According to social learning theory, we explored the relation between ethical leadership and knowledge hiding. We developed a moderated mediation model of the psychological safety linking ethical leadership and knowledge hiding. Surveying 436 employees in 78 teams, we found that ethical leadership was negatively related to knowledge hiding, and that this relation was mediated by psychological safety. We further found that the effect of ethical leadership on knowledge hiding was contingent on a mastery climate. Finally, theoretical and practical implications were (...) discussed for leadership and knowledge management. (shrink)

This collection of quotes demonstrates the elegant simplicity of Ai Weiwei's thoughts on key aspects of his art, politics, and life. A master at communicating powerful ideas in astonishingly few words, Ai Weiwei is known for his innovative use of social media to disseminate his views. The book is organized into six categories: freedom of expression; art and activism; government, power, and moral choices; the digital world; history, the historical moment, and the future; and personal reflections. Together, these (...) quotes span some of the most revealing moments of Ai Weiwei's eventful career-from his risky investigation into student deaths in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake to his arbitrary arrest in 2011-providing a window into the mind of one of the world's most electrifying and courageous contemporary artists. Ai Weiwei is one of China's most influential and inspiring figures. Artist, architect, curator, and activist, he has been an outspoken critic of the Chinese government's stance on human rights and democracy. (shrink)

In this study, we investigated the integration between neuroscience and entrepreneurship. First, we explored the concept of neuroentrepreneurship and the investigation of neuroentrepreneurship using scientific research methods. Second, we constructed a road map for entrepreneurial researchers interested in conducting neuroentrepreneurship-related research. This is an emerging research area; therefore, to more clearly analyze the dynamics of the research trends, we used a bibliometric method to capture patterns in current publications on subjects related to neuroentrepreneurship, examining papers published between 1999 and 2021 (...) using the keywords “neuroscience” and “entrepreneurship” or “neuroentrepreneurship.” To identify the keywords, we used two academic databases—the Social Science Citation Index and Science Citation Index—accessed through the Web of Science website. The three keywords were identified from studies integrating neuroscience with entrepreneurship. After carefully reviewing the research papers, we identified neuroentrepreneurship as a novel research area. The outcomes of this study provide a guide for describing the theoretical connection between neuroscience and entrepreneurship. In the future, this field of study should be empirically investigated. (shrink)

ObjectiveThe aim of our study was to investigate abnormal changes in brain activity in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness using magnetoencephalography.MethodsMagnetoencephalography recordings from 18 PPPD patients and 18 healthy controls were analyzed to determine the source of brain activity in seven frequency ranges using accumulated source imaging.ResultsOur study showed that significant changes in the patterns of localization in the temporal-parietal junction were observed at 1–4, 4–8, and 12–30 Hz in PPPD patients compared with healthy controls, and changes in the frontal (...) cortex were found at 1–4, 80–250, and 250–500 Hz in PPPD patients compared with controls. The neuromagnetic activity in TPJ was observed increased significantly in 1–4 and 4–8 Hz, while the neuromagnetic activity in frontal cortex was found increased significantly in 1–4 Hz. In addition, the localized source strength in TPJ in 1–4 Hz was positively correlated with DHI score, while the localized source strength in frontal cortex in 1–4 Hz was positively correlated with HAMA score.ConclusionOur results demonstrated that alterations in the TPJ and frontal cortex may play a critical role in the pathophysiological mechanism of PPPD. The neuromagnetic activity in TPJ may be related to dizziness symptom of PPPD patients, while the neuromagnetic activity in frontal lobe may be related to emotional symptoms of PPPD patients. In addition, frequency-dependent changes in neuromagnetic activity, especially neuromagnetic activity in low frequency bands, were involved in the pathophysiology of PPPD. (shrink)

This paper proposes a nonlinear autoregressive neural network method for the investment performance evaluation of state-owned enterprises. It is different from the traditional method based on machine learning, such as linear regression, structural equation, clustering, and principal component analysis; this paper uses a regression prediction method to analyze investment efficiency. In this paper, we firstly analyze the relationship between diversified ownership reform, corporate debt leverage, and the investment efficiency of state-owned enterprises. Secondly, a set of investment efficiency evaluation index system (...) for SOE was constructed, and a nonlinear autoregressive neural network approach was used for verification. The data of A-share state-owned listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2009 to 2018 are taken as a sample. The experimental results show that the output value from the NARNET is highly fitted to the actual data. Based on the neural network model regression analysis, this paper conducts a descriptive statistical analysis of the main variables and control variables of the evaluation indicators. It verifies the direct impact of diversified ownership reform on the investment efficiency of SOE and the indirect impact on the investment efficiency of SOE through corporate debt leverage. (shrink)

