Nowadays, football goalkeepers play an important role in the team's organization, namely, considering the offensive and defensive processes. The purpose of our investigation focuses on the notational and T-pattern analysis of the offensive and defensive actions of elite young football GKs. The participating GKs presented 8 years of experience in the specific position, were internationally selected for the national team of Portugal, and competed in the national U-17 championship of Portugal. Thirty football matches were observed. The observational sample consisted of (...) defensive actions and offensive actions. Two observational instruments were used to codify the actions: the observation system of defensive technical-tactical actions of GKs and the observation system of offensive technical-tactical actions of GKs. Both instruments underwent a validation process, and inter- and intra-observer reliability was tested. The codification of the actions was performed with the LINCE program, and later the data were exported to Microsoft Excel and THEME 5.0. The notational data were analyzed in SPSS, and T-pattern detection analysis was performed in THEME 5.0. The predominant actions of young observed GKs were fundamentally goal defense and participation in the team's offensive process construction through actions performed with the foot and hand. The analysis of T-patterns allowed to identify T-pattern actions in the defensive actions of goal defense and exit of the goal, as well as related to the defensive set pieces. In the offensive process, the analysis of T-patterns reinforced the participation of the GK in the team's first phase of construction and in the execution of goal kicks and actions that start as a result of the actions of the opponent. The GK's defensive actions are mostly focused on the objective of goal defense and offensive actions with the hands and feet are important for their participation in positional attack construction. Our study contributes to a better knowledge of the GK's actions in the competition and is relevant to be considered by the specific position coaches in the training process organization. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Kant-Studien Jahrgang: 107 Heft: 1 Seiten: 160-178.

In a recent paper by Casasanto and Pitt (2019), the authors addressed a debate regarding the role of order and magnitude in SNARC and SNARC‐like effects. Their position is that all these effects can be explained by order, while magnitude could only account for a subset of evidence. Although we agree that order can probably explain the majority of these effects, in this commentary we argue that magnitude is still relevant, since there is evidence that cannot be explained based on (...) ordinality alone. We argue that SNARC‐like effects can occur for magnitudes not clearly characterized by overlearned ordinality and that magnitude can prevail on order, when the two are pitted against each other. Finally, we propose that different interpretations of the role of order and magnitude depend on the interaction of stimulus properties and task demands. (shrink)

Se presenta un marco de referencia formal para describir y analizar los valores en la ciencia desde un punto de vista estructuralista. La noción de perspectiva de valor del Modelo de Interacción entre Ciencia y Valores de Lacey y Mariconda resulta útil como un punto de partida en sentido general, aunque la estructura de una perspectiva de valor se entiende aquí bajo una luz mucho más formal y “microscópica”. El referencial es desarrollado poco a poco, desde la noción general de (...) valor hasta la noción de juicio de valor, y desde el nivel individual hasta el colectivo. Se discuten algunos de sus aspectos estructurales, como la naturaleza interconectada y holística de la axiología científica. Se destaca el carácter de red de la propuesta presentada, y se muestra cómo ella podría arrojar luz sobre varios aspectos de la cinemática y de la dinámica de los valores en el conocimiento científico. Se hace la sugerencia de que un enfoque como el presentado acá podría proporcionar una fundamentación más substantiva para el “giro pragmático” de la metateoría estructuralista de la de que se dispone hasta el día de hoy. Se apuntan algunos problemas que todavía quedan abiertos y tareas futuras para el enfoque. (shrink)

This article presents some culture and social influences in the construction of Brazilian identity in the hypermodern society of big cities. For that I’ll analyze the advertising world that represents this contemporanea society. I’ll describe some results of my doctorate thesis defended in May of 2007 with I pointed out the thematic and strategies of publicity persuasions more appeared in the more consumed magazines in Brazil in 2005, mainly the emotional strategies of publicity that are frequently used in this country (...) which I related them to the hypermodern values. Now I point out some reflexions to understand possible social relationships caused from those identities that appear in advertisings. The social media influence the ways of living, so they represent important material to study and comprehend the problems of contemporaneous social relationships. (shrink)

