Entre 1990 y 2011 se constituyó una subjetividad que toleró un incremento significativo de malestar sin mayores expresiones políticas del mismo. Una sociedad despolitizada privatizó los problemas públicos y los asumió a nivel individual. En ese marco, el disenso de los ciudadanos con el orden político al cual debían responder, no sólo no tuvo nunca representación institucional, sino que más bien fue la institucionalidad su principal obstáculo. Las instituciones funcionaron como dique de contención del malestar y protegieron así a la (...) clase política. La latencia del malestar tuvo su final, o al menos una suspensión significativa, durante 2011, a partir de un proceso de movilización social de gran envergadura que ancló la energía del malestar en los problemas de la educación chilena. La ilegitimidad anterior de la protesta pública invirtió su signo y el acto de protesta pasó a ser parte fundamental del modo en que las demandas ciudadanas lograron, legítimamente, escalar hacia las autoridades, mientras éstas reducían su ya menguada aprobación. El presente artículo expone el carácter transformador de la mera posibilidad de procesar politizadamente el malestar, constituyéndose este hecho en condición suficiente para incrementar el grado de deliberación social sobre los problemas públicos, reconfigurando la textura del espacio público e incluso modificando radicalmente las condiciones hegemónicas imperantes. (shrink)

The umbrella-term ‘executive functions’ includes various domain-general, goal-directed cognitive abilities responsible for behavioral self-regulation. The influential unity and diversity model of EF posits the existence of three correlated yet separable executive domains: inhibition, shifting and updating. These domains may be influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status and culture, possibly due to the way EF tasks are devised and to biased choice of stimuli, focusing on first-world testees. Here, we propose a FREE test battery that includes two open-access tasks for (...) each of the three abovementioned executive domains to allow latent variables to be obtained. The tasks were selected from those that have been shown to be representative of each domain, that are not copyrighted and do not require special hardware/software to be administered. These tasks were adapted for use in populations with varying SES/schooling levels by simplifying tasks/instructions and using easily recognized stimuli such as pictures. Items are answered verbally and tasks are self-paced to minimize interference from individual differences in psychomotor and perceptual speed, to better isolate executive from other cognitive abilities. We tested these tasks on 146 early adolescents of both sexes and varying SES, because this is the age group in which the executive domains of interest become distinguishable and in order to confirm that SES effects were minimized. Performance was determined by Rate Correct Scores, which consider speed-accuracy trade-offs. Scores were sensitive to the expected improvement in performance with age and rarely/inconsistently affected by sex and SES, as expected, with no floor or ceiling effects, or skewed distribution, thus suggesting their adequacy for diverse populations in these respects. Using structural equation modeling, evidence based on internal structure was obtained by replicating the three correlated-factor solution proposed by the authors of the model. We conclude that the FREE test battery, which is open access and described in detail, holds promise as a tool for research that can be adapted for a wide range of populations, as well as altered and/or complemented in coming studies. (shrink)

This article offers a critical evaluation of Revelationism, primarily defended by Philip Goff, which asserts that introspection fully reveals the essential nature of phenomenal properties and guarantees exceptional justification of introspective judgments and beliefs. From a different viewpoint, the discussion hinges around two main axes: First, based on the conceptual and propositional nature of revelation, the aim is to refute the allegedly infallibility of Revelationism, highlighting instead its vulnerability to error, confusion, and disagreement. Second, it is argued that Revelation is (...) insufficient to access the totality of the essential facts of phenomenal properties, focusing on aspects related to grounding, the qualitative and quantitative relationships between properties and causal dispositions. Based on these critiques, it is concluded that Revelationism does not provide a solid and plausible support for anti-physicalism. (shrink)

With the advance of biomedicine, certain individuals and groups are vulnerable because of their incapacities to defend themselves. The International Bioethics Committee as a UNESCO working group has for the last several years dedicated to deepen this principle of human vulnerability and personal integrity. This book serves to supplement this effort with a religious perspective given a great number of the world's population is affiliated with some religious traditions. While there is diversity within each of these traditions, all of them (...) carry in them the mission to protect the weak, the underprivileged, and the poor. Thus, here presented is a collection of papers written by bioethics experts from six major world religions-Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism-who were gathered to discuss the meaning and implications of the principle of vulnerability in their respective traditions. (shrink)

