Africa is a continent in transition amidst a revival of cultural practices. Over previous years the continent was robbed of the benefits of medical advances by unfounded cultural practices surrounding its cultural heritage. In a fast moving field like genetic screening, discussions of social and policy aspects frequently need to take place at an early stage to avoid the dilemma encountered by Western medicine. This paper, examines the potential challenges to genetic screening in Africa. It discusses how cultural practices may (...) affect genetic screening. It views genomics science as a culture which is trying to diffuse into another one. It argues that understanding the existing culture will help the diffusion process. The paper emphasizes the importance of genetic screening for Africa, by assessing the current level of burden of diseases in the continent and shows its role in reducing disease prevalence. The paper identifies and discusses the cultural challenges that are likely to confront genetic screening on the continent, such as the worldview, rituals and taboos, polygyny, culture of son preference and so on. It also discusses cultural practices that may promote the science such as inheritance practices, spouse selection practices and naming patterns. Factors driving the cultural challenges are identified and discussed, such as socialization process, patriarchy, gender, belief system and so on. Finally, the paper discusses the way forward and highlights the ethical considerations of doing genetic screening on the continent. However, the paper also recognizes that African culture is not monolithic and therefore makes a case for exceptions. (shrink)

ObjectivesThe study evaluated nurses’ perceptions on the benefits, drawbacks, and their roles in initiating and implementing advance directives at private and public secondary healthcare units.MethodsThe study adopted a cross-sectional, comparative-descriptive research design and was anchored on the structural functional theory. A total of 401 nurses were chosen on purpose. The data was collected between January and March 2018 among nurses at the selected hospitals. Analysis was done via SPSSv28.0.1.0.ResultsCompared to nurses working in private healthcare facilities, the majority of nurses at (...) the public healthcare facilities indicated a more favorable opinion of AD’s benefits and felt they had a substantial involvement in the development and execution of AD than their private counterpart. Similarly, 60.7% of nurses employed by the government agreed that AD has some disadvantages compared to those employed by the private sector. Significantly, Christian nurses are 0.53 times less likely than Muslims to contest AD’s benefits; 0.78 times less likely than Muslim to disagree that AD has flaws; and 1.30 times more likely than Muslim nurses to deny they contributed to the development and execution of AD, though not significant.ConclusionMaking decisions at the end-of-life can be challenging, thus AD should be supported across the board in the healthcare industry. Nurses should be trained on their role in developing and implementing AD, as well as on its advantages and how to deal with its challenges. (shrink)

To participate in health research, there is a need for well-administered informed consent. Understanding of informed consent, especially in international health research, is influenced by the participants' understanding of information and the meaning attached to the information communicated to them regarding the purpose and procedure of the research. Incorrect information and the power differential between researcher and participants may lead to participants becoming victims of harmful research procedures. Meningitis epidemics in Kano in early 1996 led to a response from drug (...) companies, especially Pfizer, as well as humanitarian workers from Médecins Sans Frontiers, which resulted in an unethical trial. Pfizer's drug trial during the epidemics has left a lasting controversy, which has yet to be resolved. This paper examines the key issues surrounding the controversy, discusses the context of informed decision-making, the ethical issues and implications of the incident, and concludes with some recommendations. Relevant texts, journals, Internet materials, newspaper articles and documentary materials on the conduct of the Pfizer's Trovan trial have been consulted. Four types of action (act intuitively, act rationally, act ignorantly, and act contextually – based on information provided) are identified as possible options for decision making. Participants most likely acted in ignorance due to poor understanding of the information contained in the verbal informed consent administered, thereby raising ethical issues. It is concluded that health research ethics committees have an important role to play nationally and locally in overseeing research, and in avoiding future occurrences. (shrink)

The first annual Alchemy Lecture brings four deep and agile writers from different geographies and disciplines into vibrant conversation on a topic of urgent relevance: humans and borders. Borders, Human Itineraries, and All Our Relation captures and expands those conversations in insightful, passionate ways. Architect, artist, and urban theorist Dele Adeyemo (UK/Nigeria) calls attention to the complexity of Black infrastructures, questioning how "the environments that surround us condition the possibility of our being." Poet Natalie Diaz (US/Mojave/Akimel O'otham) writes: "Like (...) story, migration is the sensual movement of knowledge," and asks, "What is the language we need to live right now?" Philosopher Nadia Yala Kisukidi (France) suggests there is no diasporic life "without the dynamics of fabulation, where we pass down, from generation to generation, the stories of our ancestors who walked barefoot for many months." And cultural theorist Rinaldo Walcott (Canada) asks us to consider inheritances beyond white supremacist logics: "What might it mean to live a life, if we can't risk desiring and working towards utopia?" As each Alchemist considers the legacies of anticolonial struggle, the future of the planet, and the textures of Black and Indigenous life, their essays speak to each other in multiple ways, creating something startling and revelatory: a vision of the world as it is, and as it could be. (shrink)

