Dans le système spinoziste la raison connaissance par notions communes occupe une fonction intermédiaire. Elle marque bien le seuil de la connaissance adéquate et se distingue ainsi de l'imagination. Mais elle ne donne pas accès à la connaissance des choses singulières que l'imagination appréhende dans une donation originaire et confuse. Seule la science intuitive accède à cette connaissance qui est génétique et infiniment ouverte.

El objetivo de este pequeño trabajo es ayudar a comprender la necesidad de la composición real en el ser participado. Lo hacemos sirviéndonos de una parte de la magnífica obra del p. Fabro, La noción metafísica de participación. En la primera parte de nuestro trabajo nos serviremos de algunos de los textos de Santo Tomás que reportaba el p. Fabro, los que más nos ayuden a comprender la demostración. En la segunda, y al mismo efecto, estudiaremos el silogismo del p. (...) Fabro, con el cual dicho autor trataba de condensar la demostración de la composición real en todo ser participado. (shrink)

I argue that there can be value relations without individual values to support them. The fact that an item is better than another item does not have to be explained by reference to the values of the individual items. Instead, value relations can be grounded directly and exhaustively in descriptive facts about their relata. I show that my suggestion fits well with plausible perspectives on the nature of values and reasons, respectively. One of them is the fitting‐attitudes view, according to (...) which facts about value and value relations are facts about reasons for attitudes. The other is the descriptive view, according to which facts about reasons for attitudes can be grounded directly and exhaustively in descriptive considerations. (shrink)

A better understanding of the relative age effect (RAE) in youth will increase the awareness of the need for reducing the bias of (de)selection. Thus, we investigated the RAE in youth female and male soccer and futsal players in Portugal, using nationwide data. Birthdates of 5,306 female and 126,285 male soccer players, and 2,437 female and 23,988 male futsal players (U7–U19), registered in Portugal during the season 2019–2020, and Portuguese National teams (from U15 to AA soccer teams and from U17 (...) to AA futsal teams) were analyzed. Data were categorized into age groups and certification levels [no certification, basic football training center, football school, and training institution] of the respective clubs/academies. Birthdates were stratified from the start of the selection year using quartiles (Q) and semesters (S). Differences between the observed and expected birthdate distributions were analyzed using chi-square statistics, and RAEs were calculated using odds ratios (OR). In both soccer and futsal, female players, in the age category U9, RAEs were found (Q1 vs. Q4, OR: 1.49 and 1.84, respectively). In male soccer, differences in the birthdate distribution were observed in all age categories (U7–U19) with significant OR between all comparisons (Q and S). In contrast, an over-representation of young male futsal players (Q1 vs. Q4) was observed only in the age categories U7 and U9 (OR: 1.54 and 1.34, respectively). The stratification by certification level showed a significant RAE for all certification levels in male soccer players. In contrast, in male futsal players, the RAE was significant only in clubs and academies with the highest level. For National teams, the RAE was more pronounced in male soccer, particularly in the U16 and U17 (OR: 9.84 and 12.36, respectively). Data showed a RAE in female and male youth soccer and futsal, particularly in male, younger age categories, and in clubs and academies having a higher certification level, which could be accompanied by a loss of valuable elite players during the youth phase of their careers. Thus, adjustments in the systems and structure of talent identification are recommended to prevent RAE-related discrimination in youth soccer and futsal. (shrink)

A 20 años de la publicación de la encíclica Fides et ratio se ensaya una presentación general sobre el modo en que el catolicismo articula la fe y la razón. El artículo procura ofrecer una mirada realista que asuma los desafíos del racionalismo y el fideísmo presentes en la cultura contemporánea. Para ello se citan autores varios cuyas opiniones pueden, directa o indirectamente, ser integradas a la propuesta católica. Como telón de fondo corren los grandes misterios de la creación, (...) el pecado y la redención en Cristo, Sabiduría de Dios. (shrink)

Trata-se de apontar, a partir das considerações sobre o estado de natureza e sociabilidade em De jure naturae et gentium de Pufendorf, os elementos que reforçam o papel da recta ratio na preservação do gênero humano. De fato, pela atenção contínua a seus ditames, pode o jurisconsulto refutar a hipótese hobbesiana do estado de guerra e postular a natureza sociável do Homem.

