La discussione generale sulla filosofia della scienza contemporanea è complicata dal numero e dall’eterogeneità delle scienze, mentre lo studio di temi specifici porta inevitabilmente a dissertazioni specialistiche che mancano nel dare ragione della trama di senso sottostante. Questo Piccolo trattato di epistemologia intende occupare uno spazio vuoto, proponendo alcuni temi chiave per la comprensione dei meccanismi alla base della conoscenza scientifica: i rapporti tra filosofia e scienze, siano esse naturali o umane; la complessa relazione tra fatti e valori; la distinzione (...) tra scoperta e giustificazione; la necessità di un discorso etico sulla ricerca, che chiami in causa categorie come fiducia, empatia, altruismo ed egoismo. Con un approccio chiaro e rigoroso, il volume intende rivolgersi a quell’ampia fascia di pubblico interessata alle tematiche centrali dell’epistemologia, della filosofia e delle scienze. (shrink)

A cross-cultural analysis of trust and cooperation networks in Northern Ghana (NGHA) and Oaxaca (OAX) was carried out by means of ego networks and interviews. These regions were chosen because both are inhabited by several ethnic groups, thus providing a good opportunity to test the cultural group selection hypothesis. Against the predictions of this approach, we found that in both regions cooperation is grounded in personal trust groups, and that social cohesion depends on these emotional bonds. Moreover, in agreement with (...) Fiske's notion of “evolved proclivities”, we also found two distinct kinds of trust networks, one for each region, which vary in terms of the degree of ethnic interrelation. This pattern suggests that social cohesion increases when environmental resources are scarce. (shrink)

This study explores the intra-organizational antecedents of sustainable governance by examining the impact of female presence at the corporate apex. Drawing upon the upper echelon theory, we investigate whether women in top positions influence sustainable governance practices. Our research focuses on a sample of companies operating within two distinct market economies: liberal market economies (LMEs) and coordinated market economies (CMEs). The United States, represented by the S&P100, and the United Kingdom, represented by the FTSE100, serve as examples of LMEs. Conversely, (...) Germany (DAX30), France (CAC40), Spain (IBEX35), and Switzerland (SMI) are illustrative of CMEs. Analyzing archival data spanning from 2010 to 2019, we confirm that the presence of a critical mass of women on the board of directors significantly increases the likelihood of establishing a sustainability committee within organizations. This relationship holds true across both LMEs and CMEs, highlighting the universal importance of gender diversity in driving sustainable governance initiatives. Interestingly, we observe that the impact of women with structural power on sustainability committee formation is specific to LMEs, suggesting the context-dependent nature of female leadership in sustainable governance. (shrink)

El tránsito de las sociedades premodernas a las industriales, de la comunidad a la asociación, de la solidaridad orgánica a la mecánica, del precapitalismo al capitalismo, de la deferencia a la participación política, hizo necesario un nuevo elemento integrador que, en sociedades secularizadas, ocupase el lugar de la religión como fuente de legitimidad de la obligación política. Este factor cohesionador fue el nacionalismo: la ideología capaz de sostener el mito de la pertenencia a una "comunidad imaginada", pobladora de un espacio (...) político definido territorialmente sobre el que aspira al autogobierno libre de interferencias internas y externas. (shrink)

Con el objetivo de diseqar una propuesta de modificacisn al programa de la formacisn de enfermeros y sugerir la inclusisn de temas sobre la discapacidad infantil, que permitan instruir al personal en formacisn, se realizs un estudio descriptivo cualitativo, en dos etapas, en la primera, mediante entrevistas se recogis la opinisn del claustro de profesores de la Licenciatura en Enfermerma de la Universidad de Ciencias Midicas de Camag|ey, en una segunda etapa se aplics el mitodo de Panel de Expertos, en (...) el que participaron diez expertos seleccionados de manera intencional a partir de su prestigio, experiencia y vinculacisn a la docencia, en lo referido al tema. Se analizaron los programas rectores de la carrera de formacisn en Enfermerma. El analisis de los mismos permitis apreciar aspectos tan importantes como el trabajo con la familia del discapacitado, o los procedimientos propios del manejo en el domicilio del discapacitado, los cuales no son objeto de estudio en la carrera. Se diseqs una estrategia curricular teniendo en cuenta los objetivos pedagsgicos a cumplimentar con las modificaciones propuestas. Se impone la necesidad de incluir en los programas de estudios aspectos relacionados con esta compleja tematica. Constituye un reto entonces para la universidad continuar desarrollando estrategias que permitan el desarrollo del proceso docente educativo y garanticen calidad en el egresado. In order to design a modification proposal to the nurses training program and suggest the inclusion of topics on the child disability, enabling to instruct staff in training, a qualitative descriptive study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, opinions through interviews to the staff of the Nursing Faculty of the University of Medical Sciences of Camag|ey were collected. In the second stage, the method of Experts Panel was applied. Ten experts were chosen intentionally taking into account their prestige, experience and links to teaching in regard to the subject. Guiding programs of the career of nursing training were analyzed. This analysis gave the possibility to appreciate important aspects, such as the work with the family of disabled children, and management procedures in their home, which are not the object of study in the career. A curricular strategy was designed taking into account the educational objectives to be fulfilled with the proposed modifications. It is necessary to include those aspects related to this complex subject in the programs. To continue developing strategies that allow improving the educational teaching process and ensuring the quality of graduated students represents a challenge to the University. (shrink)

Gian Aldo Antonelli and Cristina Bicchieri. Backwards Forwards Induction.