Excerpt from Essai sur les Principes des Sciences Mathematiques A Briancon, dans le calme des longues soirees d'hiver, j'ai trouve a ces etudes un interet passionnant. En occupant mes loisirs, elles m'ont permis d'echapper au desoeuvrement et a l'ennui. Aussi, meme si la theorie a laquelle elles m'ont con duit ne devait pas recevoir la consecration officielle du succes, je leur en saurai toujours un gre infini. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. (...) Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

We conducted a scoping review to ascertain the landscape of ethics regulations for AD/ADRD research in Africa using Arksey and O'Malley's framework. We sourced regulations from the International Compilation of Human Research Standards. We included regulations from 14 countries published between 1997 and 2020. Provisions in the regulations applicable to research in AD/ADRD were part of broader sub-provisions for research such as with persons under legal disability. Regulations mostly required the appointment of Legally Authorised Representatives, as a major protection for (...) persons with AD/ADRD. Provisions supporting capacity assessment and advance directives were only provided in regulations from five and two countries respectively. No regulation cited the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as a foundational instrument for its provisions. In conclusion, regulations specifically applicable to research among AD/ADRD or other cognitively impaired persons in Africa are scarce and provisions in existing regulations mostly lack specificity for practical implementation. (shrink)

A woman’s lack of or limited reproductive autonomy could lead to adverse health effects, feeling of being inferior, and above all being unable to adequately care for her children. Little is known about the reproductive autonomy of married Ikwerre women of Rivers State, Nigeria. This study demonstrates how Ikwerre women understand the terms autonomy and reproductive rights and what affects the exercise of these rights. An exploratory research design was employed for this study. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to (...) conduct thirty-four in-depth interviews and six focus group discussions with purposively sampled educated, semi-educated, and uneducated Ikwerre women in monogamous or polygynous marriages. The collected data was analysed qualitatively with MAXQDA 11 using open and axial coding. The interviews and focus group responses reveal a low level of awareness of autonomy and reproductive rights amongst the Ikwerre women in Nigeria. While some educated women were aware of their reproductive rights, cultural practices were reported to limit the exercise of these rights. Participants reported that Ikwerre culture is a patriarchal one where married women are expected to submit and obey their husbands in all matters; and a good married woman according to Ikwerre standard is one who complies with this culture. Women’s refusal of sexual advances from their husbands is described as not being acceptable in this culture; and hence rape in marriage is not recognized in Ikwerre culture. Education and awareness creation on the importance of women’s reproductive autonomy could improve their reproductive rights and autonomy in marital settings. Overcoming the patriarchal aspects of Ikwerre culture—for example, the greater value placed on male children than female children and treating women as incompetent individuals—is necessary to promote gender equality as well as help improve women’s reproductive autonomy. (shrink)

The need for an indigenous croplocally grown by subsistence farmers that willhelp bring direct economic benefits to thosewho need it most is very important. Cassava hasa great potential for this purpose if certainproblems are solved, because cassava has playedvital roles in the diet of many Africancountries especially the grassroot people, yetthe utilization of the crop in diversifiedforms has been very limited. There are few foodproducts from cassava that are processedindustrially with added value that will be ofhigher nutritional value and have (...) longer shelflives. There are a number of traditionallyprocessed staple foods from cassava in Nigeriaand other African countries that needimprovement. Most of these foods can beimproved on if the market for them is assuredby the end users, a market that is currentlylacking. It will be necessary to create morepublic awareness within Nigeria and otherAfrican societies to increase the acceptabilityof such novel products and this requires amultidisciplinary approach to interpret whatscientists and technologists are doing to theold crop in the present age. (shrink)