This paper employs the theoretical framework of phenomenology of the body to explore embodiment and existentialism in contemporary Chinese dance. With the backdrop of the current status and influence of Chinese contemporary dance in the realm of dance arts, it analyzes the unique forms and techniques of bodily expression in Chinese contemporary dance, attempting to explore how personal emotions, inner experiences, and spiritual states are conveyed through bodily expression in Chinese contemporary dance. The paper utilizes case analysis and observational research (...) methods to delve into the cognition of bodily expression and identity construction in Chinese contemporary dance, as well as how the body is used to reflect on the cognition and positioning of Chinese traditional and modern cultural identities, exploring the diversity and changes in Chinese cultural identity. Finally, by applying Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology of the body theory, it deeply analyzes the significance and existentialism of bodily expression in contemporary Chinese dance, experiencing and understanding the relationship between bodily subjectivity and self through dance. Through these studies, we can gain a deeper understanding of the complexity and diversity of bodily expression in contemporary Chinese dance, enabling dancers to reassess their ability to express emotions, as well as the application and insights of Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology of the body therein. (shrink)

今本《庄子》33篇为晋代郭象删减而成.多数学者认为内篇为庄子自著, 外杂篇为庄子后学所著.内篇与外杂篇的不同体现出庄子学派的思想演变.本书以论题为主线, 在展现庄子到庄子后学思想演变脉络的同时, 从思想的逻辑发展和思想形成所依赖的思想背景两个方面挖掘思想演变的深层原因.通过对庄子与庄子后学思想的具体分析, 本书认为, 依照不同的思想倾向将庄子后学分为不同派别的研究方法存在诸多问题.外杂篇的分篇并非以思想倾向为依据, 而是以中心论题为依据.因此, 本书根据中心论题的不同, 对外杂篇作出了新的分类.--.

University spin-outs, creating businesses from university intellectual property, are a relatively common phenomena. As a knowledge transfer channel, the spin-out business model is attracting extensive attention. In this paper, the impacts of six equities on the acquisition of USOs, including founders, university, banks, business angels, venture capitals, and other equity, are comprehensively analyzed based on theoretical and empirical studies. Firstly, the average distribution of spin-out equity at formation is calculated based on the sample data of 350 UK USOs. According to (...) this distribution, a radial basis function neural network model is employed to forecast the effects of each equity on the acquisition. To improve the classification accuracy, the novel set-membership method is adopted in the training process of the RBF NN. Furthermore, a simulation test is carried out to measure the effects of six equities on the acquisition of USOs. The simulation results show that the increase of university’s equity has a negative effect on the acquisition of USOs, whereas the increase of remaining five equities has positive effects. Finally, three suggestions are provided to promote the development and growth of USOs. (shrink)

Currently, abortion can be lawfully performed in China at any gestational stage for a wide range of social and medical reasons. I critically explore the Chinese regulatory model of abortion in order to examine its practical effects on women. Although I focus on the post-Maoist abortion law, I also analyse the imperial Confucianism-dominated regulation and the Maoist ban on abortion in order to scrutinise the emergence of the notion of ‘glorious motherhood’. By examining how ‘glorious motherhood’ is constructed and reinforced (...) in the Chinese family planning context, I argue that the post-Maoist government intentionally made abortion ‘law in the books’ unrestrictive in order to impose its control over female fertility. As a result of this, women are persuaded and even forced to lead a ‘glorious’ maternal life, which means sacrificing themselves for the purpose of achieving the state’s Malthusian and eugenic demographic goals. Furthermore, I argue that, in addition to exacerbating gender oppression, abortion law’s embrace of the idea of ‘glorious motherhood’ also produces ‘group oppression’ of unmarried women and working-class women. (shrink)

