Mitostan logosa geçiş olarak tanımlanan felsefe, kavramsal bir düşünme faaliyeti olarak eleştirel yönelimini imgeye dayalı düşünmeye yöneltir. Bu yönelimin gücü, modern felsefe ile birlikte pekişerek eleştiri, kurumsal dinlere temayüz ederek gerçekleşir. Felsefenin özellikle 19.yy’da özerk bir disiplin olarak düşünülmesinin temeli, bu eleştiri gücünden kaynaklanır. Oysa Feuerbach’a göre felsefe, eleştirdiği dinin düşünme yapısından ayrı olarak konumlanması bir yana, dinin nesnesini kavramsal olarak ortaya koyma gayesi taşımaktadır. Kendini bu gaye ile gerçekleştirmeye çalışan felsefenin, özerk bir disiplin ve ele aldığı nesne bakımından özgün (...) bir düşünme biçimi sunması mümkün değildir. Marx, Feuerbach’ın doğru ama yetersiz olan bu düşüncesini, felsefenin özellikle praksis özelliğini vurgulayarak tamamlamaya çalışır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada Marx’ın Feuerbach eleştirisi bağlamında felsefenin anlam ve mahiyetine yönelik getirmiş olduğu düşünceler ele alınacaktır. İlk olarak Feuerbach’ın, felsefenin teolojik niteliğine yönelik antropolojik çerçevede yöneltmiş olduğu eleştiriler ortaya konacak ve göksel kutsallıktan yeryüzünün kutsallığına geçişin felsefenin yeni konumunda nasıl bir anlam ihtiva ettiği gösterilecektir. Sonrasında Feuerbach’ın düşüncelerinin doğruluğuna ve fakat, aynı zamanda eksikliğine işaret edecek olan Marx’ın, yeryüzünün kutsallığı mefhumunun halihazırda çelişkilerle dolu olduğuna dair düşüncesi irdelenecektir. Son olarak tarafımızca bu çelişkilerin aşılmasında felsefeye düşen görevin ne olduğu Marx üzerinden gösterilmeye çalışılacaktır. (shrink)

The article shows how merit has been used to highlight pensioners as a special population in the claims-making activities of the senior rights movement in Sweden, as well as in debates about issues concerning old age. Simply put, merit refers to the claim that pensioners have built the society and they are entitled to special treatment – for instance welfare, reverence – for this reason. Merit is concluded to be a rhetorical tool with the potential of countering images of older (...) people as a burden to the young. It portrays seniors as a population worthy of welfare and reverence. Social movements that emphasize merit among seniors will however risk isolation, since such claims to some extent have become associated with populist attacks on immigrants, politicians and other groups labeled as non-merited. (shrink)

Cawahiral-'Akaid of Hızır Bey, which is known as Kasidaal-Nuniyya, is paid special attention in Ottoman period by writing lots ofcommentaries. To study the commentaries of Nuniyya inclusively wouldhelp to understand Ottoman kalam thought. The commentaries written in OttomanTurkish and Arabic on Nuniyye, especially the commentary of Hayali andthe commentaries on Hayali's commentary, has an incomparable importance toinvestigate Ottoman kalam thought which has continued for five centuries. Oneof these commentaries is al-Cawahir al-Kalamiyya which has been wrote inArabic by Lalazari who is (...) known as Sufi scholar. This article aims to find outthe importance of al-Cawahir al-Kalamiyya in Ottoman kalam tradition, toenhance knowledge about the writer and the commentary, and finally tounderstand the tradition of Kasida al-Nuniyya's commentaries. (shrink)

This article analyses the first 20 years of the journal Philosophyof Management to provide insight into how the journal has developed and delineated the field of philosophy of management. Our content analysis uses an inductively developed combination of thematic and frequency analysis. We present our findings in a descriptive tone, inviting scholars to reflect upon how the journal has shaped the field over the past two decades, and to trigger a discussion on a more deliberately inclusive future shaping of the (...) field. (shrink)

This book explores the place of the sophists within the Greek wisdom tradition, and argues against their almost universal exclusion from serious intellectual ...

