This article compares Confucian ethics of Jen and feminist ethics of care. It attempts to show that they share philosophically significant common grounds. Its findings affirm the view that care-orientation in ethics is not a characteristic peculiar to one sex. It also shows that care-orientation is not peculiar to subordinated social groups. Arguing that the oppression of women is not an essential element of Confucian ethics, the author indicates the Confucianism and feminism are compatible.

Academic mothers perform intersected roles. They carry out their profession in workplaces, while they take the “second shift” of motherhood back to their families. The contested expectations in family and career built by the heterosexual matrix cause tension to academic mothers. We qualitatively investigate the interview data of six Chinese women academics on how they perform to negotiate their motherhood and academic work in the context of Chinese higher education, driven by the Butlerian theoretical concept of the heterosexual matrix. The (...) findings suggest that Chinese academic mothers play a zero-sum game between being mothers and being academics, deriving from their ontological responsibilities of motherhood. We conclude that in the masculine academia, these women academics help maintain the heterosexual matrix by satisfying the gender normativity when they negotiate their performances in their family and career; meanwhile, most have developed some strategies to achieve their career advancement. (shrink)

Engineering ethics education is a complex field characterized by dynamic topics and diverse students, which results in significant challenges for engineering ethics educators. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a systematic approach to determine what to teach and how to teach in an ethics curriculum. This is a topic that has not been adequately addressed in the engineering ethics literature. This systematic approach provides a method to: (1) develop a context-specific engineering ethics curriculum using the Delphi technique, a (...) process-driven research method; and (2) identify appropriate delivery strategies and instructional strategies using an instructional design model. This approach considers the context-specific needs of different engineering disciplines in ethics education and leverages the collaboration of engineering professors, practicing engineers, engineering graduate students, ethics scholars, and instructional design experts. The proposed approach is most suitable for a department, a discipline/field or a professional society. The approach helps to enhance learning outcomes and to facilitate ethics education curriculum development as part of the regular engineering curriculum. (shrink)

本书向人们展示“气到底是什么”:气的内涵外延、气的作用、气的运行、卦气、气运、气数、气化、气与天地万物的生成、气与神、气与道、气与理、气与人性等。.

Albeit their variated manifestations, a distinct humanistic spirit that is also characteristic of Chinese philosophy as a whole is found among the thoughts of the masters of Song-Ming Study of Principle. They advocated the pursuit of transcendence through concrete cultivation which generates refined faith, sincerity, courage and an enjoyable state-of-attainment. These contributions played a decisive part in the refinement of Confucian thought regarding theories of transcendence, for developments in the theory of spiritual effort in pursuit of transcendence during this period (...) are unique both with respect to China and abroad. This essay explores this uniqueness, through which we can enrich our understanding of Song-Ming Study of Principle as a tradition, and further appreciate the transcendental dimension from the perspective of social practice. Exemplifications of a quest for self-transcendence, including self-cultivation and the concern for ultimate values are rooted in everyday life and carried out in concrete social practice. (shrink)

本书汇集影响中国形成的三大家文化——儒家、道家、佛家关于性命学的精要语录并加以释译,重点选取各家性命学发展过程中从奠基至繁荣的关键历史时期的重要作品及经典语录。.

How is the meaning of the Dao to be understood? To answer this question, we should not make indiscreet remarks outside of the framework of Laozi’s thought; rather, we should enter the system, helping Laozi to establish a philosophical system on the Dao. Such an establishment is equivalent to that of a logical system of Laozi’s philosophy. We consider the presentation of Laozi’s thought as unverified propositions, and the purpose of this essay is to expound on these propositions and make (...) them philosophy in a strict sense: The Dao that can be talked about is not Dao anymore, and while the Dao seems to have its name, it actually does not. Names are also particular things. The Dao is neither a name nor a thing; instead, the Dao implies nonexistence. Nonexistence means the possibility of the being of all things, and all these things are the manifestation of the Dao, thus nonexistence is also existence. Things are discriminated from the Dao, and because all these things are discriminated from each other, there is de 德 (virtues). Where the discrimination is removed, there is the Dao, and adherence to the discrimination means deviation from the Dao. The diversity of things stirs up desires, and the control and utilization of things are a departure from the Dao. Only desires without self are compatible with nature. Desire discriminates with artificial measurements, and thus leads to knowledge. To acquire knowledge is to learn, and learning develops the capability to differentiate between the self and the other, so only a decline in learning can be conducive to human life. One can achieve something, transform external things and withstand nature only after he learns and acquires knowledge. On the other hand, wuwei 无为 (doing nothing) leads to wuwo 无我 (self-denial), avoiding the invention or differentiation of things. So, life is just the movement of the Dao, in which all things are allowed to take their own courses and nothing is left unaccomplished. (shrink)