ObjectiveThe large-scale epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 has triggered unprecedented physical and psychological stress on health professionals. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of burnout syndrome, and the relationship between burnout and depressive symptoms among frontline medical staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in China.MethodsA total of 606 frontline medical staff were recruited from 133 cities in China using a cross-sectional survey. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to assess the level of burnout. Depressive symptoms were assessed (...) by the Patient Health Questionnaire Depression.ResultsDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, 36.5% of the medical staff experienced burnout. Personal and work-related factors were independently associated with burnout, including age, family income, having physical diseases, daily working hours, and profession of nurse. The correlation coefficients between the scores of each burnout subscale and the scores of depressive symptoms were 0.57 for emotional exhaustion, 0.37 for cynicism, and −0.41 for professional efficacy.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the prevalence rate of burnout is extremely high among medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is associated with other psychological disorders, such as depression. Psychological intervention for medical staff is urgently needed. Young and less experienced medical staff, especially nurses, should receive more attention when providing psychological assistance. (shrink)

Drawing from the stimulus-organism-response model, this study examines how and under what circumstances perceived environmental corporate social responsibility affects innovative behavior of employees in the context of environmental protection. Using a sample of 398 employees from different firms in the high energy-consuming industry of China, the results indicate that, at first, perceived ECSR provides a positive effect on organizational identification. Secondly, organizational identification has a positive influence on the innovative behavior of employees. Thirdly, organizational identification plays an important mediating effect (...) between perceived ECSR and the innovative behavior of employees. Fourthly, both the effect of perceived ECSR on organizational identification and the indirect effect of perceived ECSR on the innovative behavior of the employees via organizational identification will be stronger when the levels of organizational trust are high. These findings add new insights into the perceived ECSR-employees’ innovative behavior relationship and provide important managerial implications for enhancing ECSR perception to improve the innovative behavior of employees. (shrink)

The New Year’s Sacrifice" by Lu Xun, a celebrated exploration of his native Lu Town, provides a profound commentary on the paradoxes within rural Chinese society. This paper aims to reinterpret the novella through a philosophical and theological lens, leveraging a New Criticism framework alongside methodologies such as close reading, content analysis, psycholinguistics, and cognitive mapping. Our analysis reveals a deeply entrenched social hierarchy characterized by the senior/central class led by Master Lusi, a duplicitous middle class, and a marginalized lower (...) class epitomized by Xianglin Sao. Within this rigid social structure, Lu Xun crafts a narrative rich in paradoxical dynamics and carnivalesque contradictions, highlighting both the microcosmic personal paradoxes and the macrocosmic thematic ironies, particularly the ironic notion of “blessing” that infuses the narrative with a complex tension. Moreover, the text engages in a profound act of self-reflexive paradox where the narrator, as both a construct and a reflection of Lu Xun’s own decontextualized self, serves as a medium for exploring themes of existential alienation and self-denial. This reinterpretation posits Lu Xun’s work not merely as a social critique but as a spiritual and philosophical meditation on the nature of suffering, identity, and the human condition, inviting a deeper understanding of the existential and theological underpinnings of his literary expression. (shrink)

Over the recent years, some authors have questioned the hegemony of mankind (Anthropocene) over nature. The recent virus outbreak known as COVID19 starts a new period known as “violence” where humans are forced to recede to the private sphere. The COVID19 pandemic not only alerted the health authorities but also disposed of extreme measures which included the close of borders, airspaces, as well as the imposition of lockdown and social distancing. Not only global commerce but also the tourism industry was (...) placed on the brink of collapse. In this grim landscape, the problem of climate change is far from being solved. While steps to reverse the greenhouse gas emission should be taken globally coordinating efforts among nations, the current climate of tension without mentioning the geopolitical discrepancies (among countries) impedes the formation of global sustainable institutions to monitor and regulate the effects of climate change. The present article centers on a visual ethnography on the film Contagion, to lay the foundations towards a new understanding of ideology and its effects on ecological justice. (shrink)

The dynamic models are proposed to investigate the influence node activity has on rumor spreading process in both homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. Different from previous studies, we believe that the activity of nodes in complex networks affects the process of rumor spreading. An active node can have contact with all the nodes it directly links to, while an inactive node could only interact with its active neighbors. We explore the joint effort of activity rate, spreading rate and network topology on (...) rumor spreading process by mean-field equations and numerical simulations, which reveals that there exists a critical curve consisting of critical activity rate and spreading rate; meanwhile, activity rate and spreading rate both have influence on the final rumor spreading scale. (shrink)