In this paper, we recover the idea cast by Graham Priest to our ears in 2000: That it was possible to experience Ontological Paraconsistency in life. He had, back then, as a translation of his thinking, a painting by Escher: The stairs could be going up or down, and one could not tell where they were going by simply examining the painting. The most obvious argument as to why that was not an instance of Ontological Paraconsistency found in reality was (...) that the perspective from which you would have to stare at the painting to see something different would be different too, so that it was impossible that we were getting up and down at the same time, that is, from the same perspective. That would happen with anything we picked in this world. We recently found something that does not entirely belong to this world, however, something that could finally satisfy the requirements of Priest, and therefore prove to us that there is a place for Ontological Paraconsistency. We observe that the paraconsistent robot, Emmy (Abe et al., 2006), is an application of the Non-ontological Paraconsistency, which we always believed to be passive of existence, but we here talk about another type of paraconsistency, which would be intrinsic to the being. The purpose of this paper is then providing a definite answer to the questions: Is there any real life instance of Ontological Paraconsistency? Is Ontological Paraconsistency a useful concept in terms of logical theories? (shrink)

In the period from January 1920 to December 1921 a cooperation between Jessie Fauset, Augustus Dill and W.E.B. Du Bois resulted in the publication of a periodical called “The Brownies’ Book” the first publication for North American black, and not white children and young people. The creation of “The Brownies' Book” was a pioneering event in African American literature in general and, more specifically, in the field of African American children's literature, as it was the first periodical composed and published (...) by African Americans for black children who, until then, searched in vain for material that included a perspective on their experience and history. This article argues that the TBBs were one of the harbingers of the movement called the Harlem Renaissance, constituting a children's literary materialization of the path towards the emergence of what the philosopher Alain Locke called the New Negro. What was being formulated was both the deconstruction of stereotypes associated with blacks and the active projection/creation of a positive identification with their local and ancestral community. This paper seeks to identify the post-WWI discursive strategies and practices of de-racialization proposed for “the children of the sun”, as W.E.B. Du Bois called them, in order to stop seeing themselves “through the eyes of others”. (shrink)

In this paper, I sketch a Kantian account of duties of rescue, which I take to be compatible with Kant’s theory. I argue that there is in fact no “trumping relation” between imperfect and perfect duties but merely that “latitude shrinks away” in certain circumstances. Against possible demandingness objections, I explain why Kant thought that imperfect duty must allow latitude for choice and argue that we must understand the necessary space for pursuing one’s own happiness as entailed by Kant’s justification (...) of one’s duty to promote other’s happiness. Nevertheless, becoming worthy of happiness has always priority over one’s own happiness, even when circumstances are such that we cannot secure our own happiness without seriously neglecting more pressing needs of other persons. I conclude that Kant’s moral theory calls for complementation by the political and juridical domain. Implementing just political institutions and creating satisfactorily well-ordered societies create an external world which is friendlier to our attempts to reconcile moral integrity and a happy human life. (shrink)

Neste texto investigamos a compatibilidade entre o ceticismo de Oswaldo Porchat e outras duas ideias metafilosóficas gerais, a saber, o equilíbrio reflexivo e a visão de solução de problemas. Procuramos mostrar de que modo o ceticismo e as outras duas ideias são compatíveis e iluminam-se mutuamente, e sugerimos uma articulação entre elas. O equilíbrio reflexivo ajuda a compreender a relação de uma filosofia cética e pós-cética, primeiro, com a vida comum e, depois, com o domínio fenomênico. O enfoque de solução (...) de problemas é a perspectiva metafilosófica resgatada por Porchat em sua fase neopirrônica. Mostramos que, se na primeira fase do ceticismo porchatiano, o que está em equilíbrio com a vida comum ainda são teses filosóficas, na segunda fase o que se pretende que esteja em equilíbrio com o domínio fenomênico é outro tipo de unidade epistêmica — os problemas, nomeadamente, aqueles problemas filosóficos que sejam passíveis de retradução a esse domínio fenomênico e oriundos de uma dinâmica de certo tipo. Para levar a cabo a análise, é crucial investigar as noções de fenômeno e de objetividade em Porchat. O texto se encerra com considerações sobre o lugar do conhecimento científico na visão de Porchat. (shrink)