Este artigo apresenta os aspectos liberais e republicanos da filosofia política de Rousseau e defende que eles devem ser interpretados como complementares. Entretanto, essa complementaridade pode ser caracterizada num sentido específico, qual seja, como sendo um liberalismo republicano.

While education researchers have drawn on the work of a wide diversity of theorists over the years, much contemporary theory building in these areas has revolved around the work of Pierre Bourdieu. Theory as Method aims to develop the capacity of students, researchers and teachers to successfully put Bourdieu's ideas to work in their own research and prepare them effectively for conducting Masters and Doctoral scholarships. Contextualising the various concepts within the broader oeuvre of Bourdieu's theoretical approach, Theory as Method (...) will be a useful guide for practitioners, student teachers, researchers, policy makers and academics. (shrink)

Savant aux intérêts multiples--historiques, scientifiques et religieux, connu et estimé dans l'Europe du XVIIIe siècle, bien qu'ayant très peu publié de son vivant, Firmin Abauzit reste à beaucoup d'égards un mystère. Comment ce réfugié huguenot, arrivé à Genève encore enfant après la révocation de l'édit de Nantes, a-t-il pu bénéficier d'une réputation flatteuse dans la ville d'accueil alors que ses opinions hétérodoxes sur la trinité ou la christologie ou les prophéties bibliques étaient notoires? Au-delà des étiquettes faciles, quelle était la (...) nature exacte de son hétérodoxie? Comment sa légendaire 'modestie', qui lui a fait refuser honneurs et charges publiques, se concilie-t-elle avec le fait de laisser copier et circuler abondamment en Europe ses manuscrits? Quel rapport existe-t-il entre une telle circulation et son refus obstiné d'autoriser la publication de ses travaux? Comment interpréter, dans son cas, la tension entre réputation et publication? À ces questions, souvent escamotées ou abordées dans une visée hagiographique, le volume répond par une réflexion large qui croise l'histoire des religions, de la littérature, de la philosophie et du fait religieux. Une approche qui intègre des aspects peu ou pas du tout étudiés de la vaste production de l'auteur, tels que le rapport entre idolâtrie et religion, ou sa lecture de textes déistes anglais, ou encore ses écrits de controverse confessionnelle, mais qui reprend aussi, en les renouvelant, des thèmes plus classiques, comme la célèbre note de Rousseau sur Abauzit philosophe ou les éditions concurrentes qui ont été publiées peu après la mort du savant"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Social cooperation often relies on individuals’ spontaneous norm obedience when there is no punishment for violation or reward for compliance. However, people do not consistently follow pro-social norms. Previous studies have suggested that an individual’s tendency toward norm conformity is affected by empirical information (i.e., what others did or would do in a similar situation) as well as by normative information (i.e., what others think one ought to do). Yet little is known about whether people have an intrinsic desire to (...) obtain norm-revealing information. In this paper, we use a dictator game to investigate whether dictators actively seek norm-revealing information and, if so, whether they prefer to get empirical or normative information. Our data show that although the majority of dictators choose to view free information before making decisions, they are equally likely to choose empirical or normative information. However, a large majority (more than 80%) of dictators are not willing to incur even a very small cost for getting information. Our findings help to understand why norm compliance is context-dependent, and highlight the importance of making norm-revealing information salient in order to promote conformity. (shrink)

This article examines the conditions of internet access and uses by children and young people from socially disadvantaged environments in Portugal. Adapting the EU Kids Online questionnaire, a sample of 279 participants in an intervention program on digital inclusion was interviewed in order to analyze their online experiences, bearing in mind the EU Kids Online results and the wider debate on digital inclusion. This issue was examined at two levels: access, and practices and uses. Although economic deprivation, parents’ low educational (...) attainment and children’s age and gender seem to matter in terms of access, reported uses were analogous to the average Portuguese and EU Kids Online data. However, with these children apparently being more oriented towards entertainment and having less informational skills, it is questionable if policies that merely assure access are entirely sufficient. Nevertheless, one cannot say straightforwardly that ‘social exclusion’ equates ‘digital exclusion’. (shrink)

