Results for 'Biological warfare'

976 found
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  1.  35
    In the Shadow of Biological Warfare: Conspiracy Theories on the Origins of COVID-19 and Enhancing Global Governance of Biosafety as a Matter of Urgency.Jing-Bao Nie - 2020 - Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 17 (4):567-574.
    Two theories on the origins of COVID-19 have been widely circulating in China and the West respectively, one blaming the United States and the other a highest-level biocontainment laboratory in Wuhan, the initial epicentre of the pandemic. Both theories make claims of biological warfare attempts. According to the available scientific evidence, these claims are groundless. However, like the episodes of biological warfare during the mid-twentieth century, the spread of these present-day conspiracy theories reflects a series of (...)
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  2.  15
    Biological Warfare and Scientific Responsibility.David B. Resnik - 1999 - Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 19 (2):113-116.
    As we approach the 21st century, the threat of nuclear Armageddon has lessened somewhat, but a new threat has emerged: biological warfare. The splitting of the atom eventually led to the detonation of atomic bombs, and the discovery of DNA may soon lead to the use of genetic weapons. This article argues that the scientific community has a responsibility to help protect the world against the threat of biological weapons.
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  3.  45
    Biological Warfare.Charles G. Wilber - 1949 - Thought: Fordham University Quarterly 24 (2):244-254.
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  4.  26
    Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare 1932-45 and the American Cover-Up. Sheldon H. Harris.Susan Lederer - 1995 - Isis 86 (4):687-687.
  5.  24
    The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea. Stephen Endicott, Edward Hagerman.John Perkins - 2001 - Isis 92 (2):425-426.
  6.  48
    Chemical and Biological Warfare: Some Ethical Dilemmas.Douglas Holdstock - 2006 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 15 (4):356-365.
    When Hippocrates wrote these words, some time after 430 BC, he and his colleagues could do little for either good or harm to sufferers from infectious disease. Indeed, they themselves were at particular risk. Thucydides, describing the so-called plague of Athens of 430 BC in his History of the Peloponnesian War, writes that “mortality among the doctors was the highest of all, since they came more frequently in contact with the sick.”.
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  7.  76
    Is all fair in biological warfare? The controversy over genetically engineered biological weapons.J. M. Appel - 2009 - Journal of Medical Ethics 35 (7):429-432.
    Advances in genetics may soon make possible the development of ethnic bioweapons that target specific ethnic or racial groups based upon genetic markers. While occasional published reports of such research generate public outrage, little has been written about the ethical distinction (if any) between the development of such weapons and ethnically neutral bioweapons. The purpose of this paper is to launch a debate on the subject of ethnic bioweapons before they become a scientific reality.
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  8.  15
    Trichothecenes and yellow rain: Possible biological warfare agents.W. V. Dashek, J. E. Mayfield, G. C. Llewellyn, C. E. O'Rear & A. Bata - 1986 - Bioessays 4 (1):27-30.
    Abstract‘Yellow Rain’, an alleged biological warfare agent thought to be utilized in parts of both South East Asia and Afghanistan, may be composed in part of the mycotoxins, trichothecenes. However, more recent analyses suggest that the ‘Rain’ was mainly honey bee excreta. The history of the controversy together with the biological effects, chemistry as well as the fungi producing these mycotoxins and agricultural commodities affected by trichothecenes are reviewed.
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  9.  15
    Haber's choice, Hobson's choice, and biological warfare.Newtol Press - 1985 - Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 29 (1):92.
  10.  18
    The Role of Professionals in the South African Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme.Chandré Gould & Peter Folb - 2002 - Minerva 40 (1):77-91.
    This paper provides a short accountof the South African Defence Force's chemical and biologicalwarfare programme during apartheid, specifically during the period 1980 to 1994. It examines the circumstances ofrecruitment of the scientists and physiciansand their retention in the programme; detailsthe `scientific efforts' of the programme andits aberrations; and explores ethical issues inrelation to the involvement of scientists inthe programme.