Research is a global enterprise requiring participation of both genders for generalizable knowledge; advancement of science and evidence based medical treatment. Participation of women in research is necessary to reduce the current bias that most empirical evidence is obtained from studies with men to inform health care and related policy interventions. Various factors are assumed to limit autonomy amongst the Yoruba women of western Nigeria. This paper seeks to explore the experience and understanding of autonomy by the Yoruba women in (...) relation to research participation. Focus is on factors that affect women's autonomous decision making in research participation. An exploratory qualitative approach comprising four focus group discussions, 42 in-depth interviews and 14 key informant interviews was used. The study permits a significant amount of triangulation, as opinions of husbands and religious leaders are also explored. Interviews and discussions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was employed for data analysis. Findings show that concepts of autonomy varied amongst the Yoruba women. Patriarchy, religion and culture are conceived to have negative impact on the autonomy of women in respect to research participation. Among the important findings are: 1) male dominance is strongly emphasized by religious leaders who should teach equality, 2) while men feel that by making decisions for women, they are protecting them, the women on the other hand see this protection as a way of limiting their autonomy. We recommend further studies to develop culturally appropriate and workable recruitment methods to increase women's participation in research. (shrink)

COVID‐19, caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS‐CoV‐2, was identified in December 2019, in Wuhan, China. It was first confirmed in sub‐Saharan Africa in Nigeria on 27 February 2020 and has since spread quickly to all sub‐Saharan African countries, causing more than 111,309 confirmed cases and 2,498 deaths as of 03 June 2020. The lessons learned during the recent Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks in some sub‐Saharan African countries were expected to shape and influence the region’s responses to COVID‐19 pandemic. (...) However, some of the challenges associated with the management of the EVD outbreaks persist and create obstacles for the effective management of the COVID‐19 pandemic. This article describes the commonalities between the EVD epidemics and COVID‐19 pandemic, with a view to draw on lessons learned to effectively tackle the ongoing pandemic. Key successes, failures and lessons learned from previous EVD outbreaks are discussed. Recommendations on how these lessons can be translated to strengthen the COVID‐19 response in sub‐Saharan Africa are provided. (shrink)

This article featuring Nigeria constitutes one of five articles in a collection of essays on local capacity-building in research ethics by graduates from the University of Toronto’s Joint Centre for Bioethics MHSc in Bioethics, International Stream programme funded by the Fogarty International Center for Advanced Study in the Health Sciences (FIC). The first National Health Research Ethics Committee was inaugurated in 2006. Since then, more institutional health research ethics committees continue to be formed. However, research ethics challenges in Nigeria are (...) systemic and require a systems approach to address them effectively. Nigeria requires capacity-building for authentic acculturation of health systems as well as for health research, education, and advocacy within the research community and the general public. Further, it requires relevant legislation and effective regulatory measures. (shrink)

Autism spectrum disorder is an inherited long-living and neurological disorder that starts in the early age of childhood with complicated causes. Autism spectrum disorder can lead to mental disorders such as anxiety, miscommunication, and limited repetitive interest. If the autism spectrum disorder is detected in the early childhood, it will be very beneficial for children to enhance their mental health level. In this study, different machine and deep learning algorithms were applied to classify the severity of autism spectrum disorder. Moreover, (...) different optimization techniques were employed to enhance the performance. The deep neural network performed better when compared with other approaches. (shrink)

A luta das famílias mais pobres pelo direito de ocupação dos centros urbanos tem marcado a formação das cidades brasileiras e dado origem a vários movimentos de moradia. Essa realidade, no entanto, tem pouca presença na imprensa. Quando coberta, segundo a percepção das lideranças desses movimentos, é carregada de narrativas que remetem à criminalização das famílias e de seus representantes. Desta forma, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a representação social dos protagonistas dessa causa no contexto da tragédia do Paissandu, (...) quando o incêndio de um edifício ocupado por 150 famílias de baixa renda explicitou as diversas faces do problema. Para isso, foram analisadas 110 reportagens e contempladas as impressões das lideranças dos movimentos de moradia, por meio dos recursos da observação participante e da entrevista em profundidade. (shrink)

At forstå med kroppen – Udvalgte dele af Løgstrups kritik af Kant.

Resenha: SKA, Jean-Louis. O Antigo Testamento explicado aos que conhecem pouco ou nada a respeito dele. São Paulo: Paulus, 2015. 163p. ISBN: 978-85-349-4182-2.