This article proposes an Analytic Hierarchy Process Dempster-Shafer and similarity-based network selection algorithm for the scenario of dynamic changes in user requirements and network environment; combines machine learning with network selection and proposes a decision tree-based network selection algorithm; combines multiattribute decision-making and genetic algorithm to propose a weighted Gray Relation Analysis and genetic algorithm-based network access decision algorithm. Firstly, the training data is obtained from the collaborative algorithm, and it is used as the training set, and the network attributes (...) are used as the attribute set, and the continuous attributes are discretized by dichotomization, and the attribute that can make the greatest information gain is selected as the division feature, and a decision tree with strong generalization ability is finally obtained, which is used as the decision basis for network access selection. The simulation results show that the algorithm proposed in this thesis can effectively improve user service quality under three services, and the algorithm is simple and effective with low complexity. It first uses AHP-DS hierarchical analysis to establish a recursive hierarchy for the network selection problem and obtains the subjective weights of network attributes through the judgment matrix. Then, it uses a genetic algorithm to adjust the subjective weight, defines the fitness function in the genetic algorithm-based on gray correlation analysis, adjusts the weights of the selection operator, crossover operator, and variation operator in the genetic algorithm, and gets the network with the largest fitness as the target network, which can effectively improve the user service quality. (shrink)

Commented article: LIU, Yanling; Wu, Yan. Confucian thought of “harmony between man and nature” and contemporary society construction. Trans/Form/Ação: Unesp journal of philosophy, Marília, v. 47, n. 4, “Eastern thought”, e0240068, 2024. Available at: https://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/transformacao/article/view/14666.

This study investigated the concept of individual differences (IDs) in the use of metacognitive strategies (planning, problem-solving, monitoring, and evaluating) and its relationship with task demand and learner performance within Kormos’ Bilingual Speech Production Model from the lens of Chinese English-as-foreign-language (EFL) learners in the context of integrated L2 speaking assessment. To measure metacognitive strategies, we administered an inventory on 134 Chinese EFL learners after they completed four integrated L2 speaking assessment tasks. Descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression were adopted (...) for data analysis, and results show that: (a) IDs displayed variance in Chinese EFL learners’ metacognitive strategy use; (b) among the four metacognitive strategies under investigation, problem-solving was reported to be used the most frequently in sharp contrast to monitoring, which had the lowest frequency; (c) metacognitive strategies worked interactively, responding to task demands involved in the four integrated L2 speaking assessment tasks; and (d) Chinese EFL learners’ use of metacognitive strategies, in individual and interactive working modes, had no relationship with their speaking performance. These results are expected to present some insights into the role of IDs in metacognitive strategy use during L2 speech production under assessment conditions, which will add robust evidence to the existing literature on L2 speaking, in particular on metacognitive strategy use in L2 speaking assessment. In the meantime, the findings will provide some empirical validation support for Kormos’ model, which will further provide some implications for L2 speaking instruction and L2 assessment. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Cognitive Linguistics Jahrgang: 26 Heft: 2 Seiten: 289-330.

This commentary examines the laws and policies on reproduction adopted in New China since 1949 and reflects on how they have regulated womanhood and whether they have promoted gender equality. By doing so, it also demonstrates how the regulation of reproduction constructs the notion of an ideal womanhood in order to justify the state’s enforcement of the population policy and its exercise of control over women’s fertility.