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  11. The American Cover-up of Japanese Human Biological Warfare Experiments, 1945-1948.Sh Harris - 2000 - Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 207:253-270.
     
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  12.  15
    Book Review: Britain and Biological Warfare: Expert Advice and Science Policy, 1930-65, by Brian Balmer. London: Palgrave Press, 2001. [REVIEW]Roy MacLeod - 2003 - Science, Technology, and Human Values 28 (1):171-176.
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  13.  61
    Killing `Without the Distressing Preliminaries': Scientists' Defence of the British Biological Warfare Programme. [REVIEW]Brian Balmer - 2002 - Minerva 40 (1):57-75.
    This article presents historical cases in which Britishscientists, principally scientific advisors, have attempted to defendresearch on biological weapons. Although the historical record is scant,there is a degree of continuity in their justifications, and a number ofthemes can be identified. It was argued, that biological weaponsresearch is morally justified because it produces humane weapons; thatit is no different from medical or other research; and that it is beingperformed for defensive purposes. It is argued that this defence isdirected primarily towards (...)
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  14.  32
    Brian Balmer. Britain and Biological Warfare: Expert Advice and Science Policy, 1930–65. 246 pp., notes, bibl., index. New York: Palgrave, 2001. $75. [REVIEW]Malcolm Dando - 2003 - Isis 94 (4):763-763.
  15.  12
    (1 other version)Biology and war: a pragmatic perspective.Anna Estany Profitós - 2019 - Humanities Journal of Valparaiso 14:91-116.
    An approach to the philosophy of biology in the 21st century requires going beyond its epistemological side, betting on pragmatic aspects, in the sense of the social impact of the instrumentalization of biological developments. These advances have both beneficial and harmful consequences for humanity. Among the latter, it is its use for military conflicts, as a result of advances in biotechnology. The objective of this work is to address the role of biological knowledge in wars, analyzing some especially (...)
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  16.  77
    Cold War at Porton Down: Informed Consent in Britain's Biological and Chemical Warfare Experiments.Ulf Schmidt - 2006 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 15 (4):366-380.
    By the end of the Second World War the advancing allied forces discovered a new nerve gas in Germany. It was called Tabun. Codenamed GA, it was found to be extremely toxic. British experts were immediately dispatched to examine the agent. On arrival, they discovered that German scientists had also developed even more toxic nerve agents, including Sarin, known as GB. The first organized testing of Sarin on humans began in October 1951 at Porton Down in Wiltshire, Britain's biochemical (...) establishment since the First World War. In February 1953, volunteer number 562 experienced the first recorded serious adverse reaction. Testing continued. Two months later, on April 27, six subjects were given 300 milligrams of Sarin. One of the volunteers, a man named Kelly, suffered serious ill effects, fell into a coma, but then recovered. Although asked by their superiors to reduce the amount tested to the “lowest range of dosage”—which would have been somewhere in the region of 10–15 milligrams—Porton's scientists continued their tests with a “lower” dosage, reducing it from 300 to 200 milligrams. (shrink)
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  17.  44
    W.M.D.? A. Mayor: Greek Fire, Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs. Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World . Pp. 319, maps, ills. Woodstock, NY, New York, and London: Overlook Duckworth, 2003. Cased, US$27.95, Can$42, £20. ISBN: 1-58567-348-X (US), 0-7156-3257-4 (UK). [REVIEW]Richard Stoneman - 2005 - The Classical Review 55 (01):192-.
  18.  29
    Prosocial Emotion, Adolescence, and Warfare.Bilinda Straight, Belinda L. Needham, Georgiana Onicescu, Puntipa Wanitjirattikal, Todd Barkman, Cecilia Root, Jen Farman, Amy Naugle, Claudia Lalancette, Charles Olungah & Stephen Lekalgitele - 2019 - Human Nature 30 (2):192-216.
