Addressing a challenge and opportunity that is definitive of life in the 21st century, this book provides a range of possible solutions that serve to motivate and structure future research and debate around the concept of 'the other' in communication.

Addressing a challenge and opportunity that is definitive of life in the 21st century, this book provides a range of possible solutions that serve to motivate and structure future research and debate around the concept of 'the other' in communication.

In the first person singular of the athematic middle optative in the R̥ gveda, there is strong metrical evidence that the poets knew and used forms in *-iy-a along- side the morphologically regular forms in -īy-a. I argue that the forms in *-iy-a are older and developed from PIE *-ih1-h2e by regular sound change, whereas the younger ones in -īy-a result from morphological regularization. The phonological development of *-ih1-h2e > *-iy-a provides further evidence for the historical phonology of “laryngeals” and (...) geminate consonants in the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the problem of moral motivation. Author presents a view which, as he argues, is able to bridge the gap between acceptance of a moral rule and an action according to this rule. The main issue here is the future ethics that could possibly become a part of environmental ethics if it takes into consideration future goods and condition of nature. The author discusses rationality of moral norms in future ethics from a perspective of a universalistic (...) paradigm. Drawing from Hare and Sidgwick he maintains that temporal position of someone harmed by a present action cannot be relevant to the moral evaluation of the action in question. He also emphasizes that in case when moral agent is a future and abstract one, there is an important factor involved which could have an influence on our moral identity. It plays a crucial role because our ,,natural” motivation to act according to a rule concerns, first of all, moral subjects within a moral community. Birnbacher claims that taking non-moral motivations into account makes the prospects of future-oriented action appear much less gloomy. Therefore, in his project of future ethics, he fuses together levels of moral theory and of emotional basis of our motivation. He illustrates the point by demonstrating that the course of psychological factors has an impact on our motivation for action by the data drawn from empirical social research conducted in Europe and USA. Key words MORAL MOTIVATION, FUTURE. (shrink)

In der Vorrede zur ersten Auflage der Religionsschrift macht Kant unmissverständlich klar, dass der zur Moral verbundene Mensch der „Idee eines Wesens über ihm" nicht bedürfe. Damit ist aber nicht der Sinn und Zweck der nachfolgenden Schrift bestritten, sondern lediglich klargestellt, dass auch Religion und Kirchenglauben unter dem Prinzipat des Autonomiegedankens stehen. Ausgehend von dieser Feststellung entwickelt Kant eine in vier Stücke gegliederte Schrift, die nicht nur den aufgeklärten Umgang mit positiven Religionen beschreibt, sondern die auch die moralphilosophischen Schriften der (...) 1780er Jahre bisweilen ergänzt, bisweilen modifiziert. So wird beispielsweise die Sphäre moralischer Verbindlichkeiten um eine Gattungspflicht, nämlich eine Pflicht „des menschlichen Geschlechts gegen sich selbst" erweitert und auch das in den Bereich der Anthropologie fallende Theorem des „Hanges zum Bösen" erweist sich als in hohem Maße diskutabel. Dass zu alledem das letzte Wort noch nicht gesprochen ist, zeigt die in den letzten Jahrzehnten wieder anhebende Diskussion, der der vorliegende Band Rechnung trägt, indem er zu etwa gleichen Teilen historisch und systematisch ausgerichtet ist und vieles an interessanten Neubewertungen bereithält. (shrink)

Kant is by no means the pure rationalist that Husserl and others represented him as being. To the contrary I claim that Kant is an ethical intuitionist when it comes to our recognition of the validity of the moral law. Interpreting Kant’s famous thesis about the “fact of reason”, I will first argue for three interpretative theses: 1. The factum theory explains our insight into the binding character of the moral law; it is a theory of justification. 2. In our (...) consciousness of the categorical imperative, the moral law is immediately given in its unconditional and binding validity. 3. The unconditional validity of the CI is given in the feeling of respect. Drawing on basic thoughts of Reformed Epistemology, I will then sketch a way to defend Kant’s theory. (shrink)

Die kritische Auseinandersetzung mit zeitgenössischen Strömungen der Philosophie nahm in Nelsons Lehrtätigkeit und Veröffentlichungen breiten Raum ein. Neben konkurrierenden Ausprägungen des Neukantianismus grenzte er sich gegen Pragmatismus, Positivismus und die phänomenologische Schule ab, vor allem aber auch gegen Autoren wie Bergson und Spengler, die einem Paradigma von Philosophie verpflichtet waren, das Nelson in seinen Vorlesungen mit dem Ausdruck "intuitive Philosophie" bezeichnete. Nelsons Kritik beschränkt sich nicht darauf, dieser Art Philosophie Begründungsmängel vorzuwerfen. Vielmehr sieht er die "intuitive Philosophie" in dem klassischen (...) Denkfehler befangen, gehaltvolle Aussagen aus bloßen Begriffen herzuleiten und die Gültigkeit ihrer Thesen durch die fälschliche Berufung auf begriffliche Tatsachen zu erschleichen. Wie für Wittgenstein sind auch Nelsons leitende Ideale in der Philosophie Klarheit und kompromisslose Konsequenz. Wenn irgendwo, dann erweist sich Nelson mit diesem Text als analytischer Philosoph im besten Sinne - als ein Philosoph, für den die "Kunst, zu philosophieren" zuallererst in der Kunst des richtigen Argumentierens besteht und für den diese Kunst insbesondere durch die Analyse der Argumentationen und Fehlargumentationen anderer Philosophen erworben wird. (shrink)

Among the many forms of artistic expression that characterize the digital era, remix occupies a rather central position. At the same time, however, the success of remix as an artistic practice raises several hard questions. What is original and what is derived? How can we sort out and make sense of questions concerning origination and derivation in situations where one thing is appropriated, reused, and repurposed for something else? What theory of moral and aesthetic value can accommodate and explain these (...) situations where authorship, authority, and origination are already distributed across a network of derivations, borrowings, and re-appropriated found objects? This paper develops a response to these questions, and it does so in three steps or movements. The first briefly introduces the concept of remix and the opportunities and challenges that this now wide-spread, content creation practice presents to existing models and theories of moral and aesthetic value. The second outlines the three elements of what I call “remixology”—a new axiology (or theory of moral and aesthetic value) that is designed to scale to these new opportunities and challenges. The third and final movement investigates the consequences of this proposal, demonstrating how remixology can be read backwards through time, providing us with some new perspectives on artistry and creativity in all human endeavors, and read forwards into the emerging challenges that have been made available by innovations in algorithmic content generation and computational creativity. (shrink)

De acordo com um preconceito bastante difundido no meio filosófico, a filosofia prática de Kant não levaria em consideração os sentimentos e emoções. Uma análise cuidadosa dos escritos de Kant revela, no entanto, o papel central exercido pelos sentimentos em sua ética. Neste artigo examinaremos o conceito de amor em Kant e tentaremos aproximá-lo da discussão sobre o amor na tradição analítica contemporânea, especialmente na filosofia do amor de Harry Frankfurt.

The different behaviour of total and partial numberings with respect to the reducibility preorder is investigated. Partial numberings appear quite naturally in computability studies for topological spaces. The degrees of partial numberings form a distributive lattice which in the case of an infinite numbered set is neither complete nor contains a least element. Friedberg numberings are no longer minimal in this situation. Indeed, there is an infinite descending chain of non-equivalent Friedberg numberings below every given numbering, as well as an (...) uncountable antichain. (shrink)