichos actos. Este círculo es fundamental para la constitución de la vida humana, como lo muestra su enraizamiento en el lenguaje, don primordial que posible la dinámica de la creencia.

The case of nonvoluntary euthanasia shows that the current definition of euthanasia must be more accurately determined. Euthanasia refers necessarily to the ending of life due to serious illness which must be expanded to include the lack of any capacity to give sense to life. A person in this latter position would be under lasting and unbearable suffering, perhaps unconscious, and incapable of leading her own life. The ethics of euthanasia must take these considerations into account. The will does not (...) found the ethical decision. This is based instead on the reasonableness of continuing life under these circumstances. Voluntary euthanasia, as well as nonvoluntary, is founded on the right that every person who suffers under these conditions has to put an end to her life. It is understood that this is the only way to escape from such misfortune when life does not make sense any longer. The topic of euthanasia has a political dimension that is associated with the contemporary practice of medicine and the defense of human rights in our society. At the foundational level, euthanasis is unitary; the distinction between voluntary and nonvoluntary establishes only further precision, not a fundamental one. (shrink)

Este artículo examina la dimensión política del concepto de mesianismo. Se sostiene que el recurso a este concepto en ciertos filósofos contemporáneos, sobre todo Agamben, es deudor de las tesis de Schmitt, Benjamin y Taubes sobre el pensamiento paulino. Desde estas premisas, se examina la relevancia filosófico-política del mesianismo a partir de su cuestionamiento de todo nomos, justificando su carácter impolítico. El mesianismo impolítico es la antítesis de la teología política.

En Dialéctica negativa, Adorno justifica históricamente la necesidad de que la teoría crítica de la sociedad adopte la forma de filosofía. Esta transformación representa un cambio profundo desde la tradición marxista y tiene gran trascendencia para el desarrollo de la teoría crítica en el presente. En este artículo se busca clarificar los argumentos sociohistóricos que llevan a Adorno a redirigir el pensamiento crítico hacia la filosofía, sustentados en una crítica inmanente a la teoría de Marx y a la filosofía de (...) la identidad de Hegel. También se examinará la importancia de la crítica inmanente para la Escuela de Frankfurt, enfocándose en aspectos que son esenciales para comprender su desarrollo y significado. Este análisis establecerá las bases para abordar la tesis de Adorno sobre necesidad histórica de la filosofía en la formulación de una dialéctica negativa. Finalmente, se tratará la disyuntiva que surge al confrontar la teoría crítica de Adorno con la de Moishe Postone, es decir, si se debe concebir a la teoría crítica como una teoría social o como una filosofía dialéctica negativa. El objetivo es ofrecer una respuesta a esta cuestión. (shrink)

In a 2017 AJP paper, Cevolani and Schurz propose a novel solution to the Preface Paradox that appeals to the notion of expected truthlikeness. This discussion note extends and analyses their approach by applying it to the related Lottery Paradox.

Crying is an ubiquitous human behavior through which an emotion is expressed on the face together with visible tears and constitutes a slippery riddle for researchers. To provide an answer to the question “How our gaze reacts to another person’s tears?,” we made use of eye tracking technology to study a series of visual stimuli. By presenting an illustrative example through an experimental setting specifically designed to study the “tearing effect,” the present work aims to offer methodological insight on how (...) to use eye-tracking technology to study non-verbal cues. A sample of 30 healthy young women with normal visual acuity performed a within-subjects task in which they evaluated images of real faces with and without tears while their eye movements were tracked. Tears were found to be a magnet for visual attention in the task of facial attribution, facilitating a greater perception of emotional intensity. Moreover, the inspection pattern changed qualitatively and quantitatively, with our participants becoming fully focused on the tears when they were visible. The mere presence of a single tear running down a cheek was associated with an increased emotional inference and greater perception of sincerity. Using normalized and validated tools (Reading the Eyes in the Mind Test and the SALAMANCA screening test for personality disorders), we measured the influence of certain characteristics of the participants on their performance of the experimental task. On the one hand, a higher level of cognitive empathy helped to classify tearful faces with higher emotional intensity and tearless faces with less emotional intensity. On the other hand, we observed that less sincerity was attributed to the tearful faces as the SALAMANCA test scores rose in clusters A (strange and extravagant) and B (immature and emotionally unstable) of our sample. The present findings highlight the advantages of using eye tracking technology to study non-verbal cues and draw attention to methodological issues that should be taken into account. Further exploration of the relationship between empathy and tear perception could be a fruitful avenue of future research using eye tracking. (shrink)