The proverb ‘women hold up half the sky’ was created by the Maoist government 64 years ago in order to show that women in ‘New China’ have equal power and rights to their male peers. I selected three photographs for my FLaK zine and called them ‘unwanted girls’, ‘battered wives’ and ‘inglorious women’. To examine the relevance of the proverb in Modern China, I will discuss three women-related problems behind these photographs and analyse their cultural and legal causes. By doing (...) so, I aim to achieve two purposes—first, to help the reader have a better understanding of the problems of women in the region where one-fifth of the global population lives, and second, to argue that seemingly gender neutral law and policy can produce new and greater restrictions on women’s freedom. (shrink)

With the increasingly powerful functions of vehicle-mounted entertainment facilities, people like to listen to music while driving to render different atmospheres and emotions. However, emotions are important factors affecting drivers’ decisions, behavior and may reduce drivers’ hazard perception, even promote dangerous driving behaviors of drivers. The purpose of this study is to explore the young and elderly drivers in assessing the HP difference under different emotional states. We conducted a 3 × 2 mixed experimental design with emotion as a within-participants (...) variable and age as a between-participants factor. A sample of 14 young drivers and 13 elderly drivers completed the HP self-assessment of road traffic warning signs under negative emotion, neutral emotion, and positive emotion, randomly. The results showed that the young had the highest self-assessment HP under the negative emotion arousal condition, while the old had the highest self-assessment HP under the positive emotion arousal condition. In addition, When both groups were in a positive arousal state, the older group perceived more hazards than the young group. The results could help designers create driving emotions suitable for different driver groups, thus improving their perception of hazards and reducing risky driving. (shrink)

公元二〇〇八年，中國首辦奧運，我六十八歲，恰為孔子列國行倦遊返魯之年紀。孔子已盡其仁道，我方率領海外各地學生，沿當年孔子路線，作孔子知命之旅體驗行。由曲阜北上泰山，東至齊，西入衛，過宋，南下陳、蔡、楚 諸國，重訪子畏於匡、逼盟於蒲、受逐於宋、絕糧於陳等地。歷史雖遠，山川仍在，文化之餘蘊仍在。「體驗」，即是在歷史現場中回味當年人事，追踪孔子之性情、抱負，以復活孔子之偉大人格。我沿途講解，觸景動情，有時 亦不能自已。以孔子之學養、孔子之通透、孔子對歷史之了解，深知人類解困之道，何以屢受阻厄？「天下莫能容」？雖然，此不足為孔子病，唯聖者苦矣！ 這一段路程，孔子走了十四年，我們走了十三天，當然不能盡所見、所思。日間趕路，晚間則安排講座，共五講，分別就孔子之抱負、思想人格、知命之旅之背景與逆勢而行的動機、與隱者之對話、及從知命之旅所顯示出來的思 想的高度與精神境界，作深入分析。雖不能包攬孔子思想之全部，但自信其精義已概括無餘。孔子為聖之時者，可進可退，從容自主，如顏淵言：仰之彌高，鑽之彌堅；若吾人言之不足，亦無傷於孔子。 宋儒每謂：天不生仲尼，萬古長如夜。不讀孔子書，不從孔子行，可能無法感受此語之深刻。近人為西方文化所欺，每疑孔子之學，以為中國不能現代化之絆，於是反孔、批孔，而不知自己錯思、錯認。學不知本，不知源流，而 羨別人之工巧科技；德不知修，不知上達，而縱自己之本能情欲。人將安歸？晚清迄今，已一百餘年，文化之道，早已回轉。西方之工具理性，終而闖出彌天大禍。我們歸來未久，即發生金融海嘯，經濟衰退，市場重創，而民間 之價值崩潰、社會質素下降，則早已見之。《易》曰：亢龍有悔，非此也耶？西方所走的是知識之路、理性之路，但單腿走路，豈能健步？孔子之卓識，開發性情，則諸德兼備。此義，吾於講座中已指出。願我華夏子孫，於此危 難之際，能效孔子之知命，奮起承擔，則回轉乾坤，非無希望。中國改革開放已三十年，成績驕人。但單憑此不足以感服世界，反招人妒；富而無教，更伏危害。有先見者，已力言重建精神家園之重要。則重讀孔子，正是時候。 茲乘體驗行紀錄成書之際，綴此數言，以為序。.

