PurposeThis study aims to describe the adverse events following immunization of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in cancer patients/survivors associated with their psychological distress.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted to assess AEFIs after the receipt of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in cancer patients/survivors attending a university hospital in Malaysia. Psychological distress was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale before and after the first and second doses of COVID-19 vaccine.ResultsA total of 217 complete responses were received. Compared with before vaccination, both HADS Anxiety and HADS (...) Depression scores were significantly reduced after the first and second dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Most of the participants had mild-or-moderate systemic and local AEFIs, with the most common being pain at the injection site, tiredness, and headache for both the first and second doses of the vaccine. Positive correlations between the total AEFI score and HADS-A and HADS-D scores were observed after the first dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Similarly, positive associations were observed between the total AEFI score and HADS-A and HADS-D scores after the second dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.ConclusionMild-to-moderate AEFIs found in this study help address vaccine hesitancy in cancer patients/survivors. Receiving the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine had a positive effect on decreasing psychological distress in cancer patients/survivors. High severity of an AEFI was associated with higher anxiety and depressive symptoms. (shrink)

Ng :255–285, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00852469) models the evolutionary dynamics underlying the existence of suffering and enjoyment and concludes that there is likely to be more suffering than enjoyment in nature. In this paper, we find an error in Ng’s model that, when fixed, negates the original conclusion. Instead, the model offers only ambiguity as to whether suffering or enjoyment predominates in nature. We illustrate the dynamics around suffering and enjoyment with the most plausible parameters. In our illustration, we find surprising results: (...) the rate of failure to reproduce can improve or worsen average welfare depending on other characteristics of a species. Our illustration suggests that for organisms with more intense conscious experiences, the balance of enjoyment and suffering may lean more toward suffering. We offer some suggestions for empirical study of wild animal welfare. We conclude by noting that recent writings on wild animal welfare should be revised based on this correction to have a somewhat less pessimistic view of nature. (shrink)

We argue that current discussions of criteria for actual causation are ill-posed in several respects. (1) The methodology of current discussions is by induction from intuitions about an infinitesimal fraction of the possible examples and counterexamples; (2) cases with larger numbers of causes generate novel puzzles; (3) “neuron” and causal Bayes net diagrams are, as deployed in discussions of actual causation, almost always ambiguous; (4) actual causation is (intuitively) relative to an initial system state since state changes are relevant, but (...) most current accounts ignore state changes through time; (5) more generally, there is no reason to think that philosophical judgements about these sorts of cases are normative; but (6) there is a dearth of relevant psychological research that bears on whether various philosophical accounts are descriptive. Our skepticism is not directed towards the possibility of a correct account of actual causation; rather, we argue that standard methods will not lead to such an account. A different approach is required. Once upon a time a hungry wanderer came into a village. He filled an iron cauldron with water, built a fire under it, and dropped a stone into the water. “I do like a tasty stone soup” he announced. Soon a villager added a cabbage to the pot, another added some salt and others added potatoes, onions, carrots, mushrooms, and so on, until there was a meal for all. (shrink)

Guanxi, or social networks common in Confucian cultures, has long been recognized as one of the major factors for success when doing business in China. However, insider networks in business are certainly not confined to Asian cultures, nor is the attendant possibility for corruption. This study obtained original data to investigate current Taiwanese perceptions of (1) how guanxi is established and cultivated; (2) how guanxi actually is practiced now and people’s acceptance of it; and (3) the effects of guanxi on (...) business operations, employment/promotion, and social justice and fairness. The researchers also hope to (4) verify some arguments made by pioneering researchers. The authors speculate on how these attitudes may affect behavior in business transactions in hopes of making readers more aware of differing cultural values that may create unexpected ethical dilemmas. They suggest that professional ethical codes should provide guidance on the practice of guanxi in a Confucian society and that special emphasis or training in interpreting those codes may be required. (shrink)