In the late 1920s, the American obstetrician Joseph DeLee brought the motion-picture camera into the birth room. Following that era's trend of adapting industrial efficiency practices for medical environments, DeLee's films give spectacular and unexpected expression to the engineering concept of ‘streamlining’. Accomplishing what more tangible obstetric streamlining practices had failed to, DeLee's cameras, and his post-production manipulation, shifted birth from messy and dangerous to rationalized, efficient, death-defying. This was film as an active and effective medical tool. Years later, the (...) documentarian Pare Lorentz produced and wrote his own birth film,The Fight for Life(1940). The documentary subject of the film was DeLee himself, and the film was set in his hospitals, on the same maternity ‘sets’ that had once showcased film's remarkable streamlining capacity to give and keep life. Yet relatively little of DeLee was retained in the film's content, resulting in a showdown that, by way of contrast, further articulated DeLee's understanding of film's medical powers and, in so doing, hinted at a more dynamic moment in the history of medicine while speaking also to the process by which that understanding ceased to be historically legible. (shrink)

Construo esta pesquisa para dar visibilidade ao corpo estranho como produtor de arte, cultura e conhecimentos, quando esse encontra sua casa, o “seu corpo”, na escola. Esta se desenvolve epistemologicamente em Arte-educação descolonial a partir da condição na qual sempre fui colocado, de corpo estranho, por ser imperfeito ao modelo de corpo colonial imposto no ocidente, sempre em relação a um Outro. Continuamente, por isso, vivo sendo posto na categoria de “Ser menos”, na cultura, na vida, no aprendizado, como outros (...) tantos corpos estranhos também vivem: ocupando o fundo da cena para deixar a coreografia em dança bonita ou as apresentações teatrais ou musicais harmônicas. (shrink)

: Neste artigo argumento contra a interpretação muito difundida segundo a qual o ano de 1769 representou um marco na formação da filosofia transcendental e a Dissertação de 1770 corresponde ao primeiro texto crítico. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a origem das antinomias nas Reflexões da década de 1770. Não se trata de esboçá-las, pois sobre elas Kant é reticente nesse período. Elas são objeto da atenção dele somente às vésperas da redação da Crítica da razão pura. Eu (...) me ocupo apenas com alguns dos elementos que possibilitarão sua formulação e solução na Crítica da razão pura. (shrink)

Resumo A problemática na relação entre Filosofia e Cinema dá origem a duas questões: a primeira, sobre as condições que os filmes têm de satisfazer a fim de poderem ser devidamente tratados por uma compreensão filosófica; a segunda, sobre os requisitos, que os discursos sobre os filmes têm de satisfazer, em ordem a serem legitimamente considerados como filosóficos. Respondendo à primeira pergunta, através de uma análise ao debate entre Paisley Livingston e Aaron Smuts, acerca da “Filosofia do Cinema”, será afirmado (...) que, embora os filmes em si mesmos não façam filosofia, é possível fazer filosofia a partir deles, desde que estes expressem ideias estéticas. Respondendo à segunda questão, através da leitura crítica de Days of Being Wild, In the Mood of Love e 2046 de Wong Kar-wai, com referência aos conceitos de Kierkegaard, Girard e Deleuze, será argumentado que uma análise filosófica implica a renovação de conceitos filosóficos centrais e o alargamento da compreensão da natureza das imagens cinematográficas. Palavras-chave : Deleuze, emoção-imagem, filosofia do cinema, Kierkegaard, repetição, Wong Kar-waiThe problem of the relationships between Philosophy and Films raises two questions: first, the conditions that films have to fulfill in order to be rightly concerned by a philosophical understanding; second the requirements that discourses about films have to fulfill in order to be truly considered as philosophical ones. Answering to the first question through a survey of the debate between Paisley Livingston and Aaron Smuts about “Film-Philosophy”, I will affirm that, though films in themselves are not doing philosophy, it is possible to do philosophy out of them provided they express aesthetical ideas. Answering to the second question through a critical reading of Wong Kar-wai’s Days of Being Wild, In the Mood for Love, and 2046 referring to the concepts of Kierkegaard, Girard and Deleuze, I will argue that a philosophical analysis implies to renew core philosophical concepts and to extend our understanding of the nature of cinematographic images. Keywords : Deleuze, film-philosophy, image-emotion, Kierkegaard, repetition, Wong Kar-wai. (shrink)

