RNA localization is a powerful strategy used by cells to localize proteins to subcellular domains and to control protein synthesis regionally. In germ cells, RNA targeting has profound implications for development, setting up polarities in genetic information that drive cell fate during embryogenesis. The frog oocyte offers a useful system for studying the mechanism of RNA localization. Here, we discuss critically the process of RNA localization during frog oogenesis. Three major pathways have been identified that are temporally and spatially separated (...) in oogenesis. Each pathway uses a different mechanism to effect RNA localization. In some cases, localization elements within the 3' untranslated region have been identified and have provided unique insights into the localization process. This important field is still in its infancy, however, and much remains to be learned. BioEssays 21:546–557, 1999. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)

v. 1. ttŭt ŭl sewŏra -- v. 2. Kukpŏp ŭn chiŏmhan kŏt ida -- v. 3. Punsu nŭl nŏmji mara.

Resumen: El piano, de origen europeo, es la cristalización de la civilización musical occidental y es conocido como el rey de los instrumentos musicales. Después de cientos de años de desarrollo, ha desarrollado un sistema relativamente completo de creación, interpretación y enseñanza. En este proceso, se puede ver que hay muchas obras de música para piano con el estilo y el encanto únicos del pensamiento tradicional chino, utilizando el método de la música folclórica china y la melodía con características chinas. (...) La combinación de pensamientos tradicionales y piano demuestra el encanto único de la música china, con una fuerte herencia cultural y atractivo artístico. Por lo tanto, las obras de música para piano infiltradas en el pensamiento tradicional chino no son sólo un tesoro de China, sino también un elemento indispensable en la interpretación y educación del piano chino. El propósito de este artículo es comprender y reflexionar profundamente sobre las obras de música para piano en la cultura tradicional china, explorar la singularidad y el encanto de las obras de música para piano chinas y comprender la encarnación de los pensamientos tradicionales chinos en la creación de música para piano, explorando así la singularidad y la innovación. de la creación de música para piano china, proporcionando referencia y apoyo para promover el desarrollo de las obras de música para piano china. (shrink)

There is no notion of postmortem Heaven and Hell in both ancient Israeli and Confucian traditions, and the two traditions also share quite a number of similarities about the idea of immortal life after death. Therefore, a comparison of the commonness in this field, e.g. the Jewish Levirate Marriage custom and the Confucian custom of adopting one’s son as heir; the idea of name surviving death in Biblical Judaism and that of glorifying one’s parents by making one’s name famous in (...) future ages in Confucianism, can help us reveal the common pursuit in the two traditions: the postmortem fulfillment of an individual is realized in the form of the continuation of one’s family/ tribe/ nation of which they were, and forever remain, a generational link. In addition, this can help clarify a long faulted Confucian dogma of “Having no male heir being the gravest of the three cardinal offences against filial piety”. (shrink)

Cet article s’attache à décrire l’évolution dans l’amitié entre Chŏng Yakyong et Yi Kigyŏng. Beaucoup de choses les rapprochaient, objectivement. Tous deux étaient de brillants lauréats du concours du doctorat de 1789, tous deux étaient membres de la même faction politique, les Namin (les ''Sudistes''), tous deux étaient fonctionnaires civils à la cour du roi Chŏngjo ( r. 1776-1800) dans la Corée de l'ère Chosŏn (1392-1897), et tous deux jouèrent un rôle important dans cette période de grands changements, à la (...) fois socio-politiques, religieux, culturels et intellectuels, que vécut alors la Corée. Chŏng Yakyong s’intéressa à de nombreuses branches différentes du savoir occidental qui parvenait alors à la Corée, et il embrassa même, brièvement après sa confession, la foi chrétienne en 1784. Se sentant critiqué et calomnié, il la renia publiquement en 1797, mais son ami Yi Kigyŏng, auteur du Pyŏgwip’yŏn 闢衛編 ( Compilation de documents pour le rejet de l’hétérodoxie et la défense de l’orthodoxie ), ne voulut jamais y croire. Cet ami devint même un ennemi au point qu’il l’attaqua violemment, en 1801, ce qui valut à Chong Yakyong un long et douloureux bannissement jusqu’en 1818. À travers la lecture des textes dont nous disposons, officiels et personnels, nous tentons de comprendre ce qui s'est joué alors et d'analyser l’évolution de leur amitié face à ce qui les divisa – ces événements qui furent tragiques pour beaucoup de monde. (shrink)

