This article argues that thinking about entrepreneurship as a potential instrument for relief from endemic poverty and disadvantage, especially among the Indigenous, has all too often been captive to a concept of entrepreneurship that is built out of constrained economic and cultural assumptions. The authors develop this argument from a critical discussion of contributions by Karl Polanyi and Robert Heilbroner. The result is that approaches to venture have been encouraged that are sometimes a poor fit for the circumstances of those (...) they are meant to benefit, and other forms that could have considerable promise have gone unexplored. This article outlines some features of Indigenous culture and build on the analysis of David Harper to construct an improved notion of entrepreneurship that allows for these distinctive features. The article concludes that research and policy making concerning entrepreneurship as an instrument of development among the Indigenous need to be undertaken with this reconstructed understanding of entrepreneurship that is a better fit for the realities of Indigenous culture. (shrink)

Este trabajo es el ganador de la III Olimpiada de Filosofía que organiza FICUM en la modalidad de secundaria. Ana Timonet presentó su particular respuesta a la pregunta por el camino de la felicidad.

Using fMRI, we investigated how right temporal lobe gliomas affecting the posterior superior temporal sulcus alter neural processing observed during speech perception and production tasks. Behavioural language testing showed that three pre-operative neurosurgical patients with grade 2, grade 3 or grade 4 tumours had the same pattern of mild language impairment in the domains of object naming and written word comprehension. When matching heard words for semantic relatedness (a speech perception task), these patients showed under-activation in the tumour infiltrated right (...) superior temporal lobe compared to 61 neurotypical participants and 16 patients with tumours that preserved the right postero-superior temporal lobe, with enhanced activation within the (tumour-free) contralateral left superior temporal lobe. In contrast, when correctly naming objects (a speech production task), the patients with right postero-superior temporal lobe tumours showed higher activation than both control groups in the same right postero-superior temporal lobe region that was under-activated during auditory semantic matching. The task dependent pattern of under-activation during the auditory speech task and over-activation during object naming was also observed in eight stroke patients with right hemisphere infarcts that affected the right postero-superior temporal lobe compared to eight stroke patients with right hemisphere infarcts that spared it. These task-specific and site-specific cross-pathology effects highlight the importance of the right temporal lobe for language processing and motivate further study of how right temporal lobe tumours affect language performance and neural reorganisation. These findings may have important implications for surgical management of these patients, as knowledge of the regions showing functional reorganisation may help to avoid their inadvertent damage during neurosurgery. (shrink)

Due to impaired communication, people with aphasia are often in a vulnerable situation and face barriers in accessing health information. This article discusses the contributions ofaugmentative and alternative communication for people with aphasia in optimizing communication, improving language recovery, and mainly in providing education and increasing access to healthinformation. This can be translated into a positive impact on respect for autonomy right, well-being, quality of life, and health outcomes (further participation in the decision-making process, involvement,independence, and control of the rehabilitation (...) process). Health professionals, including nurses, must have communication skills to communicate effectively with this population and also be prepared to useaugmentative and alternative communication strategies. (shrink)

Health regulators must carefully monitor the real-world safety and effectiveness of marketed vaccines through post-market monitoring in order to protect the public’s health and promote those vaccines that best achieve public health goals. Yet, despite the fact that vaccines used in collective immunization programmes should be assessed in the context of a public health response, post-market effectiveness monitoring is often limited to assessing immunogenicity or limited programmatic features, rather than assessing effectiveness across populations. We argue that post-market monitoring ought to (...) be expanded in two ways to reflect a ‘public health notion of post-market effectiveness’, which incorporates normative public health considerations: effectiveness monitoring should yield higher quality data and grant special attention to underrepresented and vulnerable populations; and the scope of effectiveness should be expanded to include a consideration of the various social factors that maximize a vaccine’s effectiveness at the population level, paying particular attention to how immunization programmes impact related health gradients. We use the case of the human papillomavirus vaccine in Canada to elucidate how expanding post-market effectiveness monitoring is necessary to close the gap between clinical practice and public health, and to ensure that vaccines are effective in a morally relevant sense. (shrink)