Inspired by Koselleck’s approach to conceptual history, this essay presents a semantic analysis of management. Our inquiry into what management is, focuses on lingual and cognitive wholes of meaning and signification. The essay undertakes a periodization of management history, in an attempt to formulate expectations for a dystopian future management by artificial intelligence. Five periods are distinguished. Each period entails a specific characterisation for three questions: what is the activity of managing, what or who is managed, and who manages? Starting (...) from managing-by-hand, successive differentiation of meaning occurs with regard to different elements of the management relationship (object, activity, agent), followed by a rescaling of the whole relationship into an attitude that can be applied anywhere by anyone. The implication is a dissociation between manager and decision-maker. The essay also speculates how plausible this evolution makes non-human managers (i.e. artificial intelligence). Throughout these five periods, hierarchy is an immanent feature of management. For each period, the essay discusses differentiated meaning, corresponding social reality and characterizes its hierarchy and justification. (shrink)

This article aims to study the issue of laughter, which has yet not been sufficiently discussed in terms of philosophy and to analyze the content and context of the funny thing. Views of great philosophers such as Plato, Aristoteles, Bergson and Hegel, about laughter, will be studied to find out whether comedy, which seems to have belonged to the lower social class throughout the history, can be considered as a form of social opposition regarding political philosophy. The social and connecting (...) dimension of laughter will be discussed within the framework of Bergson’s views and it will be noted that laughing together can only be possible on a social and historical ground of consensus. It will be stated that laughter can have a connecting and transforming power only if the historical and social contexts are properly evaluated. (shrink)

Was sind Prozesse und Strukturen, die in der theoretischen Ausrichtung des einflussreichen franzosischen Philosophen Louis Althusser nichts weniger als die Gegenstande bzw. Objekte der Wissenschaften darstellen? Es ist diese eminente Fragestellung, die das vorliegende Buch anleitet, welches sich damit mehreren, spezifischen Aufgaben gleichzeitig stellt: Erklarung der komplizierten Philosophie Althussers (und wie sie sich von bestimmten anderen Philosophien unterscheidet) und Bestimmung von Prozess- und Strukturbegriffen in aus-gewahlten Wissenschaften bzw. wissenschaftlichen Forschungsgebieten (mit unterschiedlicher Gewichtung namentlich in der Okonomietheorie, Ideologietheorie, Theorie der Geschichte (...) theoretischer Formationen, Ethnologie und in der Theorie des psychischen Unbewussten). (shrink)