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1838-97) was a pan-Islamic thinker, political activist, and journalist, who sought to revive Islamic thought and liberate the Muslim world from Western influence. Many aspects of his life and his background remain unknown or controversial, including his birthplace, his religious affiliation, and the cause of his death. He was likely born in Asadabad, near present-day Hamadan, Iran. His better known history begins when he was 18, with a one-year stay in India that coincided with the Sepoy Mutiny (...) of 1857-59. In what would become a life of constant travel, he soon went to Mecca to perform Hajj, before returning to Afghanistan to join the service of the country's ruler, Dost Mohammad Khan (1793-1863). He later sided with Dost's son Mohammad Aʻzam, who ultimately lost in a power struggle with his British-supported brother Sher Ali. Al-Afghani's political activism eventually took him to Paris, London, Tehran, Saint Petersburg, and Constantinople. It was during his second stay in Egypt (1871-79) that he cemented his role as a reformer. He found in Cairo a class of young intellectuals who gathered around him, established newspapers, and used these papers to disseminate his ideas. Chief among al-Afghani's Egyptian disciples were scholar Muhammad ʻAbduh, journalist ʻAbd Allah al-Nadim, and nationalist politicians Mustafa Kamil and Saʻd Zaghlul. Al-Afghani's influence on both modernist and traditionalist Islamic thought continues to the present. An activist who sought to effect change through political journalism and public speaking, he did not write many books. This treatise, entitled al-Radd ʻalā al-dahrīyīn (Refutation of the materialists), was a rebuttal of the views of the pro-British Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, who had argued that science is more important than religion in the rise of civilizations. First written in Persian following al-Afghani's exile from Egypt to India, it was translated into Arabic by his student Muhammad ʻAbduh, with the help of al-Afghani's assistant Arif Efendi. (shrink)

