Desde o início da teorização freudiana, inibição, defesa e censura são processos que devem incidir sobre as pulsões. O primitivo pulsional precisa ser reprimido ou transformado. Este artigo problematiza a relação entre as pulsões sexuais e a defesa psíquica, ao longo do período pré-psicanalítico e da primeira tópica freudiana. Situamos o conflito entre sexualidade e repressão, apontado por Freud como característico das psiconeuroses, enquanto que nas neuroses atuais a angústia está relacionada a um registro quantitativo e não exatamente a um (...) conflito psíquico. Nesse caso, revela-se desencontros entre um sexual corpóreo e sua representação psíquica. Pretende-se, neste trabalho, evidenciar o caráter negativo das pulsões e pôr em relevo a natureza do antagonismo que se opõe às pulsões sexuais. A formulação das pulsões de autoconservação como aquilo que deve se contrapor às pulsões sexuais não esclarece completamente porque é imperativo que algo aconteça face às vivências pulsionais fundantes do aparelho. A satisfação em estado bruto acarreta prejuízos, tanto do ponto de vista psíquico quanto social; logo, a repressão das pulsões sexuais é condição necessária para a existência individual e coletiva. Evidencia-se assim algo específico do humano, afinal, se toda a natureza funciona afirmando o instinto, a espécie humana somente se desenvolve a partir de sua negação. A partir de tais construções teóricas, questiona-se se a psicanálise ainda permanece demasiadamente tributária de uma concepção de natureza revestida de pressupostos morais, sustentando a noção de que tenha que ser continuamente negada, afastada, coagida e domesticada, em prol de construções sociais bastante questionáveis, porém acatadas como necessárias. (shrink)

A cross-cultural analysis of trust and cooperation networks in Northern Ghana (NGHA) and Oaxaca (OAX) was carried out by means of ego networks and interviews. These regions were chosen because both are inhabited by several ethnic groups, thus providing a good opportunity to test the cultural group selection hypothesis. Against the predictions of this approach, we found that in both regions cooperation is grounded in personal trust groups, and that social cohesion depends on these emotional bonds. Moreover, in agreement with (...) Fiske's notion of “evolved proclivities”, we also found two distinct kinds of trust networks, one for each region, which vary in terms of the degree of ethnic interrelation. This pattern suggests that social cohesion increases when environmental resources are scarce. (shrink)

This study explores the intra-organizational antecedents of sustainable governance by examining the impact of female presence at the corporate apex. Drawing upon the upper echelon theory, we investigate whether women in top positions influence sustainable governance practices. Our research focuses on a sample of companies operating within two distinct market economies: liberal market economies (LMEs) and coordinated market economies (CMEs). The United States, represented by the S&P100, and the United Kingdom, represented by the FTSE100, serve as examples of LMEs. Conversely, (...) Germany (DAX30), France (CAC40), Spain (IBEX35), and Switzerland (SMI) are illustrative of CMEs. Analyzing archival data spanning from 2010 to 2019, we confirm that the presence of a critical mass of women on the board of directors significantly increases the likelihood of establishing a sustainability committee within organizations. This relationship holds true across both LMEs and CMEs, highlighting the universal importance of gender diversity in driving sustainable governance initiatives. Interestingly, we observe that the impact of women with structural power on sustainability committee formation is specific to LMEs, suggesting the context-dependent nature of female leadership in sustainable governance. (shrink)

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) adaptation is an ideal model for investigating how the neurosteroid 17 beta-estradiol (E2) contributes to the modification of behavior by regulating synaptic activities. We hypothesized that E2 impacts VOR adaptation by affecting cerebellar synaptic plasticity at the parallel fiber–Purkinje cell (PF) synapse. To verify this hypothesis, we investigated the acute effect of blocking E2 synthesis on gain increases and decreases in adaptation of the VOR in male rats using an oral dose (2.5 mg/kg) of the aromatase (...) inhibitor letrozole. We also assessed the effect of letrozole on synaptic plasticity at the PF synapse in vitro, using cerebellar slices from male rats. We found that letrozole acutely impaired both gain increases and decreases adaptation of the VOR without altering basal ocular-motor performance. Moreover, letrozole prevented long-term potentiation at the PF synapse (PF-LTP) without affecting long-term depression (PF-LTD). Thus, in male rats neurosteroid E2 has a relevant impact on VOR adaptation and affects exclusively PF-LTP. These findings suggest that E2 might regulate changes in VOR adaptation by acting locally on cerebellar and extra-cerebellar synaptic plasticity sites. (shrink)