The efforts to prove God's existence in the history of thought have been one of the fundamental problems of philosophy and theology, and even the most important one. The evidences put furword to prove the existence of God constitute the center of philosophy of religion’s problems not only philosophy of religion, but also the disciplines such as theology-kalam and Islamic philosophy are also seriously concerned. When we look at the history of philosophy, it is clear that almost all philosophers are (...) interested in the evidence in favour of and against the existence of God. Especially in recent times, religious experience has often been regarded as evidence of the existence of God. Studies in the field of religious and mystical experience have put forward many arguments concerning the use of religious experience as evidence. However, this study has been limited to experience of sense and pure consciousness claims rather than examining all of these arguments. In this study firstly, the analogy between experience of sense and religious experience will be deal with, and then claims that conciousness can be emptied by a number of methods which are defended by mystics. In addition, it will be tried to defend the opinion that the mystical experiences which are the common point of the two approaches are valid. The main emphasis of the article will be that these arguments can be used as evidence for the existence of God.Summary: Religious experience - which has not been considered as one of the classical evidences regarding the existence of God before being popular by recent studies – is started to be called one of the arguments. The most important reason for not arguing religious experience among the evidences of God’s existence is that it is a personal experience and therefore contains subjective perspectives. However, many researchers, who refuse to accept the criticism raised against religious experience with restricting to subjectivity, emphasized the importance of religious experience by highlighting the objective aspects of such experiences. This emphasis was not only on its significance, but also on the fact that it had a cognitive feature and thus it could provide evidence for the existence of God. The argument of religious experience is generally defined as an effort for demonstrating to existence of God with reference to several feelings such as spiritual experiences of human in face of creator and sacred Being, encounter with God, uniting, and annihilating selfness in Him. The emergence of such efforts, especially after the XVIIIth century, indicates that the history of the evidence does not go back much earlier. However, even if notas evidence, it is possible to extend the traces of religious and mystical experience to the history of religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism. Considering a great amount of the previous literature focused on religious experience in the West, It is easily seen that such research is still new. The main purpose in addressing such a controversial issue is to make the argument on the religious experience more current and to show whether the religious experience would be able to use as evidence for the existence of God.First title of this study comprises many different claims such as Walter T. Stace’s The Argument from Unanimity Richard Swinburne’s The Principle of Credulity, William P. Alston’s Perceiving God, John Hick’s Experience-as. However, instead of briefly giving out very different claims, the study chooses to focus on two arguments which are less discussed and can be given in more detail. The first is the argument based on the analogy between the religious experience and the sense experience. The fundamental point of this argument is sense experience. With reference to the similarities between the sense experience and the religious experience, it can be argued that religious experience is also cognitive and may function as an evidence for the existence of God. In other words, being perceptual and noetic, namely cognitive, of sense experience is addressed as a similar side of religious experience. Whether it is imaginary or real, eventually, it is necessary for an experience to have an object and being experience of something. Therefore, the religious experience includes the perception of a Transcendent Being that is beyond and in excess of the individual who experiences. Perception of the sense experience will definitely be different from the perception of religious experience. Researchers who think that the five sense organs do not run the perception of Sacred Beings, identified broader and various meanings for the perception. Thereby, in this approach, where the semantic field of perception is expanded, it was contended that human beings were able to perceive the transcendent, eternal, and unlimited God, and this can be explained in the epistemological sense. In order to use religious experiences as an evidence for the existence of God, it is necessary to determine whether such experiences are caused by God rather than something else. This raises the issue of the validity of religious experience. The researchers in this area have propounded various criteria to identify whether religious experience is existed or not. Experiences, which do not meet the criteria, are not considered existed even if they claim to be religious experience.The second is the argument that discusses whether it is possible to suggest an evidence for the existence of God by utilizing pure consciousness events. In general, this argument claims that the consciousness gets clear, and thus, mystic or Sufi experiences the Divine One with pure consciousness by discharging consciousness from all sensual contents and removing it from secular desire and wishes. The argument, which claims the experience of Divine One is direct, therefore uninterpretable, and experienced by pure consciousness, believes clearing the consciousness of mystics from sensual qualities such as seeing, hearing, and tasting. It is stated that it is possible for mystics to empty their sensory images and get rid of them, and thus, their desires and wishes could be lost. Especially, the thinkers who are connected with the philosophy of perennialism and defend this approach, thought that people, who have distinct religion, culture, and beliefs in different parts of the world and in various time periods, had the same experience and considered such experiences were universal by suggesting that this similarity could be called as common essence.Even though the claim which offers that the events of pure consciousness are the same everywhere have been criticized in many respects, the advocates of this approach have argued that the experience has the common essence, but the interpretation is different. This relationship, which was tried to be established between experience and commentary, caused a lot of work for both the thinkers who put forward the claims of pure consciousness and the researchers who opposed it. However, examining the relationship between experience and interpretation requires serious studies in socio-psychological, cultural and religious fields. Therefore, in order not to exceed the limits of the article, the relationship between experience and interpretation is briefly mentioned.While discussing two arguments, the main claims of the arguments were addressed, and the criticisms directed to this argument were not discussed as much as possible. However, some fundamental criticisms have been mentioned shortly for a better understanding of the discussion. Since such western-oriented claims mostly were deployed in a western context, the study excluded the comparison of the claims across different cultures. (shrink)

M. Hakan Yavuz offers an insightful and wide-ranging study of the Gulen Movement, one of the most controversial developments in contemporary Islam. Founded in Turkey by the Muslim thinker Fethullah Gulen, the Gulen Movement aims to disseminate a ''moderate'' interpretation of Islam through faith-based education.

This paper explores the role the Panhellenic centers played in facilitating the circulation of wisdom in ancient Greece. It argues that there are substantial thematic overlaps among practitioners of wisdom , who are typically understood as belonging to different categories . By focusing on the presence of σοφοί at the Panhellenic centers in general, and Delphi in particular, we can acquire a more accurate picture of the particular expertise they possessed, and of the range of meanings the Greeks attributed to (...) the word σοφία. This approach seeks to challenge the conventional categories of modern scholarship and to offer a broader and more inclusive interpretive framework in its stead. One such thematic overlap is the way in which many σοφοί are described as exerting an almost uncanny, yet highly conventional ability to attract listeners and enchant them with their verbal performances. There is plenty of material to support the view that σοφοό, through tapping into the repository of σοφία that Delphi constituted and by aligning themselves with its authority, were seen as themselves being a conduit for a similar type of charismatic speech. (shrink)

