En este artículo se trata de interpretar el pensar interdiscursivo y el acuerdo compartido desde el paradigma intercultural, considerando la experiencia de la autoconciencia del sujeto como relación entre individuos que interactúan entre sí, sobre la base del reconocimiento recíproco que crea el con..

Democratic plurality is the recognition of diversity and difference; above all, of the pragmatic use that citizens make of social discourse when they want to be part of the democratic dialogue. This is the thesis Habermas puts forth when he considers that the communicative pragmatic is the referent ..

In this paper the relationship between the theory of communicative action and the processes of inter-subjective liberation are studied through democratic dialogue and the significance of linguistic practice in capitalist societies. The new pragmatic-hermaneutic paradigm presents the possibility of i..

La democracia es un sistema de poderes que debería estar al servicio del pueblo. El actor social de estos poderes es el sujeto político en su condición de persona, individuo, ciudadano. Ningún otro actor puede atribuirse el uso de los poderes políticos en beneficio personal o colectivo; menos todavía, en detrimento de los otros. Se crea un principio de exclusión que pone en contradicción o nulidad pública el ejercicio del poder de la democracia como sistema de poderes populares. Es indispensable (...) denunciar la coacción política de la que se sirve la democracia representativa, abstracta o nula, en su intento de minimizar y reducir la acción social del pueblo como destinatario de los poderes políticos. La respuesta a este sistema antidemocrático, coactivo de los poderes populares, es el desacato, la desobediencia cívica, la disputa ideológica, las estrategias para la subversión pública y la recuperación de los derechos de participación en la transformación de la democracia política. (shrink)

Requiring family authorization for apnea testing subtracts health professionals control over death determination, a procedure that has traditionally been considered a matter of clinical expertise alone. In this commentary, we first provide evidence showing that health professionals’ (HPs) disposition to act on death determination without family’s prior consent could be much lower than that referred to by Berkowitz and Garrett (2020). We hypothesize that HPs may have reservations about their own expertise as regards death, and may thus hesitate to impose (...) their views on patients’ families. We then address the theoretical question of clinical expertise in death determination by distinguishing judgments about facts (e.g., the presence or absence of spontaneous breathing) from interpretations given of these facts (i.e., their meaning for the vital status of an individual). We argue that, while clinicians may claim some expert authority on the former, they hold no particular authority on the latter. (shrink)

In response to Ferrario _et al_’s 1 work entitled ‘Ethics of the algorithmic prediction of goal of care preferences: from theory to practice’, we would like to point out an area of concern: the risk of artificial intelligence (AI) paternalism in their proposed framework. Accordingly, in this commentary, we underscore the importance of the implementation of safeguards for AI algorithms before they are deployed in clinical practice. The goal of documenting a living will and advanced directives is to convey personal (...) preferences regarding the acceptance of therapies, including life support, for future use in case of losing one’s capacity. This is standard practice in the care of incapacitated critically ill patients as it is considered to extend the individual’s autonomy. Notably, most of the documents that intensivists encounter in clinical practice are written in a generic fashion and lack context. This problem usually leads to the reliance on... (shrink)

Evaluative sentences (moral judgments, expressions of taste, epistemic modals) are relative to the speaker's standards. Lately, a phenomenon has challenged the traditional explanation of this relativity: whenever two speakers disagree over them they contradict each other without being at fault. Hence, it is thought that the correction of the assertions involved must be relative to an unprivileged standard not necessarily the speaker's. I will claim instead that so far, neither this nor any other proposal has provided an explanation of the (...) phenomenon. I will point out several problems presented by them and I will hint to how this phenomenon could be explained by making minor adjustments to our semantic theory. Sentenças avaliativas (julgamentos morais, expressões de gosto, modos epistêmicos) são relativas aos padrões do falante. Recentemente, um fenômeno desafiou a explicação tradicional dessa relatividade: sempre que dois falantes discordam entre si, eles contradizem um ao outro sem estarem errados. Por isso, pensa-se que a correção das asserções envolvidas deve ser relacionada a um padrão desprovido de privilégio e não necessariamente ao padrão do falante. Eu sustentarei, ao contrário, que até agora nem esta nem alguma outra proposta forneceu uma explicação do fenômeno. Eu assinalarei diversos problemas apresentados por essas propostas e sugerirei o modo como este fenômeno poderia ser explicado ao fazer pequenos ajustes em nossa teoria semântica. (shrink)