Caterina può apparire arrabbiata, ma anche un brano musicale può manifestare emozioni: un passaggio triste, una marcia gioiosa, una modulazione che apre a nuovi sentimenti. Anche gli oggetti inanimati possono manifestare emozioni che pure, a differenza di quanto accade per persone e animali, non possono esperire. Sebbene le attribuzioni di emozioni agli oggetti inanimati possano essere trattate, in linea di principio, come esempi di metafore, esse sembrano invero catturare un’esperienza reale. Per quanto anche un bollitore possa fischiare gioiosamente o un (...) salice piangente apparire malinconico, non vi è dubbio che le opere d’arte siano particolarmente suscettibili di manifestare emozioni - essere espressive di emozioni1. Tra queste, la musica occupa da sempre una posizione privilegiata. Un brano musicale, che in quanto oggetto inanimato non può provare alcunché, è nondimeno in grado di raggiungere straordinarie vette di espressività emotiva. Ciò avviene del tutto indipendentemente da vari elementi - il testo, il titolo del brano o il programma di sala che lo accompagna - i cui eventuali significati emotivi espliciti possono semmai innestarsi, arricchendoli o persino contraddicendoli, su quelli di per sé manifestati della cosiddetta “musica pura”. (shrink)

La novela de Ishiguro _ Nunca me abandones _ (2005) suele calificarse de distópica, asumiendo que refleja una inaceptable injusticia al plantear la explotación de clones de humanos, ‘donadores’ de órganos para sus humanos originales. Empero, el concepto de distopía no puede caracterizar la situación descrita de manera absoluta, pues para la humanidad original realmente no hay un mal funcionamiento social; por su parte, a pesar de padecer enajenación orgánica y la restricción a su libertad, en la novela no hay (...) rebeliones de clones o crisis humanitaria sufrida por los clones. Pudiendo reflejar una utopía, provoca indignación y se categoriza como distopía en el supuesto de que los clones son también humanos o deberían contar como tales, pues así lo parecen. La parcialidad de la categorización distópica revela cierto prejuicio que impide ver que tal es la condición que el ganado enfrenta actualmente en nuestras sociedades. Su explotación no se categoriza como distópica ni injusta, a pesar de que comparte la misma forma de legitimidad en su explotación que los clones (‘para eso son’) y la misma limitación para articular por sí solos la resistencia de manera colectiva y sistemática. Conecto esta reflexión con el análisis de dos ámbitos en los que los animales no humanos son usados para fines no humanos: la experimentación biomédica y la ganadería. (shrink)

RESUMEN La discapacidad que afecta a la población infantil constituye un problema emergente; diagnosticarla y tratarla de manera integral es parte del trabajo diario del profesional de Enfermería en la atención primaria de salud. Durante el estudio se identificaron carencias en las habilidades profesionales de los licenciados en Enfermería respecto a este saber. Se aplicó un entrenamiento encaminado al desarrollo de habilidades profesionales especializadas para la atención integral a la discapacidad infantil en este personal. Por ello el objetivo del presente (...) trabajo está dirigido a exponer los resultados del entrenamiento. Los métodos y técnicas empleados incluyeron la observación científica, encuesta, entrevista, la técnica de grupo focal y el criterio de expertos. El entrenamiento se sometió al criterio de expertos. Se corroboró su impacto positivo como una vía importante para la preparación y desarrollo de habilidades profesionales en la muestra seleccionada. ABSTRACT The disability that affects the children population constitutes an emergent problem; to diagnose it and to treat it as an integral way is a part of the daily work of the professional of Infirmary in the primary health care. During the study, lacks in the professional skills of the Bachelors of Infirmary with regard to this know ledge were identified. There was applied a training directed to the development of specialized professional skills for the integral attention to the infant disability in this personnel. That is why the objective of the present work is directed to exhibit the results of the training. The methods and techniques used included the scientific observation, polls, interviews, the technique of focal group and the experts' criteria. The training was surrendered to the experts' criteria. It was corroborated its positive impact as an important route for the preparation and development of professional skills in the chosen sample. (shrink)

Jürgen Habermas is one of the most influential philosophers of our time. The Habermas Handbook offers a comprehensive overview and an in-depth analysis of Habermas's work. Habermas scholars elucidate his thought, providing essential insight into his key concepts and his influence across politics, law, the social sciences, and public life.