The fundamental purpose of this research work was to explain how the management of agile methodologies for the development of competencies of university students in the Peruvian context. Based on this question, it has been hypothesized that agile methodologies significantly help the development of students' competencies. This is complemented by a quantitative approach study, with a quasi-experimental design of the "Design with pre-test - post-test with experimental groups and control groups" model. The students of the one Peruvian University were considered (...) as the study population, of which the students of the Faculty of Initial Education were taken as a study sample, within which 100 students participated as an experimental group. 100 from V, VII, X cycle and as a control group 100 students from II, III, and IV cycle respectively. Therefore, as the main result, it is evident that, with a bilateral significance of.000 less than the predetermined significance of 0.05 and a result of F = 1.013, they confirm that the first condition of equality of variances is met and thus establish the Test of the General Hypothesis or HG according to the normal "Z" equal to 8.965, in the case of two independent samples and a difference of 3.81 plus Gl = 51 degrees of freedom and assuming a 95% confidence level, the hypothesis is rejected null and the alternative Hypothesis is accepted, concluding that agile methodologies significantly help the development of students' competencies with a significance of pv,000.. (shrink)

Resenha de: Hegel, G. W. F. Ciência da lógica: 1. A doutrina do ser. Tradução deChristian Iber, Marloren L. de Miranda, Federico Orsini e Agemir Bavaresco. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes; Bragança Paulista, SP: Ed.Universitária São Francisco, 2016. 464 p. ISBN 9788532653086.************************************************************************************** ************************************ Com a tradução, os falantes da língua portuguesa têm em mãos uma obra filosófica estruturante do pensamento moderno e uma das mais importantes da História da Filosofia. Temos agora e nossas mãos, em língua portuguesa, uma obra de difícil acesso (...) do pensamento hegeliano e que um filósofo de língua portuguesa leria com muita dificuldade. A tradução, ora disponibilizada, tenta conciliar a difícil linguagem hegeliana escrita em alemão com a fluência típica do nosso português, permitindo uma compreensão mais ou menos fácil por parte do falante da língua portuguesa. (shrink)

What is racism? is a timely question that is hotly contested in the philosophy of race. Yet disagreement about racism’s nature does not begin in philosophy, but in the sociopolitical domain. Alberto G. Urquidez argues that philosophers of race have failed to pay sufficient attention to the practical considerations that prompt the question “What is racism?” Most theorists assume that “racism” signifies a language-independent phenomenon that needs to be “discovered” by the relevant science or “uncovered” by close scrutiny of (...) everyday usage of this term. (Re-)Defining Racism challenges this metaphysical paradigm. Urquidez develops a Wittgenstein-inspired framework that illuminates the use of terms like “definition,” “meaning,” “explanation of meaning,” and “disagreement,” for the analysis of contested normative concepts. These elucidations reveal that providing a definition of “racism” amounts to recommending a form of moral representation—a rule for the correct use of “racism.” As definitional recommendations must be justified on pragmatic grounds, Urquidez takes as a starting point for justification the interests of racism's historical victims. (shrink)

ResumoApresentam-se alguns conceitos fundamentais e posições representativas referentes a três debates correntesna filosofia da lógica, a saber aquele acerca da natureza da relação de consequência, o que versasobre o problema do pluralismo lógico (e sua alternativa fundamental, o monismo) e o que gira em tornoda chamada proposta anti-excepcionalista, que nega o caráter excepcional da lógica e a põe numa relaçãode continuidade essencial com as demais ciências, de modo a evidenciar pontos de conexão entre as trêsdiscussões mencionadas. Levanta-se, por fim, a (...) questão da plausibilidade da posição, presentementeminoritária, de um anti-excepcionalismo pluralista, vinculando-a, por sua vez, à aceitação de algumavariedade de pluralismo científico.Palavras-chave: consequência lógica; pluralismo lógico; anti-excepcionalismo lógico.AbstractSome fundamental concepts are presented, along with the theses relative to three current debates in thephilosophy of logic, namely the one concerning the nature of the relation of logical consequence, the oneover the problem of logical pluralism (and its fundemental alternative, monism), and the one around theso-called anti-exceptionalist proposal, which denies logic’s exceptional character and puts it in a relationof essential continuity with the remaining sciences, so as to highlight the points of connection betweenthe three aforementioned discussions. The question is raised, finally, of the plausibility of the position,presently of small currency, of a pluralist anti-exceptionalism, which is associated, in its turn, to the acceptanceof some variety of scientific pluralism. (shrink)

Frecuentemente se piensa que el capitalismo, liberalismo o la sociedad abierta actualmente prevalecen. Este trabajo muestra que ése no es el caso. La relación gasto público-producto bruto nacional y nociones tales como la redistribución de ingresos, "los bienes públicos", los privilegios que se otorgan a los llamados "empresarios", las restricciones al comercio exterior, las políticas vinculadas a la ecología, el "socialismo de mercado", y la inexistencia de la división de poderes y una Justicia independiente son algunos de los temas que (...) revelan que las ideas colectivistas avanzan a través de diversos canales. (shrink)