Tendo como ponto de referência o pensamento de Henri Bergson e, a partir dele, a relação de identidade entre liberdade e criação, ação livre e ação criadora, este trabalho tem como propósito levantar algumas questões relativas à função do método em relação a uma filosofia que encara a arte, o artista e a atividade artística como exemplos de que o conhecimento acerca do real e do verdadeiro é possível e, justamente em virtude disso, os toma como paradigmas da própria (...) filosofia. Em outros termos, interessa aqui dar alguns passos no sentido da investigação acerca do que quer e o que pode uma filosofia que guarda profundas afinidades com a arte e que, além disso, busca entendê-la em sua essência, compreendê-la em seus princípios e revelar a sua natureza. (shrink)

A concepção de filosofia formulada por Adorno foi impulsionada principalmente pela sua reação crítica a sistemas com pretensões totalitárias: nazismo, stalinismo e a sociedade produtora de mercadorias. A filosofia representa um refúgio para a liberdade diante dessas estruturas: ela dá voz ao não-idêntico. A capacidade de subverter os ordenamentos conceituais e sociais é implícita ao próprio pensamento, que se articula na forma de constelações em devir. A aproximação da dialética com o materialismo, concebido enquanto primazia do objeto, fortalece a filosofia (...) na sua potencialidade crítica, na sua proximidade com a realidade e com a liberdade. Resulta daí uma filosofia renovada, simultaneamente aberta e comprometida com a verdade. A proposta deste artigo é apresentar a interdependência desses conceitos e apontar para a relevância da concepção de filosofia que deles emerge. (shrink)

É possível ver e constituir a filosofia hoje como um sistema único tal como proposto e exigido por Hegel? A existência de uma pluralidade de opiniões, visões de mundo e tipos de conhecimentos parece desafiar isso, especialmente hoje, quando se fala de muitos tipos de filosofias. Na tentativa de responder positivamente a essa questão, este artigo descreve uma possível solução, introduzindo um conjunto de conceitos gerais, aqui denominados Conceitos Sistematizadores. Particularmente, são discutidos aspectos práticos e pragmáticos do conjunto de conceitos (...) sistematizadores e seus usos, especialmente quanto aos conceitos Espírito e Espírito Absoluto. Seu contexto de descoberta e desenvolvimento foi o culminar de estudos e pesquisas realizados ao longo de mais de 30 anos nas áreas da ciência e da filosofia. A inspiração para os elaborar e propor veio da Filosofia Hegeliana, principalmente a partir da exigência hegeliana de que a Filosofia fosse vista como um Sistema. Embora advindo desses estudos e pesquisas, o conjunto dos Conceitos Sistematizadores é aqui introduzido sinteticamente, sem citar esses trabalhos, pois a intenção é mostrar que eles, como conceitos, podem ser autonomamente compreendidos em linhas gerais através da explicação deles, de suas interrelações e da organização da experiência que proporcionam, seu contexto de justificação. Eles estabelecem aqui uma compreensão geral, apontando uma possibilidade de como lidar sistematicamente de forma prática e pragmática com as diversas opiniões, visões de mundo e tipos de conhecimentos e filosofias em uma unidade. Nesse sentido, permitiriam ver e tratar a Filosofia como um Sistema, ainda hoje. (shrink)

Publicado em 2014, "Albert Camus, de la transfiguration", constitui, ao lado de “Vauvenargues ou le séditieux”, de 2010, mais um esforço realizado por Laurent Bove no sentido de valorizar o tema pascaliano da “segunda natureza” através de um ponto de vista espinosista. Por aí se vê que Bove é consequente ao se distanciar tanto do tema da “filosofia do absurdo”, reiteradas vezes associada à obra de Camus pela interpretação hegemônica que dele se faz, quanto da imagem de um moralista, (...) associada a Camus através de Sartre. Ainda que Bove percorra grande parte da obra Camus, podemos afirmar sem grandes embaraços que os personagens merecedores de maior consideração são Meursault e o Cristo das pinturas de Piero della Francesca, tal como descrito nas Noces. Através da identificação do tema de uma filosofia do corpo, Bove sustenta que Camus prepara, nas suas primeiras obras, notadamente em O estrangeiro e nas Noces, a questão da transfiguração, a qual será posteriormente desdobrada nos seus aspectos políticos e históricos, em O homem revoltado, por aí se articulam as duas partes da obra de Bove. (shrink)