This paper calls into question one fundamental claim at the basis of an alleged puzzle for veritistic accounts of the value of idealized models: the claim that idealized models cannot be veridical representations of the world. Catherine Elgin has argued that the value of idealized models can only be explained if we construe them as exemplars, which do not represent the world. I argue that Elgin’s proposal is problematic and cannot accommodate central cases of idealization. Nevertheless, there is value in (...) Elgin’s proposal. I rescue her notion of selectiveness in exemplification and incorporate it within a revised account of representation. I provide independent motivation in favour of a form of veritism, which motivates a revision of Elgin’s case against it. I argue that an account based on selective representation has the resources to rescue veritism from the problems raised by Elgin. In the proposal I advance, idealized models are literally veridical representations of the world. (shrink)

La crítica señala a Pierre Nicole como el pensador que hizo la transición entre aquellos primeros moralistas de mediados del siglo XVII que condenaban el mundo terrenal y adoptaban una actitud negativa del ser humano, y los moralistas de la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, cuya visión moderna y mundana concebía al hombre bajo una perspectiva positiva. Este estudio pretende ubicar a Nicolas Malebranche como el otro pensador, quizá más en la sombra, quizá con un modo no tan explícito, que (...) protagoniza dicha transición. Bajo el reinado de Luis XIV, el filósofo parisino, influenciado notablemente por San Agustín y Descartes, establece una psicología dinámica que le aleja del estático epicureísmo clásico y trasciende metafísicamente la moral cartesiana, dotándola de un sistema acabado en el que la figura de Dios ilumina el conocimiento y establece una moral bien definida. Su teoría del orden supone una puesta en valor del placer mundano, así como una congénita sociabilidad cristiana. Los acercamientos y alejamientos con Descartes y la escolástica, así como sus interpretaciones de San Agustín, elucidarán en este estudio un prisma mundano de conceptos hasta la fecha de barniz cristiano. Toda moral y teoría del conocimiento parte en él de su metafísica cristiana. (shrink)

As grandes epidemias de peste que atingiram ao longo de muitos séculos os ingleses, refletiram mudanças importantes para os conhecimentos de cada período histórico. Esse artigo busca unir duas extremidades de um decorrer de grandes catástrofes epidemiológicas na Inglaterra, com um olhar especial à populosa Londres, começando com a primeira entrada da peste bubônica na cidade, em 1348, e seu provável último grande surto, em 1665. Os dois episódios tocados aqui são apresentados sob a perspectiva das novidades, semelhanças e diferenças (...) entre essas duas pontas da história, passando pelas novas respostas da medicina no século XIV e os princípios de uma ‘aritmética política’ no século XVII. Para esse fim, são de extrema importância diferentes fontes, como as inúmeras cópias do tratado médico de John de Burdeaux, escritos a partir de 1390, e o Observations de John Graunt, publicado a partir de 1662. (shrink)

La carta de Santiago suele ser presentada por los estudio­ sos como un escrito fuertemente arraigado en la tradición sapiencial de Israel. Pero una mejor comprensión de su mensaje exige ampliar sus claves y perspectivas de lecturas, por ello en el presente trabajo se realiza una aproximación al carácter profètico de la carta y de su mismo autor. Y se muestra que, además de recoger y usar numerosos materiales procedentes de la tradición profètica, el escrito y su autor se sitúan (...) en la senda del mejor profetismo de Israel por los temas que le preocupan y desarrolla, por el gènero literario o la forma de expresión que utiliza, así como por la sensibilidad que evidencia, por la actitud que adopta y la respuesta que da a la problemática realidad que viven los destinatarios de sus palabras. (shrink)

El siguiente ensayo rastrea las reflexiones de Friedrich Hölderlin en torno a lo mítico. El argumento, expuesto una y otra vez en su correspondencia, sus ensayos y poemas, continuamente refinado y corregido, es que, expresado en lenguaje poético, el mito permite recuperar una visión del mundo fragmentada con el ímpetu analítico finisecular. El concepto de lo mítico de Hölderlin no solo está profundamente influido por el contexto histórico e intelectual en los lindes del Frühromantik, la filosofía de Fichte, la estética (...) de Schiller y la Revoluciónfrancesa como notas principales, sino también por las experiencias de la niñez, las lecturas de los colegios conventuales o los encuentros en Tubinga o Fráncfort. Finalmente, el texto muestra cómo estas indagaciones cristalizan en distintos motivos de su producción lírica. (shrink)