Gian Aldo Antonelli and Cristina Bicchieri. Backwards Forwards Induction.

While education researchers have drawn on the work of a wide diversity of theorists over the years, much contemporary theory building in these areas has revolved around the work of Pierre Bourdieu. Theory as Method aims to develop the capacity of students, researchers and teachers to successfully put Bourdieu's ideas to work in their own research and prepare them effectively for conducting Masters and Doctoral scholarships. Contextualising the various concepts within the broader oeuvre of Bourdieu's theoretical approach, Theory as Method (...) will be a useful guide for practitioners, student teachers, researchers, policy makers and academics. (shrink)

Savant aux intérêts multiples--historiques, scientifiques et religieux, connu et estimé dans l'Europe du XVIIIe siècle, bien qu'ayant très peu publié de son vivant, Firmin Abauzit reste à beaucoup d'égards un mystère. Comment ce réfugié huguenot, arrivé à Genève encore enfant après la révocation de l'édit de Nantes, a-t-il pu bénéficier d'une réputation flatteuse dans la ville d'accueil alors que ses opinions hétérodoxes sur la trinité ou la christologie ou les prophéties bibliques étaient notoires? Au-delà des étiquettes faciles, quelle était la (...) nature exacte de son hétérodoxie? Comment sa légendaire 'modestie', qui lui a fait refuser honneurs et charges publiques, se concilie-t-elle avec le fait de laisser copier et circuler abondamment en Europe ses manuscrits? Quel rapport existe-t-il entre une telle circulation et son refus obstiné d'autoriser la publication de ses travaux? Comment interpréter, dans son cas, la tension entre réputation et publication? À ces questions, souvent escamotées ou abordées dans une visée hagiographique, le volume répond par une réflexion large qui croise l'histoire des religions, de la littérature, de la philosophie et du fait religieux. Une approche qui intègre des aspects peu ou pas du tout étudiés de la vaste production de l'auteur, tels que le rapport entre idolâtrie et religion, ou sa lecture de textes déistes anglais, ou encore ses écrits de controverse confessionnelle, mais qui reprend aussi, en les renouvelant, des thèmes plus classiques, comme la célèbre note de Rousseau sur Abauzit philosophe ou les éditions concurrentes qui ont été publiées peu après la mort du savant"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Con el objetivo de diseqar una propuesta de modificacisn al programa de la formacisn de enfermeros y sugerir la inclusisn de temas sobre la discapacidad infantil, que permitan instruir al personal en formacisn, se realizs un estudio descriptivo cualitativo, en dos etapas, en la primera, mediante entrevistas se recogis la opinisn del claustro de profesores de la Licenciatura en Enfermerma de la Universidad de Ciencias Midicas de Camag|ey, en una segunda etapa se aplics el mitodo de Panel de Expertos, en (...) el que participaron diez expertos seleccionados de manera intencional a partir de su prestigio, experiencia y vinculacisn a la docencia, en lo referido al tema. Se analizaron los programas rectores de la carrera de formacisn en Enfermerma. El analisis de los mismos permitis apreciar aspectos tan importantes como el trabajo con la familia del discapacitado, o los procedimientos propios del manejo en el domicilio del discapacitado, los cuales no son objeto de estudio en la carrera. Se diseqs una estrategia curricular teniendo en cuenta los objetivos pedagsgicos a cumplimentar con las modificaciones propuestas. Se impone la necesidad de incluir en los programas de estudios aspectos relacionados con esta compleja tematica. Constituye un reto entonces para la universidad continuar desarrollando estrategias que permitan el desarrollo del proceso docente educativo y garanticen calidad en el egresado. In order to design a modification proposal to the nurses training program and suggest the inclusion of topics on the child disability, enabling to instruct staff in training, a qualitative descriptive study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, opinions through interviews to the staff of the Nursing Faculty of the University of Medical Sciences of Camag|ey were collected. In the second stage, the method of Experts Panel was applied. Ten experts were chosen intentionally taking into account their prestige, experience and links to teaching in regard to the subject. Guiding programs of the career of nursing training were analyzed. This analysis gave the possibility to appreciate important aspects, such as the work with the family of disabled children, and management procedures in their home, which are not the object of study in the career. A curricular strategy was designed taking into account the educational objectives to be fulfilled with the proposed modifications. It is necessary to include those aspects related to this complex subject in the programs. To continue developing strategies that allow improving the educational teaching process and ensuring the quality of graduated students represents a challenge to the University. (shrink)