Our purpose in the present work is to survey some of the formulations that the theme of networks has received in contemporary philosophy of science over a period spanning twelve decades, from the end of the 19th century up to the present time. The proposal advanced herein is to interpret the evolution of this theme in four stages: first, one that goes from a metaphor or expressive image to a notion aspiring at implementation, but still having a virtual character, in (...) the orthodox view of theories; second, a shift towards networks viewed as explicit, with the notion still having an enormous metaphorical power, as in Neurath and Quine; third, from this towards a concept amenable to implementation, as in Thagard, but still in search of an epistemological rationale, supposedly provided by BonJour and Dancy; and finally, as a notion fully endowed with a precise structuralist implementation, in the scope of the structuralist metatheory of Balzer-Moulines-Sneed. The interpretive framework adopted in this exercise in the history of philosophy of science is a modified version of Gerald Holton's thematic model, adapted to the history of philosophy instead of its original domain, the history of scientific ideas. In our version of the thematic model, we posit two main dimensions for the appraisal of any given philosophical concept, besides the thematic dimension: the metaphorical one and the dimension of its systematic implementation. (shrink)

Entre a morte de Teofrasto (287 a.C) e a invasão de Atenas pelos romanos, os escritos de Aristóteles saíram de circulação e assim permaneceram por mais de dois séculos, até serem editados por Andrônico de Rodes, em torno do ano 40 a.C. No que diz respeito à transmissão dos escritos de Aristóteles, as fontes históricas se resumem a duas passagens: uma de Estrabão; e a outra de Plutarco. No entanto, para podermos aprofundar a análise da história da transmissão dos livros (...) de Aristóteles cabe decompô-la em três fases. A fase inicial tem curso quando Aristóteles em seu testamento lega sua biblioteca a Teofrasto. Este por sua vez, deixa com sua morte ‘todos os livros’ – os seus e também os de Aristóteles – a Neleu, que os levou para sua cidade natal, Escepsis, situada na Tróade. A fase intermediária tem lugar quando os herdeiros de Neleu resolveram guardar para si os inestimáveis manuscritos, enterrando-os por temerem que os Atálidas deles se apossassem. Assim ocultos, permaneceram por quase duzentos anos, sofrendo a ação destrutiva da umidade e do mofo, até serem adquirido pelo bibliófilo Apelicon de Teos, em torno do ano 90 D.C., que os transportou para Atenas. A última etapa da transmissão começa com a observação de que seus livros não ficaram por muito tempo em Atenas, uma vez que em 86 a.C., Sila invadiu esta cidade e, entre outras coisas, confiscou os livros que se encontravam na casa de Apelicon e sob suas ordens foram transportados para Roma, onde foram postos sob custódia de uma biblioteca pública, sobre os quais o público não tinha acesso. (shrink)

In this paper, I provide an interpretation of the latitude of wide duties by analyzing Kant’s reinterpretation of Horace’s adage insani sapiens nomen habeat; aequus iniqui - ultra quam satis est virtutem si petat ipsam (the wise man has the name of being a fool, the just man of being iniquitous, if he seeks virtue beyond what is sufficient”, MS VI: 404n., 409 and 433n) and his criticism of Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean. In support of my interpretation I also (...) analyze Kant’s distinction between lying and reticence in his correspondence with Maria von Herbert and between openheartedness and reticence in the Religion. I argue that since there is no upper limit to the extent we may realize moral ends it may be morally permissible to take one’s prudential considerations into account when deciding how to comply with wide duties. In contrast, the deliberate disregard of one’s permissible prudential interests may reflect what Kant calls a fantastic conception of virtue, according to which agents vainly believe that they can completely achieve virtue in this life. I call attention to the fact that for Kant the wise (sapiens) is also a prudens, a person who does not think fantastically in matters of virtue and consequently does not attempt to “maximize virtue” at the expense of one’s permissible prudential interests as a finite being. (shrink)

The current paradigm of mental health has fallen short in its promises to deliver better care and quality of life for those who lives with mental illness. Recent works have expressed the need for more comprehensive frameworks of research, in which phenomenology emerges as a fundamental tool for a new wave interdisciplinary studies with the humanities. In line with this project, this article hopes to explore the relation between education and phenomenologically oriented psychotherapy, through the work of Brazilian educator Paulo (...) Freire. First, we will briefly expose Freire’s biography and main ideas (such as the “banking model of education” and the creation of “culture circles”), showing how they can be useful during the clinical encounter. We will also highlight the importance of dialogical psychotherapy during situations of injustice and oppression. Finally, we will provide some insights that can help build a new paradigm of mental health that is based on a “praxis of freedom”, whether in research or clinical practice. We call this proposal a “Psychotherapy of the Oppressed”. (shrink)