Mevlânâ Celâleddin-i Rûmî’yi (öl. 1273) sevenler arasında, Abdurrahman Câmî’ye (öl. 1492) atfedilen Mevlânâ ve Mesnevî-i Şerîf’ini öven “Peygamber değildir ama kitabı vardır.” mazmunu ile meşhur olan bir beyit vardır. İran’da daha çok yaygın olan ve Câmî’nin beytiyle aynı anlamı taşıyan ve ilaveleri olan üç beytin ise, Bahâeddin Âmilî (öl. 1622) tarafından yazıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu beyitlerde Mesnevî’ye verilen “Farsça Kur’an” lakabı ve “bazılarını hidayete, bazılarını dalalete götüren” ibaresi dikkat çekmektedir. Bu beyitlerin içerikleri, Muhammed İkbal (öl. 1938) ve Muhammed Hüseyin Şehriyâr (öl. (...) 1988) gibi son asrın bazı büyük şairlerinin, Reynold Nicholson (öl. 1945) ve Annemarie Schimmel (öl. 2003) gibi müsteşrik yazarların eserlerinde de görünmektedir. Hz. Mevlânâ ise kendisini Kur’ân’ın kölesi ve Hz. Muhammed’in (s.a.v) yolunun toprağı olarak tanıtmış ve anılan beyitlerin ima edebileceği gibi hiçbir zaman peygamberlik iddiasında bulunmamıştır. Ârif şair Mesnevî’nin çeşitli yerlerinde Kur’ân’ın vasıflarını, emir ve nehiylerini, evrensel mesajlarını ve ayetlerin üzerinde tefekkür etmenin önemini serdetmiştir. Kur’ân’ı daha iyi ve doğru kavrayabilmek için neler yapılmalıdır açıklamış ve yöntemler sunmuştur. Kur’ân’daki bazı hikâyeleri tekrar anlatmış ve detaylandırarak şerh etmiştir. Hz. Peygamber efendimizin yüce makamını övmüş, başka peygamberlerin hikâyelerini, onlara gösterdiği saygıyla aktarmıştır. Hz. Mevlânâ ve Mesnevî-i Şerîf methiyesi olarak söylenen şiirlerdeki tanımlar, bir taraftan Mesnevî’nin dibacesinde Mevlânâ’nın kendi kaleminden çıkmış “Bu Mesnevî kitabıdır ve dinin asıllarının asıllarının asıllarıdır.” cümlesinden esinlenmiş olabilir. Mevlânâ bu mukaddimede eserini Kur’an sıfatlarıyla tavsif etmiş ve onun Allah tarafından korunduğunu söylemiştir. Mesnevî şârihi olan İsmail Ankaravî’nin, “Mesnevî Kur’ân ve Hadis tefsirlerinden meydana gelmiş mecmau’l-bahreyndir.” ifadesi de bu konuyu izah etmektedir. Mesnevî’de belirgin bir şekilde ayetlerin şerhi veya ayetlere yönelik telmihler geçmektedir. Toplam iki bin iki yüzü aşkın yerde ayetlere atıf mevcuttur. Bu da Mesnevî’nin Kur’ân’ın bir tür tefsiri olabileceğini işaret etmektedir. Başka bir açıdan bakıldığında, Mesnevî ile Kur’ân arasında çeşitli yazılış ve biçim benzerlikleri kurulabilmektedir. Mesnevî’nin de Kur’ân gibi bir emirle başlaması, bir ilham (vahiy) ürünü olması, başlangıcında tüm kitabın özetinin geçmesi, anlatım şeklinin genelde hikâye ve temsillerle olması, suretten manaya geçip anlaşılması için şerh ve tefsire ihtiyaç olması vb. birçok müşabih veçheleri vardır. Bu bakımlardan, Mesnevî peygamber olmayan biri tarafından Farsça Kur’ân’a benzetilmiştir denilebilir. Bu çalışmada önce bu nitelemenin çıkma ve kullanma serüveni takip edilecek, sonra Mevlânâ’nın Kur’ân hakkındaki görüşleri, Mesnevî’de Kur’ân’ın yeri, Kur’ân ve Mesnevî’nin ortak yönleri ele alınarak neden bu büyük şair ve yazarlar tarafından Mesnevî’ye Farsça Kur’ân denildiği açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. (shrink)

Guanxi in China is a very ancient concept embedded in the Confucian concept of life and one that is a ‚hot' topic in that it is currently attracting increasing attention from both Western and Chinese scholars. One aspect of Guanxi which has been the subject of most of the research of late is the influence of Guanxi on firm performance. However, relatively few studies have examined how Guanxi at the individual level is transferred into a firm to influence its financial (...) performance. This study first reclassifies Guanxi into obligatory, reciprocal, and utilitarian types at the individual level as a means to clarifying the confusion brought above from previous studies. It then provides a conceptual framework in which to systematically characterize the link between Guanxi at the individual level and organizational dynamics: that is, how is Guanxi at the individual level shifted to a firm and how does it affect organizational dynamics of that firm at the organizational level. Finally, it provides a deeper understanding of the financial implications of Guanxi to business firms in China. (shrink)

The “wisdom of the crowd” phenomenon refers to the finding that the aggregate of a set of proposed solutions from a group of individuals performs better than the majority of individual solutions. Most often, wisdom of the crowd effects have been investigated for problems that require single numerical estimates. We investigate whether the effect can also be observed for problems where the answer requires the coordination of multiple pieces of information. We focus on combinatorial problems such as the planar Euclidean (...) traveling salesperson problem, minimum spanning tree problem, and a spanning tree memory task. We develop aggregation methods that combine common solution fragments into a global solution and demonstrate that these aggregate solutions outperform the majority of individual solutions. These case studies suggest that the wisdom of the crowd phenomenon might be broadly applicable to problem-solving and decision-making situations that go beyond the estimation of single numbers. (shrink)