Rousseau es conocido por ser un autor polémico, por su defensa de la bondad de la naturaleza humana, de la libertad del hombre, por la crítica a la sociedad, por haberse ocupado de pensar la educación, la sociedad, la ley, el hombre; también es conocido por la originalidad de su obra reflejo de su compleja personalidad. En esta lección, presentaremos el pensamiento de Rousseau, que creemos, encuentra su fuente en su individualidad, en su intento por pensar el hombre, su intimidad, (...) la sociedad, sus instituciones; y, lo hace con una particular fuerza porque si bien, creemos que su punto de partida es la individualidad, no se restringe a ésta, al contrario, va más allá y nos plantea una problemática de carácter general. (shrink)

Esse artigo parte de um relato de compreensão recente de sua autora como mulher negra de pele clara. Evocam-se, a partir daí, temas referentes ao pertencimento racial, no caminho percorrido até essa autodeclaração, e se põem em relevo, em perspectiva sócio-histórica, dispositivos como colorismo e tokenismo, a fim de se investigar o entendimento de si como pessoa negra e as formas pelas quais a branquitude pretende controlar relações e interações entre pessoas de diferentes tonalidades de pele.

Review of Mădălina Moraru, Mit și publicitate (Myth and advertising) (Bucharest: Nemira, 2009).

El tránsito de las sociedades premodernas a las industriales, de la comunidad a la asociación, de la solidaridad orgánica a la mecánica, del precapitalismo al capitalismo, de la deferencia a la participación política, hizo necesario un nuevo elemento integrador que, en sociedades secularizadas, ocupase el lugar de la religión como fuente de legitimidad de la obligación política. Este factor cohesionador fue el nacionalismo: la ideología capaz de sostener el mito de la pertenencia a una "comunidad imaginada", pobladora de un espacio (...) político definido territorialmente sobre el que aspira al autogobierno libre de interferencias internas y externas. (shrink)

This article examines the conditions of internet access and uses by children and young people from socially disadvantaged environments in Portugal. Adapting the EU Kids Online questionnaire, a sample of 279 participants in an intervention program on digital inclusion was interviewed in order to analyze their online experiences, bearing in mind the EU Kids Online results and the wider debate on digital inclusion. This issue was examined at two levels: access, and practices and uses. Although economic deprivation, parents’ low educational (...) attainment and children’s age and gender seem to matter in terms of access, reported uses were analogous to the average Portuguese and EU Kids Online data. However, with these children apparently being more oriented towards entertainment and having less informational skills, it is questionable if policies that merely assure access are entirely sufficient. Nevertheless, one cannot say straightforwardly that ‘social exclusion’ equates ‘digital exclusion’. (shrink)

This paper focuses on the conceptualization of anger as viewed from two disciplinary perspectives: Conceptual Metaphor Theory and emotion psychology. In the first study, twenty varieties of anger lexicalized in three languages are characterized using the Metaphorical Profile Approach, a quantitative corpus-based assessment of the meaning of emotion words in metaphorical contexts. In the second study, the same set of lexemes is analyzed using a psycholinguistic feature-rating instrument adapted to the study of near-synonyms. Our results demonstrate congruence of the two (...) methods in unveiling the internal organization of the anger family of terms in each language, and the reasons for this organization. In particular, the metaphorical and the feature-based profiles provide consistent insight about variation in bodily heat, expressiveness, regulation, action tendencies, regulation, and the temporal characteristics of anger experiences. To conclude, we discuss the mutual complementarity of the two profiling methodologies and their relevance for a wider research context. (shrink)

