We extended the Barut’s classical model of zitterbewegung from 3+1 dimensional spacetime into 2+1 and 1+1 dimensional spacetimes and discussed the symmetry and integrability properties of the model in 2+1, 1+1 and 3+1 dimensions. In these cases, the free particle current or the velocity of the particle can be decomposed as a constant convection current and polarization currents.In 2+1 dimensional spacetime, a velocity of the particle and spin tensor are dependent to each other and the chirality can not be introduced. (...) The free particle has 7 constants of motion: The momentum three vector, the charge, the energy in proper time, the scalar constant spin or magnetic polarization and the two components of total angular momentum. Two component electric polarizations oscillate with Zitterbewegung frequency.In 1+1 dimensional spacetime we have an independent velocity vector and a scalar spin tensor. The free particle has 5 integrals of motion: The momentum two vector, the charge, the energy in proper time, and the scalar total angular momentum. The normal component of the velocity or the scalar electric polarization oscillates with Zitterbewegung frequency.In 3+1 dimensional spacetime, the particle has an independent velocity vector, spin tensor and chirality. The free particle has 12 integrals of motion: The momentum four vector, the charge, the energy in proper time or mass, the three vector spin or magnetic polarizations and three components of total angular momentum. The parallel component of velocity into momentum and the normal components of the spin tensor or the spin three vector are constants of motion for the free particle. The chirality and electric polarizations oscillate with the Zitterbewegung frequency. The system is superintegrable in all dimensions. (shrink)

Uyum konusu gerek sosyal psikolojinin gerekse sosyolojinin önemli konularından biridir. Göç, yerleşik kültürlerde birçok faktörün etkili olduğu psiko-sosyal uyum olgusunu derinden etkileyen faktörlerdendir. Literatürde az da olsa uyum konusunda işlevsel ölçek bulunmakla birlikte göçmenler üzerinde kullanılabilecek ölçekler yok denecek kadar az sayıdadır. Göçmenlere ulaşmanın güçlüğü, dil yeterliliği ve göçmenlerin tecrübi araştırmalara katılmaya kolay ikna olmaması gibi nedenler; göç deneyimi yaşayan bireylerle yapılacak çalışmalarda kullanılabilecek ölçeklerin az sayıda olmasının başlıca nedenlerindendir. Çalışmada görece uzun bir zaman dilimi farklı bir kültürde yaşayan göçmenlerin (...) yaşadıkları yeni ortamlarına uyum düzeylerini ölçmek amacıyla geliştirilen ölçeğin psikometrik özellikleri sunulmuştur. Ölçek geliştirme sürecinde 40 madde halinde hazırlanan taslak formuyla Türkiye’nin farklı illerinde yaşayan 600 Afgan (Özbek) göçmenle yüz yüze görüşmeler sonucunda veriler elde edilmiştir. Katılımcılar en az beş yıldan beri Türkiye’de yaşayan 15 yaş üstü Afgan (Özbek) göçmenlerden seçilmiştir. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğini tespit etmek amacıyla 320 katılımcıyla açımlayıcı faktör analizi gerçekleştirilmiş, bu analiz sonucunda 25 maddeden oluşan beş boyutlu bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Boyutlar sırasıyla “davranış-alt kültürü koruma”, “aidiyet”, “yerel halkla kaynaşma”, “duygusal tatmin” ve “otoriteyle ilişkiler” şeklinde isimlendirilmiştir. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda oluşan yapıyı doğrulamak amacıyla 250 katılımcılı ikinci bir göçmen grubuyla uygulama gerçekleştirilmiş ve elde edilen verilere uygulanan doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları ölçeğin beş faktörlü yapısını büyük ölçüde desteklediği görülmüştür. Ölçeğin güvenirliliğini gösteren Cronbach alpha katsayısı α=.76 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ölçekle ilgili üretilen psikometrik veriler topluca değerlendirildiğinde geliştirilen ölçeğin göç deneyimi yaşayan göçmenlerle yapılacak çalışmalarda kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. (shrink)

In the Taḥkīm case, when it was realized that two people would arbi-trate despite the call made to the Ḳurʼān, the Khāridjites started to argue that God's judgment was not applied. The Khāridjites, who demanded the implementation of the judgement from Ali due to their subordina-tion/obedience, subsequently broke away when they were unable to achieve their desired outcome and formed a separate group. The Khāridjites deemed it acceptible to eliminate those who held opposing beliefs on the path they set out (...) to make Allah's judgment. The Khāridji group called al-Azāriḳa, which was born in 64/683 as a result of a schism, designated their own territory as dār al-Islām and all other regions as dār al-ḥarb and slaughtered those in dār al-ḥarb regardless of their identity. The objective of this study is to examine the influence of the dār al-ḥarb on the actions of the Khāridjites against Muslims. The persistence of the mentality, which spread fear and terror among Muslims in the early period, has not disappeared and continues to the present day. This makes the studies on the subject signifi-cant. The present study is confined to the examples of Muḥakkima al-ūlā and al-Azāriḳa within the context of what isti‘rāḍ is, how it is applied, and its relationship with the dār al-ḥarb. The study concludes that the Khāridjites with a propensity to kill initially sought to ascertain whether individuals were opposed to the Taḥkīm. Those who did not express such opposition were subjected to death. After the establishment of al-Azāriḳa, they designated all territories apart from their own as dār al-ḥarb and were not hesitant to kill those who remained in these regions. (shrink)