    Examining the costs and motivations of warfare is key to conundrums concerning the relevance of this troubling phenomenon to the evolution of social attachment and cooperation, particularly during adolescence and young adulthood—the developmental time period during which many participants are first recruited for warfare. The study focuses on Samburu, a pastoralist society of approximately 200,000 people occupying northern Kenya’s semi-arid and arid lands, asking what role the emotionally sensitized, peer-driven adolescent life stage may have played in the cultural (...)
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  19.  54
    Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece By Victor Davis Hanson.Mark W. Fisher - 2001 - Agriculture and Human Values 18 (3):339-340.
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  20.  71
    Adrienne Mayor. Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. 319 pp., illus., bibl., index. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Duckworth, 2003. $27.95. [REVIEW]Brian Balmer - 2005 - Isis 96 (2):266-266.
  21. Synthetic biology and the ethics of knowledge.T. Douglas & J. Savulescu - 2010 - Journal of Medical Ethics 36 (11):687-693.
    Synthetic biologists aim to generate biological organisms according to rational design principles. Their work may have many beneficial applications, but it also raises potentially serious ethical concerns. In this article, we consider what attention the discipline demands from bioethicists. We argue that the most important issue for ethicists to examine is the risk that knowledge from synthetic biology will be misused, for example, in biological terrorism or warfare. To adequately address this concern, bioethics will need to broaden (...)
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  22.  33
    Brian Balmer. Secrecy and Science: A Historical Sociology of Biological and Chemical Warfare. xiii + 168 pp., bibl., index. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, 2012. $99.95. [REVIEW]Alex Wellerstein - 2013 - Isis 104 (4):863-864.
  23.  22
    For the Good of the Globe: Moral Reasons for States to Mitigate Global Catastrophic Biological Risks.Tess F. Johnson - 2024 - Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 21 (3):559-570.
    Actions to prepare for and prevent pandemics are a common topic for bioethical analysis. However, little attention has been paid to global catastrophic biological risks more broadly, including pandemics with artificial origins, the creation of agents for biological warfare, and harmful outcomes of human genome editing. What’s more, international policy discussions often focus on economic arguments for state action, ignoring a key potential set of reasons for states to mitigate global catastrophic biological risks: moral reasons. In (...)
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  24.  53
    Science and Science Policy: Regulating “Select Agents” in the Age of Synthetic Biology.Pierre-Olivier Méthot - 2015 - Perspectives on Science 23 (3):280-309.
    Just like atomic physics seventy years ago, when it was realized that chain reaction could lead to medical applications as well as to the creation of atomic weapons, the life sciences have entered a grey zone. “Advances in biotechnology […]” a 2003 CIA document stated, “have the potential to create a much more dangerous biological warfare threat […] Engineered biological agents could be much worse than any disease known to man”. As sociologists of science have noted, contemporary (...)
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  25.  58
    Chemical and Biological Weapons in the 'New Wars'.Kai Ilchmann & James Revill - 2014 - Science and Engineering Ethics 20 (3):753-767.
    The strategic use of disease and poison in warfare has been subject to a longstanding and cross-cultural taboo that condemns the hostile exploitation of poisons and disease as the act of a pariah. In short, biological and chemical weapons are simply not fair game. The normative opprobrium is, however, not fixed, but context dependent and, as a social phenomenon, remains subject to erosion by social (or more specifically, antisocial) actors. The cross cultural understanding that fighting with poisons and (...)
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  26.  91
    Evolutionary theory and group selection: The question of warfare.Doyne Dawson - 1999 - History and Theory 38 (4):79–100.
    Evolutionary anthropology has focused on the origins of war, or rather ethnocentricity, because it epitomizes the problem of group selection, and because war may itself have been the main agent of group selection. The neo-Darwinian synthesis in biology has explained how ethnocentricity might evolve by group selection, and the distinction between evoked culture and adopted culture, suggested by the emerging synthesis in evolutionary psychology, has explained how it might be transmitted. Ethnocentric mechanisms could have evolved by genetic selection in ancestral (...)