No dia 15 de Julho de 1570 o recém-eleito Provincial do Brasil, Inácio de Azevedo, trinta e sete companheiros e um candidato à Companhia foram martirizados às mãos dum grupo de huguenotes no mar em frente à Ilha de Palma, Canárias. No dia seguinte foi martirizado o irmão Simão Costa. Estes quarenta mártires (32 portugueses e 8 castelhanos) são normalmente designados como os Mártires do Brasil, pois dirigiam-se à missão do Brasil. Uma bula de 21 de Setembro de 1742 por (...) Bento XIV reconheceu o martírio dos quarenta religiosos, tendo Pio IX procedido à sua beatificação em 11 de Maio de 1854. Esta expedição comandada por Inácio de Azevedo foi simultaneamente a expedição missionária mais numerosa que partiu de Lisboa para as missões extra-europeias e o martírio colectivo mais numeroso de jesuítas em toda a Época Moderna. O mesmo episódio teve um importante significado hagiográfico, pois reunia simbolicamente a Europa dividida pelas lutas religiosas e as missões extra-europeias. A importância deste episódio deriva ademais do facto de estar ligado à difusão do culto da Madona di San Luca, um dos principais cultos jesuítas na Época Moderna. (shrink)

Philosophy of science has undergone a naturalistic turn, moving away from traditional idealized concerns with the logical structure of scientific theories and toward focusing on real-world scientific practice, especially in domains such as modeling and experimentation. As part of this shift, recent work has explored how the project of philosophically understanding science as a natural phenomenon can be enriched by drawing from different fields and disciplines, including niche construction theory in evolutionary biology, on the one hand, and ecological and enactive (...) views in embodied cognitive science, on the other. But these insights have so far been explored in separation from each other, without clear indication of whether they can work together. Moreover, the focus on particular practices, however insightful, has tended to lack consideration of potential further implications for a naturalized understanding of science as a whole (i.e., above and beyond those particular practices). Motivated by these developments, here we sketch a broad-ranging view of science, scientific practice and scientific knowledge in terms of ecological-enactive co-construction. The view we propose situates science in the biological, evolutionary context of human embodied cognitive activity aimed at addressing the demands of life. This motivates reframing theory as practice, and reconceptualizing scientific knowledge in ecological terms, as relational and world-involving. Our view also brings to the forefront of attention the fundamental link between ideas about the nature of mind, of science and of nature itself, which we explore by outlining how our proposal differs from more conservative, and narrower, conceptions of “cognitive niche construction.”. (shrink)

A popular trend in the sciences of the mind is to understand cognition as embodied, embedded, enactive, ecological, and so on. While some of the work under the label of “embodied cognition” takes for granted key commitments of traditional cognitive science, other projects coincide in treating embodiment as the starting point for an entirely different way of investigating all of cognition. Focusing on the latter, this paper discusses how embodied cognitive science can be made more reflexive and more sensitive to (...) the implications that our views of cognition have for how we understand scientific practice, including our own theorizing about cognition. Inspired by the “strong programme” in the sociology of scientific knowledge, I explore the prospect of an analogously “strong” program in embodied cognitive science. I first draw from Dewey’s transactional notion of “situation” to identify a broad sense in which embodied cognitive science takes cognition, as an embodied phenomenon, to be _situated_. I then sketch a perspective I call _situated reflexivity_, which extends the Deweyan analysis to understand scientific practice in the same terms, and thereby illustrates what research in line with a strong program in embodied cognitive science can look like. This move, I propose, has the potential of setting up a new inquiry situation that makes more salient the embodiment of scientific practice and that, through this, can help organize our own embodied cognitive activities as we try to make sense of scientific work, including our own. (shrink)

Explanatory diversity is a salient feature of the sciences of the mind, where different projects focus on neural, psychological, cognitive, social or other explanations. The same happens within embodied cognitive science, where ecological, enactive, dynamical, phenomenological and other approaches differ from each other in their explanations of the embodied mind. As traditionally conceived, explanatory diversity is philosophically problematic, fueling debates about whether the different explanations are competing, compatible, or tangential. In contrast, this paper takes the perspective of embodied cognitive science (...) as its starting point and accordingly approaches explanatory diversity not as a problem to be solved, but as a phenomenon to be understood. Recent work has explored how the view of cognition as embodied motivates reflexively viewing science as a situated embodied cognitive practice. Here I argue that this reflexive turn motivates adopting a pluralistic stance when it comes to questions about theoretical and methodological disagreements. In particular, it motivates moving away from thinking in terms of explanations as disembodied entities that compete with one another, and instead thinking in terms of different explanatory styles as embodied practices of explaining, many of which might be legitimate and warranted independently of whether and how the explanations themselves relate to one another. (shrink)