Rousseau es conocido por ser un autor polémico, por su defensa de la bondad de la naturaleza humana, de la libertad del hombre, por la crítica a la sociedad, por haberse ocupado de pensar la educación, la sociedad, la ley, el hombre; también es conocido por la originalidad de su obra reflejo de su compleja personalidad. En esta lección, presentaremos el pensamiento de Rousseau, que creemos, encuentra su fuente en su individualidad, en su intento por pensar el hombre, su intimidad, (...) la sociedad, sus instituciones; y, lo hace con una particular fuerza porque si bien, creemos que su punto de partida es la individualidad, no se restringe a ésta, al contrario, va más allá y nos plantea una problemática de carácter general. (shrink)

Esse artigo parte de um relato de compreensão recente de sua autora como mulher negra de pele clara. Evocam-se, a partir daí, temas referentes ao pertencimento racial, no caminho percorrido até essa autodeclaração, e se põem em relevo, em perspectiva sócio-histórica, dispositivos como colorismo e tokenismo, a fim de se investigar o entendimento de si como pessoa negra e as formas pelas quais a branquitude pretende controlar relações e interações entre pessoas de diferentes tonalidades de pele.

This paper focuses on the conceptualization of anger as viewed from two disciplinary perspectives: Conceptual Metaphor Theory and emotion psychology. In the first study, twenty varieties of anger lexicalized in three languages are characterized using the Metaphorical Profile Approach, a quantitative corpus-based assessment of the meaning of emotion words in metaphorical contexts. In the second study, the same set of lexemes is analyzed using a psycholinguistic feature-rating instrument adapted to the study of near-synonyms. Our results demonstrate congruence of the two (...) methods in unveiling the internal organization of the anger family of terms in each language, and the reasons for this organization. In particular, the metaphorical and the feature-based profiles provide consistent insight about variation in bodily heat, expressiveness, regulation, action tendencies, regulation, and the temporal characteristics of anger experiences. To conclude, we discuss the mutual complementarity of the two profiling methodologies and their relevance for a wider research context. (shrink)

O recasamento tem ocorrido com bastante frequência, principalmente como decorrência do número de separações e divórcios. Nesta pesquisa, buscou-se compreender a percepção dos filhos ante as mudanças ocorridas em suas vidas devido ao recasamento, de um ou de ambos os genitores, especialmente, no que ..

Creer que la construcción de la existencia es poética y religiosa, de modo que la vida se realice plenamente. Creer que la manera portuguesa de pensar, más cerca de la concepción que del concepto, encuentra en el pensador del mundo que será una de sus expresiones más claras y profundas. La reflexión..

No dia 15 de Julho de 1570 o recém-eleito Provincial do Brasil, Inácio de Azevedo, trinta e sete companheiros e um candidato à Companhia foram martirizados às mãos dum grupo de huguenotes no mar em frente à Ilha de Palma, Canárias. No dia seguinte foi martirizado o irmão Simão Costa. Estes quarenta mártires (32 portugueses e 8 castelhanos) são normalmente designados como os Mártires do Brasil, pois dirigiam-se à missão do Brasil. Uma bula de 21 de Setembro de 1742 por (...) Bento XIV reconheceu o martírio dos quarenta religiosos, tendo Pio IX procedido à sua beatificação em 11 de Maio de 1854. Esta expedição comandada por Inácio de Azevedo foi simultaneamente a expedição missionária mais numerosa que partiu de Lisboa para as missões extra-europeias e o martírio colectivo mais numeroso de jesuítas em toda a Época Moderna. O mesmo episódio teve um importante significado hagiográfico, pois reunia simbolicamente a Europa dividida pelas lutas religiosas e as missões extra-europeias. A importância deste episódio deriva ademais do facto de estar ligado à difusão do culto da Madona di San Luca, um dos principais cultos jesuítas na Época Moderna. (shrink)

Background: Existing ethical guidelines recommend that, all else equal, past receipt of a medical resource (e.g. a scarce organ) should not be considered in current allocation decisions (e.g. a repeat transplantation).DiscussionOne stated reason for this ethical consensus is that formal theories of ethics and justice do not persuasively accept or reject repeated access to the same medical resources. Another is that restricting attention to past receipt of a particular medical resource seems arbitrary: why couldn't one just as well, it is (...) argued, consider receipt of other goods such as income or education? In consequence, simple allocation by lottery or first-come-first-served without consideration of any past receipt is thought to best afford equal opportunity, conditional on equal medical need. There are three issues with this view that need to be addressed. First, public views and patient preferences are less ambiguous than formal theories of ethics. Empirical work shows strong preferences for fairness in health care that have not been taken into account: repeated accessto resources has been perceived as unfair. Second, while difficult to consider receipt of many other prior resources including non-medical resources, this should not be used a motive for ignoring the receipt of any and all goods including the focal resource in question. Third, when all claimants to a scarce resource are equally deserving, then use of random allocation seems warranted. However, the converse is not true: mere use of a randomizer does not by itself make the merits of all claimants equal.SummaryMy conclusion is that not ignoring prior receipt of the same medical resource, and prioritizing those who have not previously had access to the medical resource in question, may be perceived as fairer and more equitable by society. (shrink)