Recentemente, alguns acadêmicos têm demonstrado que a tradução química pode auxiliar o trabalho histórico. O objetivo deste trabalho é traduzir alguns experimentos alquímicos de Robert Boyle para a química contemporânea, particularmente, aqueles que envolvem a água régia. A maior parte desses experimentos tem relação com o mecanicismo boyleano, com receitas de produção de compostos e com a padronização de procedimentos químicos. Muitos deles envolvem descrições precisas de propriedades, tais como o ponto de fusão, a mudança de gosto, a liberação de (...) som e bolhas, a corrosão etc., que podem ser usadas como ferramentas de rastreamento para uma tradução à notação química atual. (shrink)

Neste artigo, pretendo expor o texto de um capítulo do livro Scholasticism and Politics, do filósofo francês Jacques Maritain (1882-1973). Este livro está em inglês e nunca foi traduzido ao português. O capítulo visado se chama “Christianity and earthly civilizations” - “Cristianismo e civilizações terrenas”. Ele é dividido em quatro seções: 1) A Igreja e o mundo, 2) Civilizações de origem pré-medieval, 3) Civilização Ocidental, e 4) Tentativas de novas civilizações. Farei a tradução ou uma paráfrase do texto, indicando seus (...) principais pontos e as conexões implícitas com outros textos de Maritain. Assim, facilitarei a leitura e a compreensão do sentido imediato do texto por leitores de língua portuguesa, o que é pré-requisito para uma avaliação crítica dele. A filosofia de Maritain é chamada por ele mesmo de filosofia cristã, isto é, uma filosofia que amplia seu escopo para considerar conceitos que são mais próprios da teologia cristã, principalmente no campo da filosofia moral e política. No século XX, Maritain teve muitos adeptos e admiradores brasileiros. (shrink)

O objetivo de meu texto consiste em reconstruir um aspecto da recepção da compreensão de Duns Scotus sobre a noção de ente em dois autores pertencentes à geração que imediatamente o sucedeu: no franciscano Guilherme de Alnwick e em seu confrade Francisco de Meyronnes. O problema que surge nessa primeira recepção de Scotus pode ser assim resumido: uma vez que tenhamos aceitado que a noção de ente é simultaneamente unívoca, primeira, a mais geral e a mais simples das noções, como (...) podemos evitar a ameaça de se ter de conceder que a ciência de tal noção – que a metafísica, noutras palavras – não seja capaz de se distinguir claramente de uma investigação que não lida necessariamente com realidades extramentais? Ou, pondo a questão em outros termos: não nos vemos depois de Scotus condenados a ter de escolher entre uma noção de ente como uma noção real ou como uma noção perfeitamente geral? Veremos que, tratando da mesma questão, Alnwick e Meyronnes seguem diferentes caminhos, cada um deles com seus custos e méritos. The aim of my text is to reconstruct the reception of Duns Scotus's comprehension of the notion of being between two authors belonging to the generation which immediately follows his: the Franciscan William of Alnwick and his confrere Francis of Meyronnes. The issue that arises in this early reception of Scotus's can be summarized as follows: once we have accepted that the notion of being is simultaneously univocal, primary, the most general and the simplest possible notion, how can we avoid the threat of having to concede that the science of such a notion – that metaphysics, in other words – is not capable of distinguishing itself clearly from an investigation that does not necessarily have to do with extramental realities? Or, rephrasing the question: after Scotus, are we not condemned to having to choose between the notion of being as a real notion or the notion of being as a perfectly general notion? We shall see that, addressing the same issue, Alnwick and Meyrones follow different paths, each one with its own costs and its own merits. (shrink)

Schopenhauer usa o termo “consciência” para designar ora a cognição em geral, associada ao conceito igualmente geral de “representação”, ora modalidades específicas ou momentos específicos da cognição. Este trabalho pretende apresentar um primeiro esboço de um mapeamento conceitual em torno da noção de consciência na obra do autor. Meu objetivo é identificar sentidos distintos do termo e, ao mesmo tempo, tentar encontrar uma definição mais geral que pudesse abranger todos eles (ou pelo menos a maioria deles). Após apresentar algumas definições (...) gerais de consciência que servirão como eixo para o desenvolvimento da argumentação subsequente, proponho dois esquemas gerais de classificação dos tipos de consciência e, na sequência, um esboço complementar com acréscimo de algumas categorias e subdivisões possíveis dos tipos indicados anteriormente. As relações possíveis entre a concepção de consciência discutida aqui e a noção schopenhaueriana de inconsciente serão objeto de um segundo artigo, que dará continuidade a este. (shrink)