Many passages in early Confucian texts such as the Analects and Mengzi are focused on virtue, recommending qualities like humaneness (ren 仁), righteousness (yi 義), and trustworthiness (xin 信). Still others emphasize roles: what it means to be a good son, a good ruler, a good friend, a good teacher, or a good student. How are these teachings about virtues and roles related? In the past decade there has been a growing debate between two interpretations of early Confucian ethics, one (...) that sees virtues as fundamental, and the other of which starts from roles. Recently there have been two new contributions to the debate: Virtue Ethics and Confucianism (2013), edited by Stephen C. Angle and Michael Slote, which develops the virtue ethical interpretation, and Henry Rosemont, Jr.’s Against Individualism: A Confucian Rethinking of the Foundations of Morality, Politics, Family, and Religion (2015), which defends the role-based interpretation. This paper lays out the main contours of the debate between Virtue Ethical Confucianism and Confucian Role Ethics, as well as examines the distinctive contributions of these two new works. (shrink)

BackgroundPlagiarism is considered as serious research misconduct, together with data fabrication and falsification. However, little is known about biomedical researchers’ views on plagiarism. Moreover, it has been argued – based on limited empirical evidence – that perceptions of plagiarism depend on cultural and other determinants. The authors explored, by means of an online survey among 46 reputable universities in Europe and China, how plagiarism is perceived by biomedical researchers in both regions.MethodsWe collected work e-mail addresses of biomedical researchers identified through (...) the websites of 13 reputable universities in Europe and 33 reputable universities in China and invited them to participate in an online anonymous survey. Our questionnaire was designed to assess respondents’ views about plagiarism by asking whether they considered specific practices as plagiarism. We analyzed if respondents in China and Europe responded differently, using logistic regression analysis with adjustments for demographic and other relevant factors.ResultsThe authors obtained valid responses from 204 researchers based in China (response rate 2.1%) and 826 researchers based in Europe (response rate 5.6%). Copying text from someone else’s publication without crediting the source, using idea(s) from someone else’s publication without crediting the source and republishing one’s own work in another language without crediting the source were considered as plagiarism by 98, 67 and 64%, respectively. About one-third of the respondents reported to have been unsure whether they had been plagiarizing.Overall, the pattern of responses was similar among respondents based in Europe and China. Nevertheless, for some items significant differences did occur in disadvantage of Chinese respondents.ConclusionsFindings indicate that nearly all biomedical researchers understand (and disapprove of) the most obvious forms of plagiarism, but uncertainties and doubts were apparent for many aspects. And the minority of researchers who did not recognize some types of plagiarism as plagiarism was larger among China-based respondents than among Europe-based respondents. The authors conclude that biomedical researchers need clearer working definitions of plagiarism in order to deal with grey zones. (shrink)