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  27.  27
    Weaponized NonCombatants: A Moral Conundrum of Future Asymmetrical Warfare.Phillip W. Gray - 2014 - Journal of Military Ethics 13 (3):240-256.
    Do noncombatants in warfare receive immunity because of their subjective or objective characteristics? Can a noncombatant be ‘weaponized’, and if so, how does this weaponization change the noncombatant's moral status as protected from direct attack? The purpose of this article is to analyze the moral issues that arise when noncombatants are made into weapons, specifically as delivery systems for biological weaponry. Examining such a tactic, I go on to explore how the problems that arise from ‘weaponized’ noncombatants illustrate (...)
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  28.  62
    The AI Commander Problem: Ethical, Political, and Psychological Dilemmas of Human-Machine Interactions in AI-enabled Warfare.James Johnson - 2022 - Journal of Military Ethics 21 (3):246-271.
    Can AI solve the ethical, moral, and political dilemmas of warfare? How is artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled warfare changing the way we think about the ethical-political dilemmas and practice of war? This article explores the key elements of the ethical, moral, and political dilemmas of human-machine interactions in modern digitized warfare. It provides a counterpoint to the argument that AI “rational” efficiency can simultaneously offer a viable solution to human psychological and biological fallibility in combat while retaining (...)
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  29.  26
    The Proximate Causes of Waorani Warfare.Rocio Alarcon, James Yost, Pamela Erickson & Stephen Beckerman - 2019 - Human Nature 30 (3):247-271.
    In response to recent work on the nature of human aggression, and to shed light on the proximate, as opposed to ultimate, causes of tribal warfare, we present a record of events leading to a fatal Waorani raid on a family from another tribe, followed by a detailed first-person observation of the behavior of the raiders as they prepared themselves for war, and upon their return. We contrast this attack with other Waorani aggressions and speculate on evidence regarding their (...)
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  30.  8
    Smith, Homer, urine, and modern warfare.Joan D. Levin - 1989 - Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 32 (4):602-604.
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  31.  15
    Sighing with relief: M. Girard Dorsey: Holding their breath: how the allies confronted the threat of chemical warfare in World War II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2023, 306 pp, $49.95 HB. [REVIEW]Thomas W. Zeiler - 2023 - Metascience 32 (3):417-419.
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  32. The Origins of War: Biological and Anthropological Theories.Doyne Dawson - 1996 - History and Theory 35 (1):1-28.
    This article surveys the history since the Enlightenment of the controversy over the origins and functions of warfare, focusing on the question of whether war is caused by nature or nurture. In the earlier literature five positions are distinguished. The Hobbesian thesis: war is part of human nature and serves both the internal function of solidarity and the external function of maintaining the balance of power. The Rousseauean thesis: war is not in human nature but was invented by states (...)
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  33.  89
    Territories, corridors, and networks: A biological model for the premodern state: Research Articles.Monica L. Smith - 2007 - Complexity 12 (4):28-35.
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  34.  74
    Unit 731 and moral repair.Doug Hickey, Scarllet SiJia Li, Celia Morrison, Richard Schulz, Michelle Thiry & Kelly Sorensen - 2017 - Journal of Medical Ethics 43 (4):270-276.
    Unit 731, a biological warfare research organisation that operated under the authority of the Imperial Japanese Army in the 1930s and 1940s, conducted brutal experiments on thousands of unconsenting subjects. Because of the US interest in the data from these experiments, the perpetrators were not prosecuted and the atrocities are still relatively undiscussed. What counts as meaningful moral repair in this case—what should perpetrators and collaborator communities do decades later? We argue for three non-ideal but realistic forms of (...)
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  35. Jintai Jikken and Unit 731.Laurel Bosshart & Carl Mitcham - 1999
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  36.  28
    Biowarfare as a biopolitical icon.Emilio Mordini - 2005 - Poiesis and Praxis 3 (4):242-255.