El Profesor Guía en la universidad cubana y en particular en la educación médica superior desempeña un rol fundamental en el proceso de formación integral del futuro profesional. Para lograr este propósito debe cumplir con sus direcciones de trabajo y funciones, las cuales se abordan en este artículo. Se incorporan nuevas categorías como es la definición de la labor educativa de los profesores guías de la carrera de Medicina, la redefinición de Profesor Guía y se proponen nuevas funciones que debe (...) asumir este docente. The guide professor in Cuban universities and particularly in the Medical High Education plays an essential role in the comprehensive education process of the future professional. To accomplish this purpose, the professor should fulfill his work directions and perform his duties, which are included in the following article. New categories are incorporated like for instance, the definition of educative work of the guide professor of the Medicine school and the redefinition of guide professor. Moreover, new duties to be accomplished by the guide professor are proposed. (shrink)

Se realizó una estrategia para el perfeccionamiento del trabajo educativo en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey y elevar la preparación científico-pedagógica de los profesores guías de la carrera de Medicina. En el trabajo se presenta como una de sus acciones la realización de talleres metodológicos interactivos, sus funciones y la metodología elaborada para su implementación. Se constató que la preparación y la experiencia de estos profesores es insuficiente para asumir la labor educativa, asimismo, se confirmó la necesidad de (...) asumir los talleres, como una de las formas del trabajo docente metodológico. A strategy in order to improve the educational work at the Medical University of Camagüey and to raise the scientific-pedagogical training of Medicine guide teachers was carried out. The research shows interactive methodological workshops as one of its main actions, its functions and the methodology designed for its implementation. It was found out that teachers training and experience was not enough to assume the educational work; likewise, the need to consider workshops, as one of the ways of the teaching methodological work was confirmed. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las diversas manifestaciones de transgresión que tienen su origen en los últimos años de la década de los 70 y en los 80 en España, y su reflejo en los estereotipos de género. Desde las actitudes libertarias, pasando por la superwoman como modelo de mujer emancipada, hasta los nuevos modelos de maternidad intensiva que comienzan a introducirse a finales de los ochenta, la transgresión se ha manifestado de diversas formas durante este periodo en (...) el que las españolas a duras penas lograron superar el modelo tradicional impuesto por el franquismo. En este contexto, la transgresión se manifestó como un fenómeno superficial, inherente al momento sociopolítico y vaciada de un contenido reivindicativo. (shrink)

Synaesthesia is a condition in which one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another, as when the hearing of a sound produces photisms, i.e. mental percepts of colours. R is a 20 year old colour blind subject who, in addition to the relatively common grapheme-colour synaesthesia, presents a rarely reported cross modal perception in which a variety of visual stimuli elicit aura-like percepts of colour. In R, photisms seem to be closely related to the affective valence of stimuli and (...) typically bring out a consistent pattern of emotional responses. The present case study suggests that colours might be an intrinsic category of the human brain. We developed an empirical methodology that allowed us to study the subject's otherwise inaccessible phenomenological experience. First, we found that R shows a Stroop effect (delayed response due to interference) elicited by photisms despite the fact that he does not show a regular Stroop with real colours. Secondly, by manipulating the colour context we confirmed that colours can alter R's emotional evaluation of the stimuli. Furthermore, we demonstrated that R's auras may actually lead to a partially inverted emotional spectrum where certain stimuli bring out emotional reactions opposite to the normal ones. These findings can only be accounted for by considering R's subjective colour experience or qualia. Therefore the present paper defends the view that qualia are a useful scientific concept that can be approached and studied by experimental methods. (shrink)

Some recently articulated American Christian liberation theolo­gies maintain that they seek justice for the oppressed. But such “justice” fails to encompass the respecting of certain rights of the oppressed to compensation from their oppressors. The right of the oppressed to holistic (including compensatory) reparations from their oppressors is explored in terms of why liberation theologies ought to, among other things, respect and embrace such a right. For economic issues, both distributive and compensatory, are inseparable from oppression-based poverty and hence inseparable (...) from the will of God insofar as it is the will of God to liberate the oppressed. By pressing the importance of reparations for oppressed groups, we seek to liberate liberation theologies from the shackles of a view that fails to recognize in a robust sense the law as a vehicle of rectification of oppression. (shrink)

The public University is an actor capable of energizing local ecosystems to transform the territory, and open innovation is its instrument of connection with the environment. University open innovation was studied through factor analysis by the principal components’ method in Mexico and Colombia. Data were collected in 54 research groups of two public universities. The analysis showed that the first six components explain 82.479% of the variance of the university open innovation model. The coincidences were evidenced in the factors that (...) affect the general process of open innovation in Universities of Mexico and in Colombia. It was concluded that open innovation is a relevant mechanism for linking the University with its environment. (shrink)

Brain death, or death by neurological criteria (BD/DNC) is the permanent loss of brain function as defined by an unresponsive coma, loss of brainstem reflexes, and the ability to breathe without me...