Aydınlanma, coğrafi keşifler, sanayi devrimi ve benzer etkenlerin tesiriyle doğuya hâkim olma ümidine kapılan batı emperyalizmi, istila ettiği toplumları tanıyıp iç dinamiklerini deşifre etmek için oryantalist çalışmaları başlatmıştır. 19. yüzyılın ilk yarısından itibaren başlayan ve farklı boyutlar kazanarak günümüzde de devam eden bu çalışmalar çok yönlü ve çeşitlidir. Arap edebiyat tarihi çalışmaları bu çalışmaların önemli bir kısmını oluşturmaktadır. Her ne kadar Arap şiiri hakkında bazı oryantalist iddialar polemik konusu olmuş ise de oryantalist telif tarzı Arap yazarlar arasında kabul görmüş ve (...) Arap edebiyatı tarihine dair yazılan kitapların genelini şekillendirmiştir. Bu makalenin konusu Mısırlı âlim ve edebiyatçı Mustafa Sadık er- Râfiî’nin Arap edebiyat tarihine dair oryantalist yaklaşıma ve yazım tarzına yöneltiği eleştirileriler ve bu eleştirilerin değerlendirilmesidir. Râfiî’nin bu alanda yazdığı kitabın başlangıç kısmından çıkardığımız bu eleştirileri terim eleştirisi, kalıp eleştirisi, niyet eleştirisi, pratik fayda eleştirisi başlıkları altında topladık. Bu başlıklar altında incelediğimiz eleştirilerin ortak noktası bunların esasında bir paradigma eleştirisi olmasıdır. (shrink)

The dominant approach to understanding Islamic Business Ethics has been based almost exclusively on either interpretations of the Qur’an and Sunna or influenced by Western understanding of Islam and ethics. However, there is a rich—largely ignored-tradition of ethical analysis conducted by Muslim philosophers which would broaden our understanding of Islamic ethics and hence IBE. We seek to correct this imbalance by examining works of Al-Ghazali, an early Muslim philosopher, scholar, and mystic. His approach to Sufism, combining an interpretation of revelation (...) with reason, can contribute to new developments in business ethics scholarship and practice especially in Muslim communities. His thought portrays a vibrant work ethic that, while based in Sufism, has important practical implications for business. We argue that including such historically and contextually recognized perspectives in our understanding of BE, both in theory and in practice, would work well with an audience that looks to Islam as a source of justice and proper moral conduct. (shrink)

There is a consensus that the effects of medical brain drain, especially in the Sub-Saharan African countries, ought to be perceived as more than a simple misfortune. Temporary restrictions on the emigration of health workers from the region is one of the already existing policy measures to tackle the issue—while such a restrictive measure brings about the need for quite a justificatory work. A recent normative contribution to the debate by Gillian Brock provides a fruitful starting point. In the first (...) step of her defence of emigration restrictions, Brock provides three reasons why skilled workers themselves would hold responsibilities to assist with respect to vital needs of their compatriots. These are fair reciprocity, duty to support vital institutions, and attending to the unintended harmful consequences of one’s actions. While the first two are explained and also largely discussed in the literature, the third requires an explication on how and on which basis skilled workers would have a responsibility as such. In this article, I offer a vulnerability approach with its dependency aspect that may account for why the health workers in underserved contexts would have a responsibility to attend to the unintended side effects of their actions that may lead to a vital risk of harm for the population. I discuss HIV/AIDS care in Zimbabwe as a case in point in order to show that local health workers may have responsibilities to assist the population who are vulnerable to their mobility. (shrink)

This article begins with the premise that market-oriented development strategies require more than the free movement of the factors of production from one use to another; they also require a positive work ethic and an energetic and committed workforce. However, the existing Arab work ethic does not seem conducive to␣development and change. This article assesses some antecedents that might have led to the emergence of the existing work ethic. First, we address the potential role of religion in developing a value (...) system that is not conducive to growth and development. We also tackle family dynamics in the Arab world and the impact of family structures on personal and group development. Then, we move our attention to the educational system in the Arab world trying to uncover any common patterns in the various educational approaches in the Arab world that could have had lasting impressions on power dynamics in␣Arab societies. We also address power and leadership relationships and focus our attention on how groups actually function in the Arab world. Thereafter, we tackle what has emerged out of these societal institutions and relationships, and offer some implications marking out paths for international managers. (shrink)