    Nuclear warfare threat has been one of the main driver for cultural, political, economical and social changes in the late twentieth century, biological warfare threat is about to take it over. However, while nuclear warfare was a concrete possibility, biological warfare is just an elusive risk. This paper will explore some reasons for this apparent inconsistency by discussing biowarfare from a symbolic point of view, looking for its inner meanings and philosophical implications.
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  37.  38
    U.S. Responses To Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation After World War Ii: National Security and Wartime Exigency.Howard Brody, Sarah E. Leonard, Jing-bao Nie & Paul Weindling - 2014 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 23 (2):220-230.
    In 1945–46, representatives of the U.S. government made similar discoveries in both Germany and Japan, unearthing evidence of unethical experiments on human beings that could be viewed as war crimes. The outcomes in the two defeated nations, however, were strikingly different. In Germany, the United States, influenced by the Canadian physician John Thompson, played a key role in bringing Nazi physicians to trial and publicizing their misdeeds. In Japan, the United States played an equally key role in concealing information about (...)
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  38. Justice in medicine and public health.Rosamond Rhodes - 2005 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 14 (1):13-26.
    a This paper is a revised and shortened version of my chapter, “Justice in Allocations for Terrorism, Biological Warfare, and Public Health” in Public Health Ethics, edited by Michael Boylan, Kluwer; 2004. Portions of this material were presented at the International Bioethics Retreat, Pavia, Italy, June 2003, and at the meetings of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, Philadelphia, September 2003.
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  39.  97
    The United States Cover-up of Japanese Wartime Medical Atrocities: Complicity Committed in the National Interest and Two Proposals for Contemporary Action.Jing-Bao Nie - 2006 - American Journal of Bioethics 6 (3):W21-W33.
    To monopolize the scientific data gained by Japanese physicians and researchers from vivisections and other barbarous experiments performed on living humans in biological warfare programs such as Unit 731, immediately after the war the United States government secretly granted those involved immunity from war crimes prosecution, withdrew vital information from the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, and publicly denounced otherwise irrefutable evidence from other sources such as the Russian Khabarovsk trial. Acting in “the national interest” and (...)
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  40.  7
    The encyclopedia of biblical ethics.Roland Kenneth Harrison (ed.) - 1992 - New York: Testament Books.
    A comprehensive reference work for everyone concerned with the complicated moral issues of this world, this unique volume clearly communicates what Scripture teaches about the ethical dilemmas facing our society. Biological warfare, corporate responsibility, human rights, computer ethics, and much more are discussed by over fifty scholars who explain the moral guidelines in the Bible and historic Christian teachings. R.K. Harrison, author and editor of over thirty books on biblical studies, has brought together a valuable A to B (...)
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  41.  24
    The Japanese Analogue. [REVIEW]Sheldon H. Harris - 2012 - Hastings Center Report 26 (5):37-38.
    Book reviewed in this article: Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare 1932–1945 and the American Cover‐Up. By Sheldon H. Harris.
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  42. Seeking harmony, following the footsteps of Gandhi.Sajad Ahmad Sheikh - 2023 - International Journal of Novel Research and Developement 8 (1):c344-c347.
    Abstract: Modernization has brought about many changes in the socio-cultural arena of life, worldwide. With the advent of science and technology, life has become so much easy, in every nook and corner of the world. The leaders of some of the great economies and corporates have devised policies, so many in number, that could make life so much sophisticated, but complex. The last century has given the world many things to cheer about, but at the same time, it has made (...)
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  43.  18
    Edmund Russell. War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War I to “Silent Spring.” xx + 315 pp., illus., index. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. $49.95 ; $19.95. [REVIEW]Michele Gerber - 2002 - Isis 93 (2):340-341.
    War and Nature is an important, cogent, and timely book about the double‐edged nature of technology. Edmund Russell, through meticulous research, establishes a key nexus between the increased use of chemicals in war and peace during several key decades of the twentieth century and the generalized backlash against technology and its unintended consequences that occurred beginning in the mid‐1960s. He clearly places pesticides, rodenticides, herbicides, and chemical warfare agents alongside atomic energy, electronics, massive water harnessing and diversion projects, and (...)