Marine ecosystems are in serious troubles globally, largely due to the failures of fishery resources management. To restore and conserve fishery ecosystems, we need new and effective governance systems urgently. This research focuses on fisheries management in ancient China. We found that from 5,000 years ago till early modern era, Chinese ancestors had been constantly enthusiastic about sustainable utilization of fisheries resources and natural balance of fishery development. They developed numerous rigorous policies and regulations to guide people to act on (...) natural laws. Being detailed and scientific, the legal systems had gained gratifying enforcement, due to official efforts and folks’ voluntary participation in resource management. In-depth analyses show that people’s consciousness of ecological conservation was derived from the edification of kinds of ancient eco-ethical wisdom, such as totemism, nature worship, Zhou Yi , Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohism, etc. All this Chinese classical wisdom have the same cores: “Nature and Man in One” spirit, frugality and “All things are equal” concept. The findings show that eco-ethical thinking is never inconsistent with social ethic systems, and it’s of great importance to give legal effect to usual ecological moral claims and eco-ethical requirements of the public in protecting the environment. The eco-ethical wisdom is efficient in assisting and urging people to fulfill humans’ obligation for nature. Finally, it’s believed that present world fisheries management will benefit a lot from all these ancient Chinese thoughts and practices. People are expected to make the most of the eco-ethical wisdom, strengthen fishery legislation and fully stimulate their voluntary participation in both marine fishery resources conservation and fishery cyclic economy. (shrink)

The appearance and intensive development of a socialist orientation as a distinctive form of noncapitalist development of formerly oppressed countries and peoples are among the outstanding phenomena of our time and require the most serious theoretical and methodological interpretation. The national-democratic revolutions that have taken place in these countries have removed the bases of imperialist and feudal domination, interrupted the rise of capitalism at its earliest level, and embarked on a noncapitalist path of social progress. A gradual process bringing the (...) orientation toward socialism into convergence with a people's democratic development of society began in the course of radical reorganization of precapitalist or early capitalist structures. (shrink)

This year is the Eightieth anniversary of the May Fourth movement, as well as the last decennial of the May Fourth movement in the twentieth century.

It came as a complete surprise to me that my paper "An Outline of a Theory Concerning the Philosophy of Kant and the Establishment of Subjectivity" [henceforth called "Outline"], written in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the publication of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and published in a relatively unknown location, gave rise to so much response. This seems to suggest that our younger generation longs to make a contribution to the fields of philosophy, and that they are searching (...) [for new avenues] to meet the nation's general goal of modernization as well as the challenge to answer the question about what direction the world is heading. However, that paper was just a preliminary sketch of what I had in mind, in order to raise certain questions. Although this paper is also still nothing more than a supplementary outline, I would like it to serve as a call for more exhaustive investigation. (shrink)

If we say that the school of Confucianism—Confucius, Mencius, and Xun Zi—focused on the nurturing and forming of the psychological temperament of man, that it emphasized humanizing the innate nature so that the natural physiological desires and the sensory needs of man—that "which is unavoidable in man's nature and feelings"—are nurtured in a societal way and attain societal functions, and that for this reason the state and results of its appreciation of beauty are often related to pleasing the ear, the (...) eye, the heart, and the mind, and on the whole are controlled by the realm of human relationships and ethics, then it is possible to say that the characteristics of Daoist aesthetics as represented by Zhuang Zi were precisely focused on transcending just this. (shrink)

If we say that on the level of form, works of art correspond to the humanization of sense perception in the human psychology, then on the level of the image, they correspond on the whole to the humanization of desire. As a result, their aesthetic effect is manifested as artistic sedimentation.

Evidence suggests that participation in plaza dancing may affect mental health. This study for the first time quantified the relationships between plaza dancing and psychological well-being and ill-being. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP to identify relevant studies published from the databases since their inception to July 25, 2021. The standardized mean differences of pre-to-post intervention data were calculated in the meta-analysis. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to test the potential moderating effects of age, (...) outcome classification, measurement instruments, district, publication year, total sample size, and the duration, frequency, and length of the square dance intervention. A total of 25 original articles met all the eligibility criteria and were included in the review, and 17 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that plaza dancing improved psychological well-being and reduced psychological ill-being. The study participants’ age and district did not seem to affect the effectiveness of the plaza dancing intervention. The duration and frequency of plaza dancing affected the association between square dance and psychological well-being and psychological ill-being. Plaza dancing has a significant positive effect on psychological well-being and psychological ill-being, and the effects are moderated by intervention modality. Generalizing plaza dancing interventions to promote psychological well-being and prevent or treat psychological ill-being is needed.Systematic Review Registration[www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42021272016]. (shrink)