The Sufyānī narration, which is also referred in some studies carried out today, is mentioned in the early Shiite and Sunnī sources. The anticipated savior perception of the period has an important place in understanding the Sufyānī narrations in the emergence process of which political and sectarian events were effective. Narrations stating that the Mahdī named Muḥammad, one of the descendants of the Prophet Muḥammad (pbuh), would appear in the end of times and establish justice by bringing order to the (...) world where oppression, injustice and inequity have spread, were effective in the political and social life after the Prophet (pbuh). The emergence of the Sufyānī narrations, whose intellectual infrastructure was constituted by the expected Mahdī perception that is effective in the society, was the result of the political conflicts of the period. The death of Muʻāwiya ibn Yazīd (d. 64/684), the third Caliph of the Umayyad State, without leaving a crown behind caused a political crisis. The cousin of the Muʻāwiya II, Marwān bin al-Ḥakam, the experienced politician who turned this moment of crisis into an opportunity and who was from the same dynasty but from a different family, took over the administration and thus the sultanate continued. Although the reign continued from the sons of Umayyad, the administration passed from sons of Sufyān to the sons of Marwān, who were from the same dynasty. This situation caused discomfort in Sufyānīs. Thus, Muʻāwiya II's brother Khālid ibn Yazīd, whose right of administration was seized from him, with the intention of gaining his lost reputation in the society and turning the pessimism towards his family into hope and desire, has been claimed to spread the savior Sufyānī narrations expected from the sons of Sufyān, parallel to the Mahdī narrations expected from the sons of Alī, which was influential in the society. Thus, the Sufyānī came to be expected like the expected Mahdī, who was influential in society and exploited by the Shiite sects in their own belief systems. The rebellions carried out by the sons of Sufyān against the administration in the 2nd century hijrī and afterwards were conceived as the appearance of the Sufyānī expected by the society and the person who led the rebellion was described as Sufyānī. The most important of these rebellions is the revolt of ʻAlī ibn Abdullah ibn Khālid nicknamed Abū ʻAmayṭar, formed by the coalition of sons of ʻAlī and sons of Sufyān who descend from the sons of Umayya. Abū ʻAmayṭar, who is considered to be the Sufyānī and some sections of whose life constitute a source for many narrations on the Sufyānī, declared his caliphate during the period of Abbasī Caliph al-Amīn (d. 198/813) and called for allegiance to himself. The announcement of his caliphate was considered by his supporters as the expected savior. The period of Abū ʻAmayṭar and the sayings about him are extremely important in terms of presenting the expected savior perception in the society, the Sufyānī understanding and the date of his emergence. Sections from Abū ʻAmayṭar's life reflected in the narrations about the Sufyānī in many Shiite and Sunnī sources. In this article, it is tried to examine the emergence of the Sufyānī narrations, its development and particularly its transformation within the Shiite sect, in a detailed manner and especially based on political and sectarian events of the early period. (shrink)