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  44.  32
    The Japanese Analogue. [REVIEW]Michael A. Grodin - 1996 - Hastings Center Report 26 (5):37.
    Book reviewed in this article: Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare 1932–1945 and the American Cover‐Up. By Sheldon H. Harris.
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  45. Artificial intelligence as a tool for data, economic and political hegemony: releasing the djinn.D. Dakakni - 2025 - Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics 25:1-10.
    Artificial intelligence, while presenting itself as a novelty in the fields of education, science and the business industry, is likely being used as a hegemonic tool for economic and political control. Concerns about privacy ethics, class division and the specter of AI-incited biowarfare controlled by supremacist-minded entities that benefit from the datafication of individuals for economic profit and the attainment of politicized control-seeking objectives are the axial arguments of this position paper. As a result, this review makes a case that (...)
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  46. An Educational Imperative: The Role of Ethical Codes and Normative Prohibitions in CBW-applicable Research. [REVIEW]Jacqueline Simon & Melissa Hersh - 2002 - Minerva 40 (1):37-55.
    This paper examines the role of ethics in research with potentialapplicability to chemical and biological warfare. It focuses uponbiological warfare research, and examines the ethical dilemmas faced bythose working with dual-use potential technologies. It discusses thenormative, legal and ethical prohibitions against participation inchemical and biological warfare programmes from a Western perspective.It examines the motivations of individuals participating in CBW researchand concludes with recommendations for increasing awareness aboutethical and normative prohibitions. An appendix lists the results of (...)
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  47.  28
    Futurepublic.Tiziana Terranova - 2007 - Theory, Culture and Society 24 (3):125-145.
    This article advances some considerations on the current production of hegemonic effects, starting with some problems posed by the work of one of the most influential writers in cultural studies – the American Palestinian critic Edward Said. Said's commentary on the coverage of Islam in the US media in the late 1970s allows for some challenging considerations on how hegemonic strategies directed at the formation of publics and public opinion are increasingly integrated within a global noopolitics of communication whose understanding (...)
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  48.  88
    The natural selection of altruistic traits.Christopher Boehm - 1999 - Human Nature 10 (3):205-252.
    Proponents of the standard evolutionary biology paradigm explain human “altruism” in terms of either nepotism or strict reciprocity. On that basis our underlying nature is reduced to a function of inclusive fitness: human nature has to be totally selfish or nepotistic. Proposed here are three possible paths to giving costly aid to nonrelatives, paths that are controversial because they involve assumed pleiotropic effects or group selection. One path is pleiotropic subsidies that help to extend nepotistic helping behavior from close family (...)
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  49.  21
    Bioscience ethics.Irina Pollard - 2009 - New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Bioscience ethics facilitates free and accurate information transfer from applied science to applied bioethics. Its major elements are: increased understanding of biological systems, responsible use of technology, and attuning ethnocentric debates to new scientific insights. Pioneered by Irina Pollard in 1994, bioscience ethics has become an internationally recognized discipline, interfacing science and bioethics within professional perspectives such as medical, legal, bio-engineering, and economics. Written for students and professionals alike, the fundamental feature of this book is its breadth, important because (...)
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  50.  23
    “The Only Feasible Means”: The Pentagon's Ambivalent Relationship with the Nuremberg Code.Jonathan D. Moreno - 1996 - Hastings Center Report 26 (5):11-19.
    Convinced that armed conflict with the Soviet Union was all but inevitable, that such conflict would involve unconventional atomic, biological, and chemical warfare, and that research with human subjects was essential to respond to the threat, in the early 1950s the U.S. Department of Defense promulgated a policy governing human experimentation based on the Nuremberg Code. Yet the policymaking process focused on the abstract issue of whether human experiments should go forward at all, ignoring the reality of humans (...)
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