Los servidores públicos no siempre actúan en función del interés de la comunidad a pesar de las amenazas y sanciones establecidas en el derecho; es necesario encontrar nuevas vías de actuación para resolver tan importante problema. En ese sentido, este artículo busca fundamentar los principios que deben regir la actuación de los mismos. Para ello, en primer lugar, se intenta establecer un método que permita la creación de estos principios, basándose en la teoría del valor de Luis Villoro y en (...) la ética de Immanuel Kant. Posteriormente, se identifica el interés público como aquel valor que se busca por él mismo sin necesidad de acudir a otros valores para cuyo fin esté dispuesto. A continuación, se derivan los valores de responsabilidad, objetividad, imparcialidad, razonabilidad, publicidad, solidaridad, prudencia e instrumentalidad, a partir de los cuáles se construyen principios éticos que puedan, posteriormente, ser positivizados en el derecho. (shrink)

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar, de forma crítico-reflexiva, os processos que se mostram implicados na formação do professor, tendo em vista a materialização de práticas educativas inclusiva-anticapacitistas no contexto da EPT. Para essa finalidade, a metodologia empregada subsidiou-se em uma abordagem qualitativa; recorrendo, para tanto, a pesquisa bibliográfica, por meio de estudos e produções de autores que tratam sobre a educação especial inclusiva e a formação de professores na EPT, sempre de modo a articular a discussão destas temáticas com (...) o capacitismo. Como resultado da análise realizada, compreende-se a necessidade de instituir políticas públicas voltadas à formação docente, numa perspectiva anticapacitista na EPT, a fim de ressignificar a condição da deficiência, a partir de um enfoque despatologizante do indivíduo afetado pela lesão. (shrink)

Dworkin respondeu afirmativamente à pergunta título do seu texto “Não existe mesmo nenhuma resposta certa em casos controversos?”. Posner criticou Dworkin e respondeu a mesma pergunta negativamente. Discute-se neste artigo as diferentes maneiras como cada filósofo entendeu a pergunta que acarreta diferentes respostas a ela, isto é, de que modo diferenças na concepção do que é o Direito acarretam diferenças a respeito da existência de respostas certas para questões jurídicas.

Those who favor and those who oppose the interruption of pregnancy with anencephalic fetuses answer the question ‘what is the right to life?’ differently. Those in favor argue that life exists only when it is ‘viable’; that is to say, when cerebral activities occur or may occur. Those who oppose it argue that it is not possible to describe ‘life’ as residing in a particular quality, since life ‘exists from conception’. In fact, in both cases, the noun ‘life’ is being (...) defined by a particular quality, either as ‘viable’ or as ‘existing from the time of conception’. Also, simply saying that ‘there is life’ cannot count as a neutral answer since those who utter such a sentence employ an unspecified criterion to establish if there is life or not. There are two possible ways to investigate this controversial matter: either we look for a definition of ‘life’ which is neutral and objective and does not reside in a particular quality or we try to establish whether or not the search for a neutral point of view can lead to a satisfactory answer. In this article we explore the argument against the interruption of pregnancy – as defined above – in order to show 1) the impossibility of establishing a neutral point of view regarding knowledge; 2) the existence of a psychological motivation which justifies the longing for an absolute criterion for the evaluation of human actions. This psychological motivation is analyzed from a Nietzschean perspective. (shrink)

A reivindicação da cidadania religiosa de pessoas LGBTQIAPN+ dentro das instituições religiosas tem gerado grande sofrimento a quem se entende como parte de uma tradição religiosa historicamente hegemônica. Tais situações configuram formas de violência religiosa que ultrapassam o campo de instituições específicas e se manifestam na cultura como parte do que se tem chamado de LGBTfobia. É no contexto desses enfrentamentos que se situam aquilo que se está se propondo chamar “martírio_ queer”_. Nessa reflexão particular, o contexto privilegiado para a (...) identificação das fontes e análise do tema em discussão é a emergência e desenvolvimento do que se convencionou chamar de “Igrejas inclusivas” no contexto estadunidense. Como exemplo de mártires queer, serão apresentadas as trajetórias de duas personagens fundamentais para a história das “Igrejas inclusivas” no mundo – a transativista Sylvia Rivera e o Reverendo Troy Perry, das _Metropolitan Community Churches_. (shrink)