Fenomenolojik hareket içinden fenomenolojinin transandantal niteliğine yöneltilen eleştirilerin bir örneğini yakın zamanda Claude Romano sunar. Makalede Romano’nun eleştirisinin neden isabetli olmadığı tartışılacaktır. Birinci başlık, Husserlci fenomenolojinin başlangıçtaki Kartezyen karakterinin ve transandantal dönüşümünün, şüpheciliğin ciddiye alınmasından kaynaklandığına dair iddiaya ayrılmıştır. Romano, Husserl’i transandantal fenomenolojiye götüren şeyin, felsefenin görevinin şüphecilik karşısında bilimleri temellendirmek olduğunu düşünmesi ve evrensel bir şüpheden hareketle bilinç ile gerçeklik arasında indirgenemez bir ontolojik ayrım varsayması olduğunu ileri sürer. Oysa Romano’ya göre fenomenolojiyi transandantal bir felsefe olmaya zorlayan bu gerekçeler (...) reddedilebilir. Zaten transandantal bir fenomenoloji olanaklı da değildir; çünkü transandantal kuruluş fikri, bilinç ve gerçeklik arasında varsayılan ikici ontolojik ayrımla ve fenomenolojinin gerçekliğe olduğu haliyle doğrudan erişime izin vermesiyle bağdaşmaz görünür. İkinci başlıkta, bağdaşmaz görünen bu tezlerin, korelasyonun kendisinin bilinç ve dünyaya önceliğini, bedenli bilinçle dünyanın kökendeki olgusal etkileşimini, zamansal ve çağrışımsal sentezler boyunca anlamın genetik kuruluşunu hesaba kattığımızda transandantal bir fenomenolojiyi nasıl birlikte olanaklı kıldığı gösterilecektir. Üçüncü başlık, Romano’nun transandantal fenomenoloji eleştirisinin dayandığı _sınırlı epokhe_’nin karşısına _evrensel epokhe_’yi koyacaktır. Dördüncü başlıkta Husserl’in şüpheciliğe yönelik esas ilgisinin, kökensel felsefe idesinden hareketle şüpheciliğe biçtiği tarihsel role bağlı olduğu açıklanacaktır. Son başlık ise, transandantal fenomenolojinin, şüpheciliği alt ederek felsefe idesini gerçekleştirebilecek tek sahici felsefe olduğunu ortaya çıkaracaktır. Sonuç olarak, transandantal fenomenoloji, realizm karşısındaki idealist bir konum olarak değil, her türlü nesnelcilik karşısında, nesnelerin varlığının ve bilgisinin olanak koşullarını araştıran bir konum olarak anlaşıldığı sürece, fenomenolojinin özgün bir felsefe olmasının onun transandantal niteliğine bağlı olduğu savunulacaktır. (shrink)

Ce travail explore l’origine d’un malentendu vieux de cinq siècles concernant la foi justifiante. Dieu justifie-t-il le pécheur par la foi seule ( sola fide ) comme le disent les luthériens ou par la foi formée par la charité ( fide caritate formata ) comme le disent les catholiques? Il s’agit d’une des différences les plus débattues entre les deux traditions. Une étude précise des sources et une comparaison entre les textes de Thomas d’Aquin et de Martin Luther consacrés à (...) l’interprétation de la fides caritate formata permet de constater que, malgré la compréhension différente de la formule, ils ont en réalité la même idée de la foi justifiante en raison d’une même fidélité à l’Écriture. C’est en puisant à cette source commune qu’aujourd’hui encore, ils montrent aux Églises un chemin d’unité. (shrink)

Bailey Willis was the second major American geologist to undertake reconnaissance research in China--in the years 1903-04. Together with the stratigrapher Eliot Blackwelder, topographer Harvey Sargent, and guide Li Shan, he travelled first in Shandong Province, then from Peking to Xian, thence across the mountains into Sichuan, and then by river via the Yangzi Gorges to Shanghai. It was hoped that they would discover the primeval ancestor of trilobites in China, but the search proved unsuccessful. Willis's stratigraphic findings are described, (...) as are his structural interpretations of what he observed in China. His work in China gave rise to some unfounded speculations about the possible causes of lateral Earth movements, due to rocks of different densities being adjacent to one another in the Earth's crust. These ideas were followed by several other 'theories of the Earth' during Willis's later career, some of which were also probably related to his experiences in China. He seemingly practised the formulation of 'multiple working hypotheses'. The paper also discusses the influence of Willis's survey and stratigraphic work on the subsequent development of Chinese geology, with particular attention given to the various meanings of the term 'Sinian System'. Mention is made of later work in China on Lower Cambrian stratigraphy. (shrink)