Mamluks reigned in Egypt a long time is an era of Kipchak Turks that have influence management, and Kipchak Turks has been influential in a period in the administration there. During this period, that Turkish rulers do not know Arabic language well, Turkish language is spoken in the palace and also idea of being closer to Turkish manager screated an interest in learning. One of the famous scholars realizing that interest is Abū Ḥayyān al-Andalusī. Abū Ḥayyān by learning Turkish language (...) especially from Fakhr al-dīn Divrigi and analysing written previously works, wrote Kitāb al-Idrāk li-lisān al-Atrāk. This book has consisted of introduction, vocabulary and grammar section. We also aimed in our study to examine Kitāb al-Idrāk in terms of content and than in terms of lexicography of the linguistic branch. -/- SUMMARY Mamluks reigned in Egypt a long time and in its reign Kipchak Turks had influence in management. Because of the Turkish rulers who have military background did not know Arabic language well, Turkish language was spoken in the palace and also idea of being closer of scholars and notable people to Turkish rulers got brought an interest in learning Turkish. One of the famous scholars realizing that interest is Abū Ḥayyān al-Andalusī (d. 745/ 1344). The true name of Abū Ḥayyān is Muḥammed b. Yūsuf b. Ali b. Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī and he is an Andalusian linguist and exegete. Abū Ḥayyān who came from a Berber family born in the Matahsharesh village of Granada in 654/1256 and died in Cairo in 28th time 745 (11 July 1344). There is not much information about his family in the sources, but it is mentioned that he has a daughter whose name is Nada, a son named Hayyân in his name, and some grandchildren which are named Muḥammad and Ummu Ḥayyān. Abū Ḥayyān became a famous as Ethīr al-dīn and at the same time, he is also known as Naḥvī, Ghirnātī (Granadian), Ceyyānī, and Nafzī. He took lessons in Granada from great scholars such as Abd al-ḥaķ b. Ali al-Anṣarī, Abū Ḥasan al-Ubbezī, Abū Cafer Aḥmed b. Ibrahīm b. Zubair, Ibn Abū al-Ahvas and became a proficient scholar and teacher in matters such as morphology, syntax, language, commentary, hadith, methodology of Fiqh and Kalām. He wrote about 18 works in different sciences and if we mention some of that are al-Baḥr al-muhīt, al-Nahr al-mād, Tuhfat al-arīb bimā fī al-Qur'ān min al-gharīb and some of his works have reached to our time and some of those did not. Abū Ḥayyān left Andalus for various reasons and visited many centers of science and eventually continued his scientific activities in Cairo. Abū Hayyān, who is a great interest in learning languages, has learned Turkish language with the other popular languages ​​such as Persian, Amharic and Himyarite language and written books about these languages. His mainly works about Turkish language are the Kitāb al-Idrāk li-lisān al-Atrāk, Zehv al-mulk fi naḥv al-Turk, al-Af'al fi lisān al-Turk and al-Durret al-mudiyye fi lughat al-Turkiyye. These works did not reach to our days except Kitāb al-Idrak. Kitāb al-Idrāk consists of three sections, namely introduction, dictionary which includes 2200 words, and grammar that is composed of morphology and syntax and this book which is known as al-Idrāk is written in the Turkish which is spoken in XIV-XVI century tongue and named as Middle Turkish Period-Mamluk Kipchak Turkish. The first chapter begins with basmala and continues with detailed his genealogy, personal record, praise to Allah and salawat and salaam to Prophet Muhammad. After this introduction, it is explained the intention of writing this work. The second chapter is a dictionary which the words are explained in alphabetical order. Although Abū Ḥayyān speaks about 23 letters in the Kipchak alphabet, he does not explain the words related to all, but examines 19 items. In this dictionary, it does not take part some letters, that is letters sā, zāl, zā (letters of lips which is written in English th); letters dâd, ayn, fa (letters of throat) which Arabs use. In the third chapter, there is a part of the tasrif (knowledge of morphology) which is generally called knowledge of morphology today. In this section, it is dealt with about the types of words namely, name of diminutive, name of belonging name, plural, agent name, passive name, exaggerated factor name, infinitive, name indicating the location, name of device, arbitrary name, and idâd (which adds are derivation of noun from name like lık, lik at the end of the word) and then it comes to the end with shadda. Section of syntax which is called by the author as consisted of compound and is prepared according to systematic of Arabic grammar begins with the sentence structure in Kipchak language. After that it continues with definite-ambiguous names, verb (orders, past, imperfect verbs), subject-predicate in nominal sentence, nevāsiḫ (additional actions helped change the meaning of the noun phrase), Arabic leyte which express by the actual wish mold and the like, such as two mef'ūl area of ​​the heart of verbs in Arabic told (I think) were deaf ( Turkmen thinks he), acts like it yet scientists (verb phrase in), acts offender (verb-subject), the abutment of the verb nefiy prepositions, prepositions, the nehiy (ban), passive verbs and naib-i fail (so-called subject); other elements of the sentence, called the act müteallakat are: cognate accusativ, direct object, time period (time complement), the envelope space (located complement), state (envelope), causative object, the exception, the specification, conflict of laws, the annexation, the oat, the dependencies: adjective, conjunction, confirm, the apposition; conditional structure. After these, he mentions to letters of meanings (huruf al-maani), and concludes this chapter with information about the date, place, and name of the author of the book. Abū Hayyān used induction method in the book. Since he gave the forms of the words in double, then the triple, quadruple, quintet and other forms. He tried to teach the pronunciation of words by explaining the etymology of word sand the changes of the voices. He examined the words which are synonyms/ contrasted, synonym voice, singular/plural, and words that are passed by foreign languages into Turkish dialects then they are turned into Turkish word structure; brought out witnesses from proverbs and poetries. As a result, in this work, which consists of dictionary and grammar sections, it can be said that it is used predominantly in linguistic information - translation method . (shrink)

This paper explores attitudes regarding tax evasion and the relationship between personal moral philosophy and such attitudes in a weak tax environment. The results confirm the multidimensionality of tax evasion attitudes. Idealism was negatively related to self-interest tax evasion attitudes while relativism was positively related to such attitudes. Idealism was also positively related to tax evasion attitudes stemming from concerns about the justice of the tax system. Idealists in a weak tax environment seemingly go through a cognitive reframing process where (...) they recognize that the tax system is unfair, and accordingly tax evasion is a way to serve a different moral absolute, that is of equity, rather than another different moral absolute, which is fulfilling obligations to governments. The results are also explained in light of the suggested low moral intensity of tax evasion among respondents. Policy implications are presented. (shrink)