La presente propuesta de investigación se promueve desde las áreas de formación ética, filosófica y las ciencias sociales escolares. El objetivo principal es describir los niveles de desarrollo de pensamiento crítico a partir de los ejercicios de lectura compartida y práctica pedagógica elaborados por los estudiantes de la educación media de la jornada tarde del colegio Carlos Albán Holguín. El proceso investigativo se organizó desde los métodos mixtos, a partir del paradigma pragmático y un diseño concurrente. Se tuvo en cuenta (...) desde el enfoque cuantitativo, cuestionarios como instrumentos de recolección de datos, y, del enfoque cualitativo, las técnicas de la observación participante, grupo focal y entrevista semiestructurada. La muestra con la que se implementa la investigación es de 97 estudiantes en edades comprendidas entre los 14 y 19 años. La experiencia ha permitido evidenciar como las prácticas lúdicas de lectura y reflexión ética, filosófica y social permiten generar otros ambientes de aprendizaje de los estudiantes de la educación media y de la básica primaria; asimismo, ha posibilitado fortalecer habilidades socioemocionales y ciudadanas que ayudan a incidir positivamente en la toma de decisiones en temas pertinentes para los jóvenes y niños del contexto donde desarrollan sus quehaceres diarios escolares. (shrink)

RESUMEN El presente artículo está dirigido a sistematizar una concepción teórica y metodológica que sustente el proceso de extensión universitaria en la carrera de Medicina en Cuba. Entre los resultados se destaca el lugar y papel de la extensión universitaria en el sistema de la formación integral del profesional a la que se asigna una connotación especial, de marcado contenido axiológico, coherente con las necesidades y proyecciones sociales que facilita la formación del educando y fortalece la relación institución-comunidad. Es factible (...) de ser aplicado pues puede devenir en una importante contribución a elevar el impacto social de la docencia médica en tanto atiendan aspectos como la preparación de los implicados en las diferentes instancias; la colaboración de los consejos populares y los factores de la comunidad que se manifiestan en el modo de actuación del profesional. ABSTRACT The present article is directed to systematize a theoretical and methodological conception that sustains the process of university extension in the career of Cuban medicine. Among the results he/she stands out the place and paper of the university extension in the system of the integral formation from the professional to which a special connotation is assigned, of marked axiological contained, coherent with the necessities and social projections that it facilitates the formation of the educating and it strengthens the relationship institution-community. It is feasible of being applied then it can become in an important contribution to elevate the social impact of the medical teaching as long as they assist aspects like the preparation of those implied in the different instances; the collaboration of the popular advice and the factors of the community that are manifested in the way of the professional's performance. (shrink)

During the IAEA’s Mobile Radioisotope Exhibition (1960–1965) through the eventful roads of five Latin American countries (Mexico, Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia), a variety of photographs were taken by an unknown Mexican official photographer, and by Josef Obermayer, a staff driver from Vienna. The exhibition carried not only bits of nuclear sciences and technologies, but also the political symbolism of the ‘friendly atom’ as a token of modernization. The photographs embarked on different trajectories, though all of them ended up at (...) the training and exchange official’s desk in charge of the exhibition, Argentinian physicist Arturo Cairo. The ones taken in Mexico also had a local circulation as propaganda intended to promote radioisotope applications. The two sets of images were intended to show the contrast between modernity and traditional society, but they did it from different gazes. Our paper argues that, in the case of Mexico, the photographer reinforced representations of the country which were already popularized by Hollywood for foreign and local audiences. On the other hand, the Viennese photographer’s gaze delivers an autoethnography of his dutiful journey. We also argue that Obermayer’s projection is one of what Roger Bartra has conceptualized as the ‘salvage on the mirror’. (shrink)

La investigación tiene como objetivo mostrar las características de las mujeres jóvenes indígenas chiapanecas que llevan a cabo un desplazamiento migratorio laboral a diversas zonas del estado y al interior de la república mexicana para emplearse como trabajaras domésticas, a través de entrevistas a profundidad porque permiten contextualizar los distintos escenarios y reconstruir sus historias de vida. Migrar constituye una acción voluntaria con implicaciones en el proyecto de vida.