We present a novel method, called graph sparse nonnegative matrix factorization, for dimensionality reduction. The affinity graph and sparse constraint are further taken into consideration in nonnegative matrix factorization and it is shown that the proposed matrix factorization method can respect the intrinsic graph structure and provide the sparse representation. Different from some existing traditional methods, the inertial neural network was developed, which can be used to optimize our proposed matrix factorization problem. By adopting one parameter in the neural network, (...) the global optimal solution can be searched. Finally, simulations on numerical examples and clustering in real-world data illustrate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed method. (shrink)

As the aging population, including frail older people, continues to grow in Mainland China, quality of life and end-of-life care for frail older people has attracted much attention. Advance care planning is an effective way to improve end-of-life care for people with advanced diseases, and it is widely used in developed countries; however, it is a new concept in Mainland China. The effects of advance care planning and its acceptability in Mainland China are uncertain because of its culture-sensitive characteristics. The (...) objective of this article is to discuss the serious social issue of caring for frail older people and illustrate the possibility of implementing advance care planning in nursing homes in Mainland China through a review of relevant literature, which will focus on legislation, healthcare system engagement, public engagement, and cultural issues. Recommendations to promote and implement advance care planning include choosing nursing homes as a proper setting, establishing an ethical climate, and enhancing public awareness. (shrink)

The technological progress makes great contribution to the rapid economic growth of China during its past three decades of reform and opening up. An empirical analysis conducted over China’s total factor productivity certifies this conclusion but it also reveals that China’s TFP growth rate is not very high. We further explore the various stages of change of China’s total factor productivity and the causes of these changes and finally take an analytical calculation over the present flaws of China’s innovation system (...) and offer some advices. (shrink)

Sentiment analysis has been widely used in text mining of social media to discover valuable information from user reviews. Sentiment lexicon is an essential tool for sentiment analysis. Recent research studies indicate that constructing sentiment lexicons for special domains can achieve better results in sentiment analysis. However, it is not easy to construct a sentiment lexicon for a specific domain because most current methods highly depend on general sentiment lexicons and complex linguistic rules. In this paper, the construction of sentiment (...) lexicon is transformed into a training-optimization process. In our scheme, the accuracy of sentiment classification is used as the optimization objective. The candidate sentiment lexicons are regarded as the individuals that need to be optimized. Then, two genetic algorithms are specially designed to adjust the values of sentiment words in lexicon. Finally, the best individual evolved in the presented genetic algorithms is selected as the sentiment lexicon. Our method only depends on some labelled texts and does not need any linguistic knowledge or prior knowledge. It provides a simple and easy way to construct a sentiment lexicon in a specific domain. Experiment results show that the proposed method has good flexibility and can generate high-quality sentiment lexicon in specific domains. (shrink)

Based on social cognitive theory, we studied the relationship between coaches’ paternalistic leadership and youth athletes’ organizational citizenship behavior and the mediation effect of athletes’ trust in coaches, in China. This age-specific research was conducted among more than 2,000 Chinese youth soccer players. Overall, 758 youth soccer players, aged 13–18 years, completed a self-report questionnaire. The results showed that the three dimensions of the coaches’ PL have different relationships with OCB, and the differences were due to differences in athletes’ ages. (...) Additionally, we verified the mediation role of trust. Our research conclusions are of great significance to the study of Chinese youth soccer as in-depth research can provide a deeper and more precise understanding of the relationship between PL and the OCB of Chinese youth soccer players. This study expands the literature on social cognitive theory and sheds light on the relationship between coach leadership and athlete OCB by providing extensive evidence. (shrink)