This paper explores the alleged role of a conception of human nature for Kant’s justification of the duty to leave the state of nature and the related right to coerce others to enter the civil condition in the Doctrine of Right (1797). I criticise the interpretation put forward by Byrd and Hruschka, according to which Kant’s postulate of public right is a preventive measure based on a “presumption of badness” of human beings. Although this reading seems to be supported by (...) § 42 of the Doctrine of Right, I shall argue that the paragraph neither offers a justification of why we have a duty to leave the state of nature, nor explains why individuals are allowed to coerce others to do so. I offer an alternative interpretation of § 42 by focusing on the difference between formal and material violations of right and argue that the rationale behind the postulate of public right is the idea that remaining in the state of nature is a formal violation of the concept of right. It is therefore not prudential reason that authorizes us to coerce others to enter the lawful condition. (shrink)

The analysis of penalty kick has played an important role in performance analysis. The study aims are to get formal feedback on the relevance of variables for penalty kick analysis, to design and validate an observational system; and to assess experts’ opinion on the optimum video footage in penalty kick analysis. A structured development process was adopted for content validity, reliability and agreement on video usage. All observational variables included in OSPAF showed Aiken’s V values above the cut-off. Cohen’s Kappa (...) resulted in mean intra- and inter-rater reliability values of 0.90 and 0.86, respectively. It is recommended to combine at least three different viewing angles with standardization of video quality. Changing the viewing angles may influence the observer perception. The aerial and pitch-level viewing angle behind the penalty taker and pitch-level viewing angle behind the goalkeeper were indicated as most appropriate for observational analysis. The OSPAF met all requirements of instrument validation. It may be recommended as basis of future observational systems on penalty kicks. (shrink)

O presente estudo objetivou conhecer as percepções, as expectativas e os conhecimentos de puérperas em relação à experiência do parto normal, assim como os procedimentos utilizados pelos profissionais da saúde para a humanização do parto. Foram entrevistadas 31 puérperas que passaram pela parturição..

A vanguarda surrealista, em suas manifestações literárias e artísticas dos anos 1920, explorava as imagens de caráter disruptivo como uma forma de transformar a arte e a vida cotidiana. Influenciado pelos surrealistas, Walter Benjamin, em seu livro Rua de mão única, publicado em 1928, elaborou um diagnóstico crítico de seu presente histórico e apontou o caminho para uma possível transformação do mesmo, explorando uma forma filosófico-literária que denominou imagem de pensamento. Pressupondo a fundamental influência do surrealismo nesta e em toda (...) a obra posterior de Benjamin, o presente artigo, não obstante, tem como objetivo apresentar brevemente algumas diferenças importantes entre estas posturas, a saber: que as imagens de pensamento benjaminianas abordam de modo mais radical o vínculo das experiências disruptivas subjetivas com uma dimensão coletiva, histórica e social. A diferenciação destes dois casos de revalorização filosófica da imagem traz elementos importantes para se pensar o papel da imagem na educação e em que medida a própria imagem pode abrir espaço a uma crítica da sociedade do espetáculo e das mídias de massa em que vivemos. (shrink)

This paper outlines the main ideas about _sukha_ (“pleasure, bliss, happiness”) in Brahmanical thought, as expressed in the Sanskrit epics, and proceeds to analyse the concept of sukha in ascetic poetry and legends from the _Mahābhārata_ and early Buddhist and Jaina literatures. This ascetic literature abounds in various compounds ending in -_sukha_. This paper argues that such classifications of _sukha_ are typically used to create hierarchies of _sukha_ for the purposes of religious rhetoric. This rhetoric may be used to promote (...) certain religious goals as superior to others or to promote renunciation by claiming that the renouncer (_bhikṣu_) experiences a _sukha_ that is superior to the _sukha_ of the householder and the king. This paper also traces the background of the concept of _saṃtoṣa_ (contentment) in the _Pātañjalayogaśāstra_, arguing that it draws on the _Mahābhārata_ to introduce a tripartite hierarchy of _sukha_. Finally, the paper argues that a notion of “blameless” _sukha_ was central to the identity of early Buddhists as they sought to distinguish themselves from early Jainas and other renunciate (_śramaṇa_) groups. (shrink)

There is widespread interest in the possibility that music training enhances nonmusical abilities. This possibility has been examined primarily for speech perception and domain-general abilities su...