With the expansion of artificial intelligence and advanced technologies, theworld in the 21st century is rapidly changing and imposing new living dynamics. Althoughsuch changes affect all age groups, younger generations accept them faster andreact more positively. The new cohorts - Generation Z and Alpha - live in a digital worldthat affect their lifestyle, interpersonal relations, quality of mental health, psychologicalwell-being and everyday challenges. The presence of the so called “Frankenstein effect”in some adults provoked by the fast development of artificial intelligence (...) and robotics,reflects a “humans versus machines” position, viewing artificial intelligence as athreat to humanity. However, the reality is that digital and human world are not inconflict, since many people are already using artificial intelligence tools on daily basis.It is implemented in certain aspects of medicine, education, business, law, agriculture,industry, space technology and in many other fields. With this in mind, the aspect ofmorality pops up as a very important one. A frequently asked question is: Does artificialintelligence have the capacity to make moral decisions independently? Therefore, integratingmorality into AI algorithms is one of the priorities that interdisciplinary teamsfrom engineering and computer sciences, psychology, philosophy, sociology, law, etc.are intensively working on. This paper addresses this issue by presenting findings fromrelevant research which discusses the challenges and possibilities for integrating thedimensions of morality and introducing human values into autonomous systems thatperform complex tasks. (shrink)

This w ork ana l yses the response that the Spanish State as a Nation-State, is g i ving to int e g ration of the immi g rant as citizen. Contra r y to those w ho consider that residence has to be the access w a y to citizenship in the f ace of the crisis of the Nation-State and the ge o g raphical mobility that the global econ o m y imposes on people, here the political (...) rel e v ance of nationality is defende d , as an und i vided ind i vidual share of belonging to the constituent p ow er in a harmonious relation with the fl e xi b le concept of residence. This research is d i vided into f i v e sections, in w hich nationality and the constituent p ow e r , the w a ys of access to Spanish nationali t y , the conflict of Nation or State, the characteristics of original nationality and f inal l y , the criteria used b y States to select the potential immi g rant. Th e critical ana l ysis of the Spanish l e gislation on nationality and citizenship t o gether with the theoretical debates, h a v e ena b led us to conclude with a proposal of l e g e fe r enda focussed on a radical refo r m of the concept of nationali t y. (shrink)

In Words and Meaning in Metasemantics, Juan José Colomina-Almiñana argues that language meaning determination requires close attention to the constant interaction between speech communities, speaker's intentions, and the audience's uptakes.

Renewable energy has gained much-deserved prominence on the world stage of sustainable development, yet despite the surging interest there is a notable lack of understanding regarding best practices in business – stakeholder relations. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach (Charmaz, 2005) and drawing from complexity theory and social scientific theories of identity, our empirical study shows that core values and identity are strongly implicated in the formation and negotiation of stakeholder attitudes for both individuals and social groups. Specifically, we find (...) that personal and social identity are core drivers of community attitude development in a complex adaptive system, and that conflicts between strongly held identities are galvanized along bifurcated “axes of tension” that are also strongly implicated in community attitude formation processes. (shrink)

Festschrift honoring Maṇḍana Miśra, b. 1929, Sanskrit philosopher; comprises articles chiefly on Mīmāṃsā school in Hindu philosophy.

La relación entre ideas e imágenes en sus distintas formulaciones filosóficas a lo largo de la modernidad es uno de los elementos clave para la definición de unas y otras, tanto en la teoría epistemológica como en la estética. Este artículo se centra en el estudio de la teoría de las ideas abstractas de Hume, basada en su concepción de las ideas como imágenes. Investigo así sus raíces en la obra de Berkeley, para analizar seguidamente la pretensión humeana de presentar (...) una teoría por completo nominalista. Aquí, el concepto de semejanza, central para la definición de una imagen visual, se revelará como uno de los núcleo de su teoría. The relation between ideas and images, in their different philosophical formulations since the Enlightenment, is one of the key elements of their definitions both in Epistemology as well as in Aesthetics. This paper concentrates on Hume's theory of abstract ideas, based on his conception of ideas as images. I investigate first the roots of his theory in the works of Berkeley, to analyse further Hume's contention that his theory is completely nominalist. Here the idea of similarity, essential for the definition of a visual image, will show itself as the core of his theory. (shrink)