In his highly regarded history of the rise of clinical trials in America, HarryMarks describes how their widespread adoption resulted largely fromthe efforts of ‘therapeutic reformers’ who sought to replace the individualexpertise of clinicians with the ‘science of controlled experiment’. Thetransition described by Marks resembles in many respects the transition fromthe ‘truth-to-nature’ objectivity of individual experts to a ‘mechanical’ formof objectivity portrayed by Daston and Galison. In particular,Marks details the passage from a regime of trust in expertise and experts to (...) aregime based on the mechanical generation of data, the elimination ofhuman judgement and the adoption of a ‘view from nowhere’ where individual and group idiosyncrasies are systematically suppressedthrough recourse to quantitative methods.[...]. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es explicar la conexión entre reglas discursivas y normas morales en el marco de la ética del discurso. El trabajo comienza con un análisis de la diferencia entre acción y operación y con una reconstrucción del concepto de discurso. Luego es presentada la diferencia y la relación entre ley y obligación. La conclusión es que la conexión entre acción y discurso posible está implícita en la noción de responsabilidad moral.

En este artículo, que se encuadra dentro de la discusión entre filosofía y ciencia cognitiva sobre el yo-narrativo, se pone en estudio la relación entre la construcción de la identidad y las narraciones que los veteranos realizan sobre su paso por la guerra. La hipótesis que se plantea es que algunos veteranos utilizan una forma especial de narrativa, llamada la estrategia de la ucronía, para evitar la Experiencia del daño. En concreto, se infiere de sus narrativas que usan una forma (...) de herramienta cognitiva, llamada la justificación del verdugo, para que tenga sentido el daño que hicieron o que les produjeron; consiste en creer que sus acciones sirvieron para que el mundo actual fuese mejor y, de esta manera, alejar la realidad de la guerra de las expectativas del mundo humano. Detectar este tipo de forma narrativa en los soldados es pertinente para la sociedades democráticas, debido a que las heridas morales que los veterano traen de la guerra impiden una adecuado reingreso en la sociedad civil. (shrink)

A teoria das tradições de pesquisa de Alasdair MacIntyre é a sua resposta ao problema da radical discrepância entre perspectivas filosóficas incompatíveis e sua incomensurabilidade prima facie. MacIntyre vê no universalismo iluminista a raiz remota do problema, de modo que desenvolve uma crítica vigorosa de suas pretensões de constituir um campo neutro para o julgamento de teses rivais. Ao mesmo tempo, porém, MacIntyre propõe que uma marca das tradições racionais é a sua tendência a transcender os limites contingentes de sua (...) origem, aspirando a uma efetiva objetividade, e em linha com tal aspiração, desenvolve também uma crítica sistemática às posições relativistas e perspectivistas. Alguns críticos de MacIntyre veem uma tensão problemática, quando não uma contradição expressa, nessa dupla rejeição de MacIntyre. Busca-se mostrar que o pensamento de MacIntyre escapa a tais objeções e constitui um contraponto eficiente tanto ao universalismo iluminista quanto às posições do relativismo e do perspectivismo. (shrink)

How can libertarianism—which is thought to be hostile to any redistribution—support universal, unconditional cash transfers in the form of a Basic Income? Surprisingly, many vocal proponents of programmes similar to Basic Income—such as economist Milton Friedman, public intellectual Charles Murray, and eBay co-founder Pierre Omidiyar—are self-described libertarians. As this chapter demonstrates, these and other libertarian proponents are not deviating from libertarian thought: instead, they reflect the nuance and diversity of its theoretical foundations. To that end, this chapter explores several justifications (...) for a Basic Income grounded in libertarianism. By libertarianism, we mean a family of theories that emphasize the right of the individual to be free from coercion, a strong respect for private property rights and the free market, and a presumption that market distributions are just and should be disturbed only in limited circumstances. We argue that each variant of libertarianism justifies, but does not mandate, redistribution, although for differing reasons and at different levels. Because this conclusion runs counter to most readers’ impressions of libertarianism, this chapter focuses on making the libertarian case for redistribution. We further show that once one accepts the case for redistribution, providing such redistribution through unrestricted, unconditional cash transfers best reflects core libertarian principles. (shrink)

A Orfeu, durante toda a Antiguidade, não só foi atribuída a autoria de uma considerável quantidade de obras literárias e filosóficas, mas foi considerado como o fundador de numerosos cultos, entre os quais as chamadas τελεται , ritos de iniciação que permitiriam alcancar um destino privilegiado no mundo do Além. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os testemunhos mais significativos de autores gregos que afirmavam, explicita ou implicatamente, ser Orfeu um filósofo, ou dele tratavam em contextos filosóficos, bem como procurar (...) entender as razões pelas quais esses autores o fizeram. (shrink)