İslam’ın ilk vahyi kabul edilen Alak suresinin ilk beş ayeti eğitim açısından daha çok “oku” emri üzerinden yorumlanmaktadır. Bir ve üçüncü ayette tekrar eden bu oku emri, açık bir okuma ve öğrenme vurgusu olarak sunulmaktadır. Dördüncü ayetteki “kalem” ifadesi okumanın yanında yazmayı da sürecin bir parçası olarak takdim eder. “Rabb” ile “terbiye” arasındaki ilişki de yine eğitimin etimolojisi ve tanımı söz konusu olduğunda ilk vahiy bağlamında öne çıkartılan hususlar arasındadır. Bununla birlikte eğitimin temel unsuru insandır. İlk ayetler eğitim açısından incelenirken (...) bu unsur dikkatlerden kaçmaktadır. Buradan hareketle “Eğitimin temel unsuru kabul edilen insan, İslam eğitim sürecini başlatan ilk vahiyde nasıl ele alınmıştır?” sorusun cevabı aranmıştır. Doküman analizi yoluyla yürütülen çalışmada klasik dönem müfessirlerinin eğitimin temeli olan insan unsurunu nasıl ele aldıkları incelenmiştir. 14. asrın sonuna kadar eserleri incelenen müfessirler Alak suresinin ilk iki ayetine dair yaptıkları yorumlarda “insanın şerefi” neticesine ulaşmışlardır. İnsanın İslam’daki yüksek mevkiinin ilk vahiyde yer alması, İslam eğitim programlarının “insanın şerefi” ekseninde tasarlanması yönünde bir mesajdır. (shrink)

Memlûk Devleti’nin kuruluş yıllarında sultanlığın mahiyeti ve bunun nasıl oluştuğu ile ilgili literatürde pek çok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmalarda genel olarak kukla sultan-otoriter sultan şeklinde yapılan ayırımlar mevzubahis edilerek sultan ile seçkin emîrler arasındaki gerilime dikkat çekilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra el-Melikü’l-Muzaffer Seyfeddin Kutuz’un öldürülmesi sonrasında bir sultan olma biçimi olarak “sultan öldüren sultan olur” şeklinde bir temellendirme de literatürde yer etmiştir. Fakat bu postulatın tarihsel düzlemde yeterince analiz edilmemesi ve bir hadiseden hareketle genel çıkarımların yapılması nedeniyle bu anlayışın literatürde bir (...) olgu olarak yer etmesine zemin hazırlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada söz konusu problem, dönemin kronikleri sadedinde Kutuz’un öldürülmesi hadisesinin analizi yapılarak gerçekte sürecin nasıl işlediğine yönelik bir dizi bulgu ile aşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Kaynakların bu hususta çelişkili ifadelerde bulunmaları tarihsel düzlemde incelenerek söz konusu teorinin bağlamı ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca el-Melikü’z-Zâhir Baybars’ın saltanatının ilk yıllarında karşılaştığı sorunların “sultan öldüren sultan olur” anlayışı ile olan irtibatsızlığına değinilerek söz konusu önermenin zayıflığı vurgulanmıştır. (shrink)

This book, explores the historical adventure of the ideal woman identity in the early Islamic thought. However, it gives information about the nature of the ideal life (Islamic life) in line with the examples of women in question. In this way, it is emphasized how the ideal life differs from the period of Jāhiliyya. Here, while the period of Jāhiliyya is evaluated as disorder, lawlessness and aberration, the Islamic life is shown as order and justice image. In this respect, Islam (...) has been conceptualized as an alternative to the corrupt life of the Jāhiliyya as well as being the reference to the religion. (shrink)

The word "meâl" in Arabic means "the destination or aim of something" however in terminology it means approximate translation of the Qur'an from the original text to the target language. For someone who doesn't know Arabic, the meaning of the Qur'an is the most significant and unique way to reach God's final revelation. Therefore, great responsibility has been placed on the shoulders of the translator of the Qur'an, plus the aim and duty of these translators must be to deliver God's (...) will correctly. A translator willing to take upon this much responsibility, in a subject of this importance and sensitivity, first must evaluate their competency within their inner world, and only if they decide that they are qualified enough in this profession they must try to do everything within their capability to provide everything that this responsibility requires, without growing tired of it. Regrettably expressed, that many translators of the Qur'an are not even aware of this responsibility. It is easy to understand that they are duplicates of each other. However, we must exclude some translators of the Qur'an such as Salih Akdemir. One of the most valuable works of Akdemir in his academic life is the meaning of the Qur'an in Turkish, "Son Çağrı Kur'an". His study is not well recognized in our country. Akdemir used the possibilities of the Turkish quite well in the meaning of the Qur'an. In this article, we will examine Salih Akdemir's translation of the Qur'an named "Son Çağrı Kur'an". (shrink)