Medine, Hz. Peygamber’in hicret ederek hayatının son yıllarını geçirdiği şehir olarak Müslümanlar için büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Şehrin her köşesi, Allah Resulünün hatıralarıyla doludur. Bu nedenle Medine hakkında yazılan eserler hem İslâm tarihi hem de Hz. Peygamber’in hayatı hakkında daha derinlemesine bilgi edinmek isteyenler için vazgeçilmez kaynaklardır. Muhammed Abdülvehhâb el-Abbâsî tarafından kaleme alınan el-Mu‘cemü’ş-şâmil li’l-Medîneti’l-Münevvere adlı eser, Medine hakkında yazılmış en kapsamlı çalışmalardan biri olarak kabul edilebilir. Bu eser, sadece şehrin coğrafi ve tarihi özelliklerini değil, aynı zamanda Hz. Peygamber'in Medine'deki (...) hayatı, ashabı ve şehrin sosyal yapısı gibi birçok konuyu da detaylı bir şekilde ele almaktadır. Eserdeki haritalar, çizimler ve tablolar sayesinde okuyucular Medine'yi daha iyi anlayabilir ve zihinlerinde canlandırabilirler. Bu eser, hem İslâm tarihçileri hem de Medine ile ilgilenen herkes için önemli bir kaynak niteliğindedir. Eserdeki bilgiler sayesinde Medine'nin sadece dini bir merkez değil aynı zamanda zengin bir kültürel ve tarihi mirasa sahip olduğunu daha iyi anlıyoruz. (shrink)

The cyclic GMP-gated channel responds to changes in free intracellular cGMP, and as a result, it plays a central role in the phototransduction process in rod and cone photoreceptor cells. Recent biochemical, immunochemical, and molecular biology studies indicate that this channel consists of a complex of two distinct subunits and one or more associated proteins. Primary structural analysis indicates that the a and (3 subunits contain a cGMP-binding domain, an even number of membrane-spanning segments, a voltage sensor motif and a (...) pore region. The latter two features are found in voltage-gated channels and suggest that these two classes of channels have evolved from the same ancestral channel protein. A working model for the membrane topography of the channel subunits is proposed based on immunogold labeling studies and sequence analysis. Recent studies also indicate that calmodulin binds to the 240 kDa protein of the channel complex and modulates the sensitivity of the channel for cGMP in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The molecular properties of the channel complex and the possible role of Ca2+-calmodulin modulation of the channel during photoactivation and photorecovery are discussed in relation to the current mechanism of phototransduction in photoreceptor cells. (shrink)

Because of the impact of close partner's touch on psychological and physical well-being by alleviating stress, it is important to explore the influence factors that underlie the stress-alleviating effect of close partner's touch. Previous studies suggested that the stress-alleviating effect was different when individuals were touched by different persons. Specifically, the stress was reduced significantly when the individual was touched by the close partner compared with the acquaintance and the stranger. However, whether the stress-alleviating effect of touch was modulated by (...) the close relationship quality is unknown. To examine this question, the participants performed a 3 × 2 within-subjects experiment. The results revealed that the stress of the participants alleviated significantly while close partners present with touch compared with without touch during facing a threat. We also found that the relationship quality of couple-members modulated touch-induced stress alleviation. Participants perceiving the low quality of alternatives and the high partners' commitment level showed stronger touch-induced stress-alleviating effect than participants perceiving the high quality of alternatives and the low partners' commitment level. The explained variance was around 16.8% jointly for actor and partner effects. These findings provide evidence for explaining the reasons for touch-induced alleviating stress and have important implications for predicting the future effect of interactive behaviors. (shrink)

Mental contrasting with implementation intentions is a self-regulation strategy that enhances goal attainment. This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of MCII for goal attainment and explored potential moderators. A total of 21 empirical studies with 24 independent effect sizes were included in the analysis. Results showed that MCII to be effective for goal attainment with a small to medium effect size. The effect was mainly moderated by intervention style. Specifically, studies with interventions based on interactions between participants and experimenters had stronger (...) effects than studies with interventions based on interactions between participants and documents. The results revealed that MCII is a brief and effective strategy for goal attainment with a small to moderate effect; however, because of some publication bias, the actual effect sizes may be smaller. Due to small number of studies in this meta-analysis, additional studies are needed to determine the role of moderator variables. (shrink)