The article is located in the iusphilosophical scenario of the mid-twentieth century. Its objective is to trace the sources of Hart's rule of recognition, taking as its starting point the thesis that makes such rule a weighted response to the debate between the Kelsenian formalism and the utilitarian theory of Bentham and Austin in the first instance. This is explored in the sources recognized and not recognized by the author himself since the article claims a decisive presence in methodology of (...) direct ancestors such as Hobbes, Hume, Malinowski, among otrs. These do not grant to the mentioned rule of recognition a mere conciliatory desire of the previous traditions, but they rather define the nature of the rule and the need for it to be addressed from interdisciplinary fields because it can bear fruit for the analysis of the underlying principles in judicial practice from the exploration of speech in context. (shrink)

Este trabajo analiza las plazas del centro histórico de Sevilla, la diversidad e intensidad de uso que actualmente soportan. Para ello, se han recopilado datos espaciales de las plazas, obtenidos a partir de “OpenStreetMap”, su origen, desarrollo histórico, etc. Se utilizan los Sistemas de Información Geográfica para combinar la información anterior con los datos de la aplicación “InstaSights” relacionados con el ocio nocturno, espacios de hostelería, zonas comerciales y zonas turísticas. Se constata que las plazas públicas de los barrios del (...) centro y sur del distrito Casco Antiguo de Sevilla son las que soportan una mayor diversidad e intensidad de uso. (shrink)

Although subsistence hunting is cross-culturally an activity led and practiced mostly by men, a rich body of literature shows that in many small-scale societies women also engage in hunting in varied and often inconspicuous ways. Using data collected among two contemporary forager-horticulturalist societies facing rapid change, we compare the technological and social characteristics of hunting trips led by women and men and analyze the specific socioeconomic characteristics that facilitate or constrain women’s engagement in hunting. Results from interviews on daily activities (...) with 121 Tsimane’ and 159 Baka show that Tsimane’ and Baka women participate in subsistence hunting, albeit using different techniques and in different social contexts than men. We also found differences in the individual and household socioeconomic profiles of Tsimane’ and Baka women who hunt and those who do not hunt. Moreover, the characteristics that differentiate hunter and non-hunter women vary from one society to the other, suggesting that gender roles in relation to hunting are fluid and likely to change, not only across societies, but also as societies change. (shrink)

Discuto la semántica de las oraciones de acción de Davidson para argumentar que no tiene elementos suficientes para analizar contrafácticos. Presento dos críticas. En la primera, sostengo que dada la ontología del autor acerca de las acciones, resulta imposible considerar la misma acción en circunstancias contrafácticas. En la segunda, argumento que el carácter descriptivo de las oraciones impide que un hablante pueda extrapolar la semántica davidsoniana de oraciones que este conoce a oraciones de acción contrafácticas.

El desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología y de las competencias técnicas ha impulsado el desarrollo de las sociedad haciéndolas más complejas, causando que las aptitudes emocionales se conviertan en factores de éxito, ya que afectan el desempeño humano en todos los escenarios donde se desenvuelve, no obstante a pesar de las investigaciones en este área, actualmente no se cuenta con modelos que relacionen dichas aptitudes con el rendimiento organizacional, lo cual dio origen a esta investigación que busca determinar (...) el impacto de dichas competencias en la ejecución de proyectos en la empresa ENGISERV VENEZUELA C.A. Para realizar el estudio la metodología usada considero que se trata de una investigación de campo, no experimental y transversal. La población fue de 35 expertos en proyectos y la muestra se seleccionó por el método probabilístico aleatorio simple, Concluyéndose que las competencias emocionales afectan el rendimiento de los proyectos cerca 83,4%. Palabras Clave: Inteligencia emocional, competencias emocionales, rendimiento de proyectos. Referencias [1]J. García. «Caminos de la reflexión La teoría Orteguiana de las ideas y las creencias en el contexto de la escuela de Madrid».Edición 8, España: Biblioteca Nueva 2009. [2]D. McClelland. «Testing for Competencies rather than intelligence». American Psychologist. Edicion 1, NewYork, Harvard University 1973. [3]Levy-Leboyer, Claude. «Gestión de las Competencias».Edición 1, Ediciones Gestión 2000. Barcelona, España 1997. [4]R. Bisquerra. “Educación emocional y competencias básicas para la vida”. RIE, vol 21, pp. 1, 7-43. Junio 2003. [5]R. Fragoso "Inteligencia emocional y competencias emocionales en educación superior, ¿un mismo concepto?” RIES, vol. VI, no. 16, pp.110-125. Marzo 2015. [6]J. Sánchez “La competencia emocional en la escuela: una propuesta de organización dimensional y criterial”, RFEA. vol. 25, pp. 79-96, Abril 2010”. [7]Goleman, D. «Working with emotional intelligence». Bantam. 1998. [8]M. Vivas "La educación emocional: conceptos fundamentales." RUI, vol. 4, no. 2, pp.1-21. Agosto.2003. [9]W. Pinkerton. «Project management achieving project bottom-line success», Edicion 1, Pennsylvania Mc-Graw-Hill, 2003. [10]D. Goleman. «Inteligencia emocional en la empresa» Barcelona, España. Editorial Kairós, 2018. [11]C. Michelena. «Estrategias para la elaboración de un proyecto de investigación». Caracas: Insertos Médicos de Venezuela, 2004. [12]R. Sierra. «Técnicas de Investigación Social». Buenos Aires: Editorial Paraninfo.1992. [13]P. Baptista. C. Fernández y R Hernández. “Metodología de la investigación”. México DF: McGraw–Hill.2010. [14]M. Carbonero. “Formación inicial docente y competencias emocionales”: Educ. Pesqui. vol.45. pp.3-20 Abril, 2019. [15]American Management Association. «Leading with emotional intelligence», Nueva York, AMA 2012. (shrink)