Earlier investigations have indicated that work beliefs in organization are impacted by different national cultures. In addition, those investigations have sought to understand the meaning of work in such different cultures. This study explores the meaning of work in the Egyptian context through an assessment of work beliefs and work attitudes. The article starts with a presentation of what is meant by the meaning of work and why research into work beliefs is both needed and worthwhile. The article then presents (...) a review of the relevant literature that evaluated the meaning of work in different countries. The review also elucidates recent research efforts that have tried to shed some light on the meaning of work in Middle-Eastern contexts. Data were collected from 201 Egyptian white-collar workers. Work beliefs and some job attitudes were assessed. Results indicate the prevalence of the humanistic work-belief system. Job satisfaction was positively correlated with the humanistic work-belief system and negatively with the Marxist work-belief system. The implications of these and other findings for international managers are discussed and recommendations for future researchers are put forward. (shrink)

This book is the first comprehensive attempt to explain Ibn ‘Arabî’s distinctive view of time and its role in the process of creating the cosmos and its relation with the Creator. By comparing this original view with modern theories of physics and cosmology, Mohamed Haj Yousef constructs a new cosmological model that may deepen and extend our understanding of the world, while potentially solving some of the drawbacks in the current models such as the historical Zeno's paradoxes of motion and (...) the recent Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox (EPR) that underlines the discrepancies between Quantum Mechanics and Relativity. (shrink)

This doctoral thesis within applied ethics consists of four articles together with a cover essay. All articles concern the ethics of skilled health worker emigration from under-served and resourcepoor regions, often referred to as ‘medical brain drain’. Methodologically, the thesis utilizes normative ethical theory to analyse the justifiability of temporary or long-term emigration restrictions, such as compulsory health service programmes, that are employed by developing countries with the aim of safeguarding their needs for health care provision. Such programmes restrict the (...) mobility of individual health workers and give rise to conflicts between different types of rights and interests. -/- The ethics of skilled worker emigration warrants an exploration of the ethical implications of such restrictive programmes for different stakeholders, such as the under-served countries and health workers; and a clarification of the rights and duties of the concerned parties. This thesis provides a thorough analysis and clarification of such rights restrictions and offers theoretically and empirically grounded recommendations as to how they ought to be managed. Rights theory and accounts of individual responsibilities are employed to assess the acceptability of restrictive health service programmes. -/- In brief, the thesis (a) discusses the conditions under which individual health workers may have responsibilities to attend to the basic health needs of a population, (b) explicates the rights at stake such as the freedom of movement and the right to exit, (c) offers insight into what it means to restrict one’s right and its implications and (d) suggests ways for conflicting rights and interests to be balanced and resolved. Taken together, the thesis presents a nuanced approach towards individual responsibilities in under-served contexts and an improved understanding of the right to exit as well as the implications of restricting the right. The thesis also contributes to the ethics of skilled worker emigration with a discussion on the responsibilities of skilled workers when the other parties do not fulfil their fair share of responsibilities. (shrink)

This study is devoted to the ways and means to justify a ‘more’ cosmopolitan realization of certain policy implications, in the case of immigration. The raison d’être of this study is the idea that the contemporary debate over open borders suffers from indeterminate discussions on whether liberal states are entitled to restrict immigration. On the other hand, most of the liberal cosmopolitan accounts neglect the detrimental consequences of their open borders argument – which take it as a means to compensate (...) people in need –, such as brain drain and the effects of brain drain on the opportunity sets of members of sending countries. Therefore I offer a moral cosmopolitan account of immigration which takes the interests of would-be immigrants, the residents in receiving, along with the residents in sending countries in respect to their opportunity sets because of the way arbitrary border control represents the inequality of opportunity. I do not provide a well-formed immigration policy here, yet I believe the account provided here is more feasible in considering phenomena such as brain drain. (shrink)

RésuméCet article traite d’une solution au tristement célèbre paradoxe du menteur, généralement connu dans la littérature arabe sous le nom de Maġlaṭat al-ǧaḏr al-aṣamm. La solution est donnée dans un traité ottoman du XVe siècle attribué, entre autres, à Ḫaṭībzāde Muḥyiddīn Efendī. L’article la compare également à la solution du philosophe persan contemporain, Ǧalāl al-Dīn al-Dawānī. Le court traité consacré au paradoxe est l’un des rares ouvrages des Ottomans sur le sujet et il aborde de manière exhaustive le paradoxe sous (...) ses deux formes. En tant qu’analyse de la solution offerte par le traité au paradoxe, l’article fait connaître à l’érudition contemporaine les discussions ottomanes sur le menteur, et il contribue à combler le vide évident dans la littérature sur le paradoxe dans la pensée islamique. (shrink)

Nazariyat, Journal for the History of Islamic Philosophy and Sciences, issued twice a year in English and Turkish (Nazariyat İslam Felsefe ve Bilim Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi), is a refereed international journal. It publishes original studies, critical editions of classical texts and book reviews on Islamic philosophy, kalām, theoretical aspects of Sufism and the history of sciences. The goal of Nazariyat is to contribute to the discovery, examination and reinterpretation of the theoretical traditions in the history of Islamic thought, by giving (...) special attention to the post-classical period of it. **ISSN: 2148-8088 E-ISBN: 2547-9415**. (shrink)