Baseando-se na premissa de que a pessoa com deficiência se torna vítima das várias violências institucionais, sobretudo as de cunho jurídico e social, quando introduzida no sistema carcerário, o objetivo deste trabalho é assentar uma reflexão acerca da introdução dos deficientes na prisão, especialmente em relação à provisão da acessibilidade, sob a perspectiva das normas do direito nacional. A partir do objetivo traçado, o estudo é demarcado pela pesquisa de cunho bibliográfico, destacando opiniões doutrinárias e dados estatísticos brasileiros em relação (...) ao número de encarcerados nessas condições. Dentre os resultados e conclusões atingidas, cumpre dizer que o Brasil ainda possui atitudes jurídico-administrativas embrionárias em relação à provisão de acessibilidade ao deficiente no ambiente carcerário, incompatível com a dignidade dessas pessoas. (shrink)

Smell perception plays an important role in eating behavior and might be involved in body weight gain. Since a body of literature implies that olfactory perception and function is hampered in obesity, we here investigate neuroanatomical correlates of this phenomenon. We assessed olfactory bulb volume with magnetic resonance imaging in 67 healthy participants with a body mass index from 18.9 to 45.4 kg/m2. Moreover, we obtained psychophysiological data on olfactory ability and self-report measurements on eating behavior. Additionally, we collected parameters (...) associated with metabolic health in obesity to investigate recently proposed mechanistic explanatory models of why olfaction may be altered in obesity. We showed that OB volume was significantly lower in participants with obesity when compared to those of normal weight. Moreover, we found weak to moderate negative correlations between OB volume and BMI and related measures of metabolic health, especially leptin, body fat percentage, waist-height ratio and insulin resistance. However, neither OB volume nor BMI were related to olfactory function in our young and healthy sample. Nevertheless, our results provide first indications that obesity is associated with brain anatomical changes in the OBs. (shrink)

Nuestra época, y seguramente la de las generaciones venideras, desarrolla su vida dentro de los lineamientos trazados por la Carta Política, esto resulta un axioma. Pero no siempre fue así, mucho camino se ha tenido que labrar para llegar a consolidar la realidad que atravesamos. Nuestra actual concepción de la Constitución es producto de muchos años de práctica socio – política y de actividad teórica, y este ensayo pretende, de una manera genérica, por supuesto, mostrar cómo se ha formado este (...) concepto de Constitución en la cultura jurídica moderna, siendo consecuentes con los elementos teóricos del Estado Social de Derecho. (shrink)

La llegada del Tratado de Libre Comercio a Colombia sella la unión entre el Estado y el modelo económico neoliberal, en el que irónicamente se propone la reducción del mismo a la mínima expresión. Como consecuencia de este postulado se avecina una supresión de lo público quedando en manos de los particulares el manejo de las necesidades de los ciudadanos como meros aspectos de mercado. ¿Qué se globaliza? y ¿qué no se globaliza? Son los interrogantes que academia y sociedad debemos (...) responder antes de determinar si conviene o no a nuestros intereses, hacer parte de este modelo civilizatorio dominante. (shrink)

This essay argues that legal efficacy understood as existent binding force and as dominance of a system of coercion vis-à-vis competing systems is not strictly a matter of fact, but involves what can be termed justified normativity in a factual context. The argument is divided into four sections. The first three sections describe different dimensions of a normative concept of legal efficacy applied to legal systems: efficacy as persuasiveness, as indirect communication, and as constitutive obedience. The final section focuses on (...) the efficacy of individual norms and adds a new criterion – membership – which establishes a multi-layered test of efficacy. (shrink)

Most experimental studies of facial expression processing have used static stimuli (photographs), yet facial expressions in daily life are generally dynamic. In its original photographic format, the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) has been frequently utilized. In the current study, we validate a dynamic version of this database, the KDEF-dyn. To this end, we applied animation between neutral and emotional expressions (happy, sad, angry, fearful, disgusted, and surprised; 1,033-ms unfolding) to 40 KDEF models, with morphing software. Ninety-six human observers categorized (...) the expressions of the resulting 240 video-clip stimuli, and automated face analysis assessed the evidence for 6 expressions and 20 facial action units (AUs) at 31 intensities. Low-level image properties (luminance, signal-to-noise ratio, etc.) and other purely perceptual factors (e.g., size, unfolding speed) were controlled. Human recognition performance (accuracy, efficiency, and confusions) patterns were consistent with prior research using static and other dynamic expressions. Automated assessment of expressions and AUs was sensitive to intensity manipulations. Significant correlations emerged between human observers’ categorization and automated classification. The KDEF-dyn database aims to provide a balance between experimental control and ecological validity for research on emotional facial expression processing. The stimuli and the validation data are available to the scientific community. (shrink)

La Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios, en su misión de aportar a la transformación de las realidades sociales, plantea en su enfoque educativo la estrategia que procura articular la teoría con la práctica —praxeología—. Por ello, la investigación formativa es un planteamiento que viabiliza que tanto estudiantes y docentes vivan y sientan realmente el conocimiento y que, a su vez, articulen e incidan en las comunidades. A este respecto, presentaremos una experiencia que da cuenta del enfoque praxeológico. La intención de (...) Uniminuto es, entonces, que el conocimiento transforme y genere reflexiones y acciones de cara a las necesidades de los contextos. La universidad de hoy no puede ni debe sustraerse a una mirada sobre el territorio, sus problemáticas y potencialidades, por tanto, estudiantes y docentes deben constituirse en conectores de espacios académicos con la realidad social. (shrink)

Moral reasoning typically informs environmental decision-making by measuring the possible outcomes of policies or actions in light of a preferred ethical theory. This method is subject to many problems. Environmental pragmatism tries to overcome them, but it suffers also from some pitfalls. This paper proposes a new method of environmental pragmatism that avoids the problems of both the traditional method of environmental moral reasoning and of the general versions of environmental pragmatism. We call it ‘justificatory moral pluralism’ – it develops (...) the intuition that normative ethical theories need not be mutually exclusive. This leaves room for important forms of pluralist environmental ethics that do not require a once-and-for-all prior commitment to an ethical theory when deciding about policies or courses of action related to the protection of the environment. Justificatory moral pluralism offers a viable solution to the recurrent conflicts between efficient environmental decisions and the need for moral reasoning. (shrink)

If we return to the experiences of our youth, we perceive what had the power to awaken our curiosity and ambitions*. The non-conformism of the Surrealists was fostered by Romantic sources and every conceivable symbolism; even if in a roundabout manner, it was through them that the names of Klee and Kandinsky were first heard. The world of the marvellous, the only one decreed worthy of attention, opened out onto painting. The moderns of the group: Dali, Tanguy, Masson, received first (...) prize for poetic adventure, but they harked back to certain selected precursors—rightly or wrongly—for the same gifts that they had themselves: Uccello, Bosch, Dürer, Blake, and Gustave Moreau. And indeed, by retaining only the unexpected, the fantastic, and (often indulgently) the scandalous, a taste was maintained for emotional shock and association, as exemplified by the sustained style of André Breton, and the more supple prose of Aragon. (shrink)

If Shakespeare made the human, according to Harold Bloom, Jonathan Bate will explain what first made Shakespeare, the Classics. That a Classical education was decisive for a writer during the renai...

Los relatos bíblicos no pretenden tanto transmitir un mensaje cuanto reflejar la vida humana para expresar de qué forma Dios se halla en el corazón de la existencia. Por esa razón son susceptibles de educar a un cierto modo de vivir, como lo muestran las invitaciones repetidas a contar a los hijos las historias del pasado. Pero no lo hacen tocando primero la inteligencia, sino activando las emociones y la afectividad para estimular al lector juzgar, reflexionar, actuar. Es lo que (...) ilustran dos relatos de la Biblia: el relato que Natán le hace a David para empujarle a juzgarse y el relato del “buen Samaritano” que Jesús cuenta a un jurista para señalarle un camino de vida. Partiendo de estas historias, el presente trabajo reflexiona las condiciones para un buen uso de los relatos bíblicos hoy en una situación educativa. (shrink)

Loin de pouvoir être réduit à son acception contemporaine, notamment heideggérienne, le concept de finitude est un concept traditionnel. Tel est le constat qui anime cette recherche dont l'objectif est de mettre au jour certaines de ses figures dans l'histoire de la pensée. Il s'agit, en évitant toute interprétation préconçue, d'étudier, sans prétendre à l'exhaustivité, comment ce concept, d'abord présent de façon explicite dans la pensée chrétienne des premiers siècles, se renouvelle ensuite tout au long de l'histoire de la pensée. (...) Le concept de finitude apparaît inauguralement chez Grégoire de Nysse, le théologien fondamental de l'infinité divine, pour qui " le fini " - to peratoumenon - est marqué par l'imperfection radicale de ne pas être Dieu. L'essence du fini est alors pensée grâce à la liaison platonicienne entre être et non-être. Appartenant au domaine général du fini, l'homme est en effet séparé de l'être véritable, mais il possède aussi un être propre : cette double caractéristique est une constante de l'approche chrétienne du fini, que Thomas d'Aquin exprime dans le concept d'ens finitum " participant " de l'être sans restriction dans sa restriction même. Refusant la discontinuité médiévale entre l'étant fini et son créateur, encore à leurs yeux présente chez Descartes, Leibniz et Spinoza renouvellent le concept de fini par leur ambition commune d'une rationalité infinie du fini, le premier au travers de la notion de " substance finie " dérivée de l'infini, le second par celle de " mode fini ", affection de la substance infinie. C'est contre de telles approches de la finitude que la philosophie critique réagit : " l'être raisonnable fini " de Kant est un sujet originaire et ne peut donc trouver aucun appui dans une rationalité infinie. L'idéalisme allemand entreprend de dépasser cette finitude kantienne à partir de Kant lui-même, en repensant la subjectivité transcendantale. La question du statut à accorder à la finitude - Endlichkeit - est au cœur des controverses qui l'animent. Heidegger reprendra d'abord, non sans hésitation, ce concept d'Endlichkeit, ancré dans la tradition occidentale, en parlant d'une " finitude du Dasein ", puis d'une " finitude de l'Être ", mais le poids historique d'un tel concept lui apparaîtra rapidement incompatible avec la nouveauté de sa pensée. Il ressort de cette étude que la question de la finitude consiste moins à se demander si l'homme est ou non un être fini que de déterminer de quelle finitude il est fini. Cette détermination est historiquement et philosophiquement décisive car elle concerne l'essence de l'homme, qui peut et doit " se connaître lui-même ". (shrink)