This paper offers theoretical-cum-practical analyses and reflections on neo-Aristotelian character education, which has gained considerable momentum and popularity in the Western moral education arena in the last 15 years, yet is not attracting much interest in Chinese academia. Based on a literature review of some of the most representative works of neo-Aristotelian character education, such as those of the Jubilee Centre, in combination with the authors’ observations and reflections on Chinese moral education, this paper presents ten possible reasons to explain (...) the ‘unpopularity’ of neo-Aristotelian character education in China. Five out of the ten reasons are theoretical, including the misalignments of educational goals, educational content, virtue thinking styles, expectations/assumptions of moral development and conceptual issues; two reasons are mostly practical, including educational strategies and practical challenges regarding the actualisation and prioritisation of moral education in schools. We also mention one general language-barrier reason, one cultural reason and one disciplinary reason. (shrink)

Resumen: En este artículo, desde la perspectiva del feminismo, a través del análisis de la herencia y la innovación de la poesía palaciega de Li Bai en su creación, la autora plantea dos técnicas y su síntoma en los tres poemas de Qingping Tune: heredar la sensacionalización del palacio -poesía de estilo e innovando en las técnicas mitológicas y legendarias de la poesía de estilo palaciego. A partir de estas dos técnicas, la inconsciencia del fetiche y la fantasía mitológica de (...) la diosa se revela a partir del “vacío” de la imagen misma, para lograr el efecto de investigación de un análisis integral de la ideología disciplinaria femenina en la literatura cortesana patriarcal de los aristócratas. (shrink)

本书收录了作者多篇极具批判性的文章,一针见血的道出了当世人类问题的症结所在,力倡新人文主义和性情学,以及以成长生命为宗旨的性情教育,以求重塑中国哲学的骨架,让人对中华文化重燃希望.

Many clinical and psychological constructs are conceptualized to have multivariate higher-order constructs that give rise to multidimensional lower-order traits. Although recent measurement models and computing algorithms can accommodate item response data with a higher-order structure, there are few measurement models and computing techniques that can be employed in the context of complex research synthesis, such as meta-analysis of individual participant data or integrative data analysis. The current study was aimed at modeling complex item responses that can arise when underlying domain-specific, (...) lower-order traits are hierarchically related to multiple higher-order traits for individual participant data from multiple studies. We formulated a multi-group, multivariate higher-order item response theory (HO-IRT) model from a Bayesian perspective and developed a new Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to simultaneously estimate the (a) structural parameters of the first- and second-order latent traits across multiple groups and (b) item parameters of the model. Results from a simulation study support the feasibility of the MCMC algorithm. From the analysis of real data, we found that a bivariate HO-IRT model with different correlation/covariance structures for different studies fit the data best, compared to a univariate HO-IRT model or other alternate models with unreasonable assumptions (i.e., the same means and covariances across studies). Although more work is needed to further develop the method and to disseminate it, the multi-group multivariate HO-IRT model holds promise to derive a common metric for individual participant data from multiple studies in research synthesis studies for robust inference and for new discoveries. (shrink)

From the perspective of the integrative model of organizational trust, this study proposes a multi-level model for whether, how, and when differentiated empowering leadership influences followers’ trust in leaders and their work outcomes. Drawing on a sample of 372 followers from 97 teams in China, it was found that the negative effect of differentiated empowering leadership on followers’ trust in leaders became salient when followers’ Chinese traditionality was low. Moreover, followers’ trust in leaders mediated the effect of differentiated empowering leadership (...) and Chinese traditionality on followers’ in-role performance, extra-role performance, and counterproductive work behaviors toward the organization. These findings have implications for managerial theory and practice in the domains of trust and differentiated empowering leadership. (shrink)

Philosophy is the soul of art, and art is great because of philosophy. All kinds of philosophical thoughts seep into artists' minds like water flooding the beach, affecting their world outlook and outlook on life, and providing theoretical guidance for their artistic creation from aesthetic thoughts to creative methods. Beethoven used musical language to express the deepest worries in the hearts of the advanced people of his time. This paper attempts to explore the internal development law of art philosophy from (...) the perspectives of the orientation of art philosophy, the aesthetic construction of "meaningful form" and "poetic dwelling" of art philosophy, the thinking of the final conclusion of art philosophy, the development destination of art philosophy, and the integration and development. In the long history of art development, the form and function of art are constantly changing. Philosophy provides a continuous source of creative ideas for art and works of art often show profound philosophical views. Kant's lofty aesthetic concept affects the infinite emotional capacity in Beethoven's music. However, the expression of the ubiquitous contradictions and conflicts in Beethoven's music is also deeply influenced by Kant's view of nature. In Beethoven's view, the development of the universe is similar to a person's mental journey, and its essence is also a large symphony or sonata. (shrink)