PurposeSelf-efficacy has been argued theoretically and shown empirically to be an essential construct for students’ improved learning outcomes. However, there is a dearth of studies on its causal effects on performance in mathematics among university students. Meanwhile, it will be erroneous to assume that results from other fields of studies generalize to mathematics learning due to the task-specificity of the construct. As such, attempts are made in the present study to provide evidence for a causal relationship between self-efficacy and performance (...) with a focus on engineering students following a mathematics course at a Norwegian university.MethodThe adopted research design in the present study is a survey type in which collected data from first-year university students are analyzed using structural equation modeling with weighted least square mean and variance adjusted estimator. Data were generated using mainly questionnaires, a test of prior mathematics knowledge, and the students’ final examination scores in the course. The causal effect of self-efficacy was discerned from disturbance effects on performance by using an innovative instrumental variable approach to structural equation modeling.ResultsThe findings confirmed a significant direct effect of the prior mathematics knowledge test on self-efficacy, a significant direct effect of self-efficacy on performance, and a substantial mediating effect of self-efficacy between a prior mathematics knowledge test and performance. Prior mathematics knowledge and self-efficacy explained 30% variance of the performance. These findings are interpreted to be substantial evidence for the causal effect of self-efficacy on students’ performance in an introductory mathematics course.ConclusionThe findings of the present study provide empirically supports for designing self-efficacy interventions as proxies to improve students’ performance in university mathematics. Further, the findings of the present study confirm some postulates of Bandura’s agentic social cognitive theory. (shrink)

In the Qur’an, human distinctiveness was first questioned by angels. These established denizens of the cosmos could not understand why God would create a seemingly pernicious human when immaculate devotees of God such as themselves existed. In other words, the angels asked the age-old question: what makes humans so special and different? Fast forward to our present age and this question is made relevant again in light of the encroaching arrival of an artificial superintelligence (ASI). Up to this point in (...) history, humans have exceeded other creatures in various respects; now a possibility has arisen that another entity, namely ASI, will exceed humans at least on the level of intelligence and power. In relation to the age of angels, pre-modern Sunni exegesis construed human distinctiveness along the axes of reproductive knowledge and stewardship. Both brittle, distinguishing markers will disappear in the age of the ASI. Conversely, a more resilient and creative Islamic response can be derived from Ibn al-ʿArabī’s (d. 1240) views on God and the imago Dei. Inspired by the Akbarian perspective, this paper construes human distinctiveness in relation to a capacity to expansively respond to God’s love to be recognized, a response that relies on (a) imitating divine virtues that operate in counterintuitive and illogical ways, and (b) exhibiting fragility and lack rather than exceptionalism. ASI, while responding already in part to God’s love, needs to make strides towards these traits before it can answer divine love as commensurately as humans can. (shrink)

Compulsory (health) service contracts have recently received considerable attention in the normative literature. The service contracts are considered and offered as a permissible and liberal alternative to emigration restrictions if individuals relinquish their right to exit via contract in exchange for the state‐funded tertiary education. To that end, the recent normative literature on the service programmes has particularly focused on discussing the circumstances or conditions in which the contracts should be signed, so that they are morally binding on the part (...) of the skilled workers. However, little attention is devoted to the relevance of the right to exit for the debate on compulsory service programmes. In this paper, I argue that even if the service contracts are voluntary, and thus the would‐be medical students voluntarily relinquish their right to exit, the reasons behind the right should be taken into account for the contracts to be morally valid. A clear understanding of the right to exit is a must in order not to breach its basic components and for the service contracts to be morally binding. To that end, I provide two accounts of the reasons to value the right to exit by presenting Patti Lenard's discussion of the right to exit and by reconstructing James Griffin's account of human rights. I conclude by offering brief ethical considerations for compulsory health service programmes grounded in the reasons to value the right to exit. (shrink)

Mobility is becoming a defining feature of today’s globalising society. Individuals move for a variety of reasons, including finding employment or pursuing education. This paper focuses on the interrelationship between two different types of migrants who have all moved out of one specific country to another. It builds on the perceptions of Turkish graduates of German universities who moved cross-border recently to study in German universities, the self-styled ‘New Wave Turks’, to understand their place within the existing Turkish diaspora there. (...) Although the existing Turkish diaspora in Germany is well researched, as is how diasporas can facilitate further mobility, the interaction between these newcomers and the existing Turkish diaspora in Germany has received little scholarly attention. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews with recent Turkish graduates of German universities, we explored how the existing diaspora provides support but also challenges for the newcomers, complicating their experiences. We argue that international student mobility led to the emergence of a new form of ‘total diaspora’ in Germany, comprising both the existing Turkish diaspora and newly joined Turkish graduates of German universities. Social media was instrumental for these newcomers in setting themselves apart within the total diaspora, allowing them to create their own community identity. (shrink)