L'œuvre de Descartes, et notamment les Regulae, a été interprétée dans son rapport avec la philosophie ancienne ou médiévale. Un vaste domaine de recherche est aujourd'hui ouvert qui lie les Regulae à leur environnement immédiat. Plus de 20 000 ouvrages portant le titre dialectica voient le jour de 1520 à 1630 qui traitent de l'invention, de l'intuition, de la déduction, de la méthode, de l'ordre, de la série et de l'application de ces concepts dialectiques aux autres savoirs, notamment mathématiques. Ces (...) logiques d'inspiration variée se heurtent entre courants dont la typologie est repérable. Les Regulae se réfèrent à l'un d'entre eux par leur plan d'ensemble, par leurs disposition de détail, par leurs concepts et par leur philosophie. Cette appartenance ramiste est commandée par la Dialectique de La Ramée de 1555. Cet article analyse le concept de dialectique dressé contre l'Organon, son fondement dans l'intuition des natures simples, son développement en mathesis universalis au travers des cent années de travaux qui précèdent l'élaboration cartésienne des Regulae. Or ces dispositions ne cesseront pas d'avoir cours dans l'œuvre cartésienne. Descartes's work, and particularly Regulae, has already been interpreted in its relations with antic et medieval philosophy. It should be also interesting to study Regulae in the renaissant field of « dialectics » — more than 20 000 books with this little, between 1520 and 1630, about invention, deduction, method, order… and applications to other sciences, such as mathematics, under the influence of the Dialectique of La Ramée (1555). Against Organon, this conception of dialectic finds its basis in the intuition of single natures and its development in mathesis universalis, through 100 years before the cartesian elaboration of Regulae, which present the same structures. (shrink)

Empirical research is largely supportive of the assertion of instrumental stakeholder theory that a positive relationship exists between “managing for stakeholders” and firm performance. However, despite considerable debate on the subject, the amount of variation across firm investments in stakeholders (stakeholder management performance) has not been adequately investigated. We address this gap using a sample of more than eighteen thousand firm-level observations over ten years. We find evidence to support an inverted U–shaped relationship between variation in stakeholder management performance and (...) Tobin’sq, suggesting that firms that have some imbalance in their stakeholder management, but not too much, perform best. We discuss the implications of our study for instrumental stakeholder theory and managerial practice. (shrink)

O objetivo deste trabalho é revelar a forma pela qual a pesquisadora belga Juliette Simont conferiu uma interpretaçáo diferenciada em relaçáo ao entendimento do fenômeno da alienaçáo no corpus sartrianum , uma vez que o relacionou somente com uma espécie de “obrigaçáo” que a condiçáo humana deve aceitar no seu desenvolvimento temporal. Melhor: ela identifica esse fenômeno com a exterioridade produzida na tentativa do homem de superar a finitude que o cerca. Assim, Juliette conclui que a questáo ética permanece em (...) aberto no pensamento de Sartre, pois náo há como imaginar o desenvolvimento da liberdade humana à margem da alienaçáo enquanto “determinismo”. Ao nosso ver, a origem dessa interpretaçáo diferenciada baseia-se na falta de explicaçáo referente à influência exercida por Hegel sobre Sartre, apesar deste assinalar o caráter hipotético da reduçáo do Ser ao Saber. O resultado disso é que o problema ético essencial do corpus sartrianum náo é ressaltado, já que em nenhum momento a pesquisadora belga indaga se o homem deve direcionar-se em prol de uma “moral de intençáo” ou de uma “moral de resultado”. (shrink)