Technological developments in recent years have brought about a rapid increase in the number and variety of organ transplants, leading to problems in finding enough organs to meet the need. Organ transplantation has also become a particularly significant issue in medical ethics, especially regarding the question of how and from whom organs are procured. Many methods have been tried in order to solve these problems and discussed from an ethical perspective. This study investigates the Spanish, Belgian and Iranian approaches to (...) solving the organ procurement problem. The Spanish model, which is based on persuading patients and their relatives, is ethically less problematic and is also an improved version of the model applied in Turkey. This study argues that an ideal solution can be found without disregarding ethical rules. In particular, nurses can contribute by helping to run the system more efficiently. The principal aim of this article is to demonstrate the contribution of nurses to solving the current organ procurement problem in Turkey and offer some reflections on what can be done to improve the efficiency of the system. (shrink)

There is no consensus over the proper definition of ‘scientific misconduct.’ There are differences in opinion not only between countries but also between research institutions in the same country. This is unfortunate. Without a widely accepted definition it is difficult for scientists to adjust to new research milieux. This might hamper scientific innovation and make cooperation difficult. Furthermore, due to the potentially damaging consequences it is important to combat misconduct. But how frequent is it and what measures are efficient? Without (...) an appropriate definition there are no interesting answers to these questions. In order to achieve a high degree of consensus and to foster research integrity, the international dialogue over the proper definition of ‘scientific misconduct’ must be on going. Yet, the scientific community should not end up with the definition suggested by the Swedish Research Council. The definition the council advocates does not satisfy the ordinary language condition. That is, the definition is not consistent with how ‘scientific misconduct’ is used by scientists. I will show that this is due to the fact that it refers to false results. I generalise this and argue that no adequate definition of ‘scientific misconduct’ makes such a reference. (shrink)

The present study investigates the association between mental health problems and criminal behavior among adolescents in Sweden. Community crime prevention in a Swedish context is also discussed. Every two years, pupils from schools in Stockholm answer the Stockholm School Survey with questions and statements about their social situation, alcohol and drug use, attitudes, school climate, school grades and criminal behavior. Data collected from pupils who answered the survey in 2014, 2018 and 2020 form the basis of this study. A significant (...) association between mental health problems and criminal behavior was shown, even after controlling for factors suggested in international literature. Mental health problems were shown to be a strong explanation for criminal behavior among adolescents. (shrink)

The purpose of this study was to examine how different inquiry experiences affect in-service science teachers’ performance in terms of their questions and classroom actions. Teachers in a workshop experience proceeded through structured, guided, and full inquiry stations where materials to make foam were provided. Participants were 26 in-service science teachers who were enrolled in an 8-day workshop learning about science-technology-society (STS) approaches to teaching. Those who experienced full inquiry first resulted in more curiosity, more questions, and more unique experiments (...) than at the other two stations. Success in guided inquiry was observed when the guidance was provided by more open-ended questions posed by the leader teachers. The study raises questions concerning the limitations on student thinking when in structured and guided laboratories that characterize traditional science teaching. An analysis of this study may contribute important direction and information for science teaching and learning and encourage more moves for STS successes. (shrink)

Notch signaling plays an essential role in the processes of embryogenesis and cellular differentiation, and it is believed that the oncogenic effects of dysregulated Notch signaling are an anomalous reflection of the normal functions of this cascade. Nonetheless, the cellular events associated with oncogenic Notch signaling have thus far remained elusive. In a recent report, Ferres‐Marco et al.1 described how they used the Drosphila eye as a model system and found that elevated Notch signaling in combination with activation of components (...) of the Polycomb complex of transcriptional repressors led to metastatic growth of tumors through epigenetic silencing of the Rbf gene. Rbf is the Drosophila homologue of the retinoblastoma tumor‐suppressor gene (Rb), thus it represents a novel link between Notch signaling, tumor growth and metastasis. BioEssays 28: 692–695, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

In the first of these two studies it is argued that the discrepancy between the predicted and actual outcome of the Michelson-Morley experiment is due to the use of Newton's velocity addition theorem in conjunction with an electromagnetic theory of light. The ether hypothesis is not directly affected at all. The second study is a case study of the removal of a clash in physics generated from the outcome of an experiment. The clash due to the Michelson-Morley experiment gave rise (...) to a program of revision. In the process of implementation of this program Newtonian mechanics was remolded. It is argued that the Riemannian space-time in Einstein's general theory of relativity may be regarded as a successor of the classical ether. (shrink)

Face attractiveness can influence memory for previously seen faces. This effect has been shown to differ for young and older perceivers. Two parallel studies examined the moderation of both the age...