In this article, the effects of Internet use on the perception of loneliness of university students are investigated. The research sample consists of 202 university students studying medicine at Abant Izzet Baysal University. Demographic questions, “UCLA loneliness scale” and “ Internet Cognitive Status Scale (IBSQ)” were used in the study. The results of the questionnaires were transferred to SPSS and Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis H and Spearman correlation analysis were performed. As a result of the analysis, it was observed (...) that men had a sense of solitude more than girls. It has been determined that internet use and the time allocated to the internet is more in men. In addition, the time allocated to the internet, economic situation, age, according to the variables lived in the perception of loneliness and problem with the use of Internet has been seen to be significantly different. According to the scores of the UCLA scale and the IBSQ scale, 92,1% of students have a mild and moderate sense of solitude and 7,9% have a dense sense of Solitude. 88.1% of students use normal and 11,9% problem-free internet. When the scores obtained from the scales were examined, it was found that the scores obtained from the UCLA scale (35.76±7.84) and the scores obtained from the IBD scale (97.14±31.83) were determined. In the correlation analysis, where the impact of Internet use on loneliness perception of the students was measured, it was concluded that there was a weak correlation (R=0.327 and p=0.000) and therefore the problem of Internet use affected loneliness perception even at a low level. (shrink)

This article aims to evaluate the types of customary marriage, the reasons that paved the way for its spread, the sociological approach of the people with statistical data, and the evaluation in terms of Islamic Fiqh (jurisprudence). In the study, it has been tried to reach the right result by considering the social reasons and legal norms together. In order to correctly evaluate people's orientation to customary marriage, statistical data was used in the study, thus it was aimed to reveal (...) the sociological dimension of the research. In the research, firstly, the definition of the concept of marriage, its elements, conditions and types were briefly explained and the conceptual, legal framework and imagination of marriage were drawn. Thus, the main concepts and norms in which the customary marriage will be evaluated and compared have been put forward. Afterwards, the definition of customary marriage, which is the main subject of the study, its types, the countries where it is spreading, statistical data, the reasons that paved the way for its emergence, and Islamic Fiqh from the classical to the present were made. As a result, customary marriage was performed in three different ways, two of which were permissible, one was not; It has been determined that the applicants for this wedding are generally those who want to have more than one marriage and the university students. It has been seen that this customary marriage has some positive and negative consequences, and those who look at its positive aspects are allowed, while those who consider its negative aspects are not. However, from the classical period to the present, it has been determined that it is permissible for the public to hide the two-witness marriage on the grounds that it fulfills the condition of announcement, even if it is demanded from the witness. (shrink)

II. ULUSLARARASI TEKİRDAĞ’DA DİNİ VE KÜLTÜREL HAYAT SEMPOZYUMU.

The contributors to this issue offer applied critical and normative perspectives on central, yet overlooked, ethical aspects of migration management with a certain cosmopolitan lance in some capacity. However, cosmopolitanism might mean different things for transnational migration. It can refer to “political cosmopolitanism” that provides the reasons for why there should be certain global institutions governing migration. It can also refer to “moral cosmopolitanism” that simply represents a moral concern for individual rights and interests first and foremost. Cosmopolitanism can also (...) work as a lens that is based on a scepticism towards using the nation-state as the ultimate unit or locus of analysis. These perspectives are not mutually exclusive, and the contributions in this special issue accommodate a form of cosmopolitan outlook or stance to some extent in their discussion on migration management practices. (shrink)

In this paper, we explore whether the ethical positions of students are firmly entrenched when they enter college, or do they change due to maturity, experience to ethical discussions in coursework, work experience, or a combination of factors. This study compared the ethical attitudes of freshmen and junior accounting majors, and graduate MBA students when confronted with two ethical dilemmas. Undergraduates were found to be more justice oriented than their MBA counterparts, who were more utilitarian in their ethical approach. While (...) males tended to be more utilitarian, they were also more tentative and neutral in their responses. Females expressed more definite ethical positions than males when assessing specific ethical behaviors. Prior exposure to ethics via coursework or employment did not significantly affect ethical attitudes. (shrink)

Responsible Management in Theory and Practice in Muslim Societies delineates principles of responsible management from an Islamic perspective, exploring the concept of responsibility in Islamic religious texts, and how the understanding of responsibility evolved in Islamic jurisprudence. He explains aspects of individual and group responsibility in Islam and the dissonance between theoretical discourse and practical application. Yusuf M. Sidani focuses on the factors that have both facilitated and hampered the application of responsible management principles in practice in this unique (...) context. Themes explored across the book include Islamic texts and responsible leadership, responsibility in Islamic jurisprudence, individual and group responsibilities, and bridging the gap divide between theory and practice in Muslim societies. Sidani also poses proactive questions, including 'Who is a responsible manager?' and 'what does it take to reaffirm both individual and collective responsibilities', and 'whether things can be put back on track again in Muslim societies, and how?'. (shrink)