Latin America is one of the most unequal continents in the world. This inequality translates into marked limitations in the possibilities of having a decent life for a high percentage of the population. Within the groups that are affected, women are undoubtedly even more so, because, in addition to shared economic and social inequalities with other vulnerable groups, they face discrimination based on gender. In Latin America, political protest has been undertaken by women who wish to denounce and abate the (...) injustices of which they are victims. These struggles have been analyzed by different thinkers. For the most part, feminist theories deal with the struggle of women against the oppressive behavior of patriarchy from the State or society. Others highlight the ability of women to contribute to social changes from socially accepted roles such as mothers, daughters, wives. These approaches ignore the difficulties experienced by female activists within the political mobilization. In this essay then we seek to document, analyze, and theorize about the patriarchal practices suffered by women activists - qua women- within the social organizations in Ciudad Juárez, as well as the forms of resistance they have opposed. (shrink)

Esta investigación implica el dialogo entre dos disciplinas o campos de análisis: por un lado, la perspectiva fenomenológica de la enfermedad y, por otro, una perspectiva científica biomédica. Se analiza la relación entre la mirada del cuerpo, de carácter objetivante, y un tipo de injusticia epistémica que surge de ella. El objetivo es proponer una lectura sartriana de la peculiar relación médico-paciente y sus consecuencias éticas. Palabras claves: enfermedad, fenomenología, mirada, injusticia epistémica.

En este artículo propongo una conexión entre la regla de reconocimiento de H. L. A. Hart y la tesis de contenidos mínimos de derecho natural del mismo autor. La regla de reconocimiento es comprendida como una regla convencional constituida por la práctica de los funcionarios judiciales encargada de aplicar criterios de validez, para determinar si las normas particulares pertenecen al sistema. Los contenidos mínimos de derecho natural constituyen la base de tendencias o instintos de los humanos en su búsqueda de (...) supervivencia. A partir de los planteamientos de Marmor y Raz, se propone que en la regla de reconocimiento los contenidos mínimos de derecho natural constituyen el primer filtro de evaluación de la validez de las normas jurídicas particulares sometidas a reconocimiento jurídico, lo cual aporta solidez y consistencia significativa a las tesis de la discrecionalidad y de la separabilidad de la teoría hartiana. (shrink)

El siguiente artículo aborda la hegemonía que se ciñe sobre Colombia, mediante un punto de vista político que analiza el poder que ejerce la burguesía internacional y burguesía subordinada nacional sobre las clases subalternas y en particular la clase trabajadora colombiana. Se reflexiona sobre el l..

In recent years the concept of parity democracy has rapidly risen up the European political agenda. Using a threefold typology of sex-quotas, this article undertakes a classification of the measures taken by the 15 old E.U. member states to improve the gender balance in representative assemblies. This is then used as the basis for an exploration of the advantages and disadvantages of the parity approach as a tool to promote gender equality, including the constitutional obstacles which stand in its way. (...) The article goes on to present a comparative study of several national systems in which attempts to achieve parity democracy have been pursued, concluding that, in order to maximise their effectiveness, parity measures must operate within a system of unbiased political structures and be properly adjusted to suit the particularities of individual national electoral regimes. (shrink)