《復仇觀的省察與詮釋──先秦兩漢魏晉南北朝隋唐編》一書探討先秦至唐代的「復仇觀」，為跨學科、跨領域、跨文化之研究，作者李隆獻教授運用經傳、史書、經生之詮釋、儒士之論述，以及古注、類書、地志、冥界小說等 資料，透過歷時性考察，兼採宏觀與微觀方式，省察傳統「五倫復仇觀」的源起及其歷代境況與嬗變之跡，探索復仇觀在人類演進過程中的社會、文化意涵，並與不同文化的復仇觀相互映照。全書涉及復仇理論、復仇風氣、復仇 現象、復仇觀及其嬗變、復仇觀與法律的互涉、禮法衝突、鬼靈復仇等，乃當前探討復仇觀視野較為多元、全面的專著。 全書共分六大章： 壹、〈「五倫復仇觀」的源起與嬗變〉，以先秦至漢代─復仇觀確立的關鍵時期─的儒家經典為探討對象，追溯、分析此一觀念的起源與確立過程。中國的復仇觀因儒家思想的影響，逐漸發展為超越血緣復仇的「五倫復仇觀」。 再次就不同時代的儒家經典，考察其對復仇的觀念與態度，又次則比對《春秋》三《傳》復仇觀的異同，「餘論」則舉實例略論西方的復仇觀，「結論」藉由中、西復仇觀的比較，凸顯中國復仇觀在社會化的過程中受儒家思想影 響／規範／形塑，及經典／學術化的現象。 貳、〈先秦至唐代復仇型態的省察與詮釋〉述論先秦至唐代復仇型態的諸面向與典型案例，分析、歸納復仇事件的發展為六階段：一、復仇動機；二、復仇對象；三、復仇方式；四、地方官吏對復仇的態度；五、中央政府對復仇 的態度；六、時人／史傳對復仇的評價。後三階段涉及儒家復仇理論、人情常理與法律之間的往互辯證，為一般研究復仇相關論文較少論述者，有頗多可觀之處。 參、〈兩漢復仇風氣與《公羊》復仇理論關係重探〉，旨在釐清《公羊》「復仇理論」與兩漢復仇風氣的關係，進而詮釋漢代復仇盛行的各種原因。 肆、〈兩漢魏晉南北朝復仇與法律的互涉〉，探討復仇觀在兩漢、魏晉南北朝時期的嬗變之跡以及官方的法令規範與執法態度、輿論所反映的復仇觀與復仇與法律互涉的相關問題等進行省察與詮釋。 伍、〈隋唐時期復仇與法律的互涉〉，旨在探討隋唐復仇現象／復仇觀及其與法律的互涉，透過三個關鍵復仇案例─徐元慶復仇案例與陳子昂議及柳宗元〈駁復讎議〉、張琇兄弟復仇案例、梁悅復仇案例與韓愈〈復讎狀〉─的實 際考察來探討。最後，則析論與復仇相關的二則《唐律》 陸、〈先秦至唐代鬼靈復仇的省察與詮釋〉，透過先秦至唐代具有代表性的鬼靈復仇案例，分析各時代鬼靈復仇的動機、方式、特色，及其與天道、冥府、報應等信仰交涉的情況，探索先秦至唐代民間復仇觀的具體樣貌。 附錄、〈日本復仇觀管窺─以古典文學為重心〉，本文以日本古典文學為重心，管窺日本復仇觀的淵源與嬗變之跡。.

本书阐述了社会主义现代化建设过程中公民思想道德建设的时代必要性及内涵、特征、基本内容,同其他素质的关系和培养提高手段等,提出了建设有中国特色社会主义、面对经济全球化、实现中华民族和平崛起等必需的公民思 想道德素质的内在要求。.

本书作者以《孟子》为基础去观察孟子的管理思想。全书共分为九章，内容包括：中华民族的亚圣——伟大的孟子、要管理先修身——领导者的自我修炼、从孟子的民本思想看现代企业人本管理等。.

BackgroundPrevious findings indicated that breast cancer patients often have dysfunction in empathy and other cognitive functions during or after chemotherapy. However, the manifestations and possible neuro-electrophysiological mechanisms of pain empathy impairment in breast cancer patients after chemotherapy were still unknown.ObjectiveThe current study aimed to investigate the potential correlations between pain empathy impairment and event-related potentials in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.MethodsTwenty-two breast cancer patients were evaluated on a neuropsychological test and pain empathy paradigm before and after chemotherapy, containing the Chinese (...) version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, while recording ERP data.ResultsThe empathic concern scores were lower and personal distress scores were higher on IRI-C task compared with those before chemotherapy. Meanwhile, the accuracy rates were lower than those before chemotherapy for both pain and laterality tasks on the pain empathy paradigm. However, the response time was no significant differences before and after chemotherapy. Further, the amplitude of the N1 component was significantly increased, and the amplitude of the P2 component was significantly decreased in the subsequent ERP study. A linear mixed effect model was used to analyze the correlation, the average amplitude of N1 and P2 were positively correlated with the accuracy rates in laterality tasks.ConclusionThe results indicated that pain empathy impairment was performed in chemotherapeutic breast cancer patients, which was possibly correlated to the changes of N1 and P2 components in ERP. These findings provide neuro-electrophysiological information about chemo-brain in breast cancer patients. (shrink)