There is no agreed-upon, unique concept of spirituality; its dimensions and characteristics depend on the approach used. Spirituality appears in management studies from three main perspectives: individual spirituality, spirituality in the workplace, and organizational spirituality. Spirituality can also be considered from a religious perspective. This article identifies a comprehensive concept of organizational spirituality based on the terms and concepts used in the literature. A systematic review of the literature was made using the Web of Science and Scopus databases; the articles (...) were then subjected to bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software. The results included two clusters: organizational spirituality and workplace spirituality. Cluster analysis suggested that there is scope for research on workplace spirituality and a gap in organizational spirituality studies. The proposed concept for organizational spirituality is an organizational identity resulting from its values, practices, and discourse that is composed of workplace and individual spirituality guided by the leader and other members and influenced by the environment, organizational culture, and knowledge management. This spirituality generates value and social good that is visible in the organization’s image, mission, vision, and organizational values. This article contributes to the literature by the categorization and systematization of the existing literature and proposing a unified concept—a mental and linguistic representation of organizational spirituality—that represents its essence and confers the qualities and attributes inherent to this phenomenon. (shrink)

O presente texto procura reconsiderar de um lado os limites da crítica de Arendt ao conceito de trabalho de Marx et, de outro lado, interrogar em que medida nós podemos encontrar no pensamento de Arendt alguns pressupostos marxistas de investigação. Em premeiro lugar, trata-se de criticar a diferença entre trabalho e fabricação à partir da distinção entre processo de trabalho e processo de valorização. Em segundo lugar, de demonstrar de que maneira o problema marxista à propósito da constituição da força (...) de trabalho é mobilizado por Arendt na discussão da existência de uma superpopulação relativa ou arma industrial de reserva constitutiva do colonialismo moderno. O artigo procura reconsiderar o conceito de « metabolismo com a natureza » relativamente à distinção entre trabalho e fabricação. (shrink)

este artigo tem como propósito examinar os argumentos de Kant quanto à possibilidade do restabelecimento do bem face ao mal radical na natureza humana. A investigação aqui proposta toma como ponto de partida e foco central a afirmação kantiana de que intenção ou máxima suprema está corrompida pelo mal, e busca, a partir das consequências de tal constatação e dos argumentos fornecidos por Kant, delinear as possibilidades e o caráter do restabelecimento do bem no interior de tal intenção.

Theorizing about “what is x?” is the primary task of any study that seeks a “philosophy about x”. In the case of the philosophy of measurement this problem is multifaceted, as it involves notions whose restrictions are formulated because of metaphysical assumptions and epistemic consequences. Concerning the understand of what it is to measure, there are problems derived from the relationship between measurement and knowledge, especially scientific knowledge. This relationship raises broad epistemological questions that can be broken down into more (...) specific epistemic problems. Would there be, then, a way to understand and characterize measurements that would make it possible to identify and clarify a set of these problems? This article proposes a framework for the act of measuring that is fruitful in the sense of giving a useful starting point in this field. (shrink)

The aim of this essay is to analyze the treatment of the theory of natural slavery in Francisco de Vitoria’s thought through his reception of Aquino’s treatise on justice and the Aristotelian theory of natural slavery as described in book I of Politics. In order to understand how Vitoria distances himself from Aquinas, by considering the ius gentium as a positive right, I analyze Victoria’s comments on the Summa Theologica. Finally, I consider Question 1 of the relectio De Indis, where (...) Victoria directly criticizes the idea of natural slavery. (shrink)

Este artigo analisa as anotações que Leibniz escreveu, em 1678, sobre a então recém-publicada Ética de Espinosa, mostrando como elas prefiguram alguns desenvolvimentos posteriores de sua teoria metafísica. Partindo de uma análise das críticas de Leibniz à Proposição 2 da Parte I da Ética, o artigo mostrará como as discussões sobre a compatibilização entre liberdade e determinismo, que ocuparam o centro de suas preocupações metafísicas nas décadas seguintes, retomam, ainda que com modificações, temas e problemas tratados nessas notas. Particularmente, será (...) mostrado que a relação entre autonomia e poder de escolha pode ser melhor compreendida como um desenvolvimento de teses exploradas nessa leitura inicial da obra de Espinosa. (shrink)