황우석 교수 사건을 종합적으로 분석한 책이 나왔다. 『황우석의 나라』는 황 교수 사태가 요동칠 때 에서 기자생활을 한 이성주가 현장을 지켜보고 이를 분석한 책이다. 저자는 7년 동안 의학팀장을 맡았고 2004년 8월부터 1년 동안 미국 존스홉킨스대에서 연수를 하고 귀국한 뒤 4개월 동안 과학 및 의학 분야의 곁에서 황 교수 사태가 요동치는 현장을 지켜보았다. 이 책은 황우석 사건 보도와 관련해 알려지지 않은 언론계의 현장 이야기, 과학계의 분위기, 황우석의 로비 실태 등을 생생하게 보여준다. 또 이번 사태가 발생하기 이전의 각종 기사를 분석해 언론이 무비판적으로 보도한 (...) 황 교수의 업적이 얼마나 허점투성이인지 설득력 있게 제시하고 있다. 동시에 19세기 말 프랑스를 뒤흔들었던 ‘드레퓌스 사건’과 마찬가지로 언론이 줄기세포처럼 똬리를 틀고 있다고 진단하고 언론의 본질과 역할에 대해 문제를 제기한다. 저자는 제2의 황우석 사건을 예방하기 위해 연구비 심사제도 개선, 연구비에서 간접비의 비중 강화, 언론의 에디터제 도입 등 세세한 대안도 내놓고 있다. (shrink)

Background The Patient Right to Autonomy Act (PRAA), implemented in Taiwan in 2019, enables the creation of advance decisions (AD) through advance care planning (ACP). This legal framework allows for the withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment (LST) or artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) in situations like irreversible coma, vegetative state, severe dementia, or unbearable pain. This study aims to investigate preferences for LST or ANH across various clinical conditions, variations in participant preferences, and factors influencing these preferences among urban (...) residents. Methods Employing a survey of legally structured AD documents and convenience sampling for data collection, individuals were enlisted from Taipei City Hospital, serving as the primary trial and demonstration facility for ACP in Taiwan since the commencement of the PRAA in its inaugural year. The study examined ADs and ACP consultation records, documenting gender, age, welfare entitlement, disease conditions, family caregiving experience, location of ACP consultation, participation of second-degree relatives, and the intention to participate in ACP. Results Data from 2337 participants were extracted from electronic records. There was high consistency in the willingness to refuse LST and ANH, with significant differences noted between terminal diseases and extremely severe dementia. Additionally, ANH was widely accepted as a time-limited treatment, and there was a prevalent trend of authorizing a health care agent (HCA) to make decisions on behalf of participants. Gender differences were observed, with females more inclined to decline LST and ANH, while males tended towards accepting full or time-limited treatment. Age also played a role, with younger participants more open to treatment and authorizing HCA, and older participants more prone to refusal. Conclusion Diverse preferences in LST and ANH were shaped by the public’s current understanding of different clinical states, gender, age, and cultural factors. Our study reveals nuanced end-of-life preferences, evolving ADs, and socio-demographic influences. Further research could explore evolving preferences over time and healthcare professionals’ perspectives on LST and ANH decisions for neurological patients.. (shrink)

Global citizenship education (GCE) encounters epistemic barriers in curriculum localisation, which, from a semiotic perspective, are related to educators’ subjectivation process. By choosing a Chinese case based on six secondary schools on the east coast of China, this paper builds on previous efforts to investigate how principals’ (n = 6) and teachers’ (n = 10) subjectivation process could influence their comprehension of the concept of GCE. The focus of this paper is on distinguishing the subjectivities in participants’ interviews that related (...) to their perceptions and planning of the curriculum. The findings of the study included qualitative feedback, which was later categorised into three themes: the communitarian subjectivity, the hybrid subjectivity and the assimilated subjectivity. The three forms of subjectivity exposed the vulnerability inherent in participants’ efforts to localize GCE. This study demonstrated a specific epistemic condition that challenges the prevailing discourse, suggesting that defending traditional culture does not always serve the purpose of promoting cultural diversity on a global scale. (shrink)

미래주의적 시각에서 한국교육의 개혁방향을 모색한 연구서. 미래사회가 오늘의 교육에 어떠한 의미와 시 사를 던져주는지, 미래에 일어날 사회변동 추세에 맞 추어 한국교육을 어떠한 방향으로 개혁해야하는가 등 등을 검토하였다.