Drowsy driving is a major cause of automobile accidents. Previous studies used neuroimaging based approaches such as analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) activities to understand the brain dynamics of different cortical regions during drowsy driving. However, the coupling between brain regions responding to this vigilance change is still unclear. To have a comprehensive understanding of neural mechanisms underlying drowsy driving, in this study we use transfer entropy, a model-free measure of effective connectivity based on information theory. We investigate the pattern of (...) information transfer between brain regions when the vigilance level, which is derived from the driving performance, changes from alertness to drowsiness. Results show that the couplings between pairs of frontal, central, and parietal areas increased at the intermediate level of vigilance, which suggests that an enhancement of the cortico-cortical interaction is necessary to maintain the task performance and prevent behavioral lapses. Additionally, the occipital-related connectivity magnitudes monotonically decreases as the vigilance level declines, which further supports the cortical gating of sensory stimuli during drowsiness. Neurophysiological evidence of mutual relationships between brain regions measured by Transfer entropy might elucidate the understanding of cortico-cortical communication during drowsy driving. (shrink)

Background Caring practice begins with awareness of the suffering of patients in a given context. Understanding the interrelationship between the perceived ethical climate of the clinical environment and the ethical sensitivity and caring efficacy of nurses is crucial for strengthening the caring competency of nurses. Research aim This study aimed to examine the associations between the ethical climate of the clinical environment and the ethical sensitivity and caring efficacy of nurses and to investigate the mediating effect of ethical sensitivity on (...) the association between ethical climate and caring efficacy. Research design This was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional descriptive correlational design. The participants completed an online survey that measured the ethical climate, ethical sensitivity and caring efficacy using the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey, Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire-Revised and Caring Efficacy Scale, respectively. Participants and research context The study recruited 293 nurses from two general hospitals that provided acute in-patient and extended care in Hong Kong. Ethical considerations Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the university and the hospitals involved. Written consent was obtained from the participants. Results Ethical climate was associated with caring efficacy ( β = 0.340, p <.001) and ethical sensitivity ( β = 0.197, p <.001). After adjusting for ethical climate, ethical sensitivity was associated with caring efficacy ( β = 0.860, p <.001). Ethical sensitivity showed a significant mediating effect on the association between ethical climate and caring efficacy (indirect effect = 0.169, 95% confidence interval: 0.097 to 0.261), which accounted for 50% of the total effect. Conclusions The study reveals the complex and interwoven relationship between contextual and personal factors that affect nurses’ caring efficacy from an ethical perspective. It provides insights into the significant roles of ethical climate and ethical sensitivity in strengthening caring efficacy. The results suggest theoretical and clinical implications for professionalisation. (shrink)

In the ever-evolving landscape of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare (AIH), understanding the entities and legal frameworks governing its research and development is crucial. This report delves into the intricacies of AIH in Malaysia, undertaking a comprehensive literature search on scientific databases, government portals, and news sources. Additionally, bibliometric analysis has been concurrently conducted to discern trends and developments in AIH over the years. Notably, the interest in AIH has seen a consistent rise since 2017, marked by a growing number of (...) use cases (25 reported here) developed by both local and foreign innovators and applicators. Despite this surge in research and adoption, Malaysia lacks direct legislation specifically addressing AIH technologies, leaving them subject to 11 existing laws. This lack of clear oversight is compounded by the insufficient expertise within local regulatory and ethical bodies to effectively assess AIH research and deployment. The resultant challenges include bureaucratic hurdles for AIH innovators and applicators, raising ethical concerns related to patient autonomy, privacy, data management, AI robustness, and liability. To address these issues, this paper recommends: (1) adopting international ethical guidelines for AIH, (2) enhancing public awareness and education on AI technologies, and (3) promoting AIH research through clinical or silent trials to improve oversight and foster innovation. (shrink)

1. Pitʻŭgenstʻain kwa ŏnŏ -- 2. Hyŏndae ŏnŏ chʻŏrhak.

서문 제1장 언어적 공간 인식 비교 분석 1.서론 2.공간 인식을 통해 본 한국어와 영어의 차이점 3.두 언어의 차이점에 대한 영어 작문 분석 4.마무리 제2장 총칭성의 비교 분석 1.서론 2.명사구에서의 총칭성 3.동사의 내재적 분류와 총칭성과의 상관성 4.동사 시제-상의 반영으로서의 총칭성 5.총칭성의 해석 원리 6.마무리 제3장 수동구문과 어휘부에서의 행위성 비교 분석 1.서론 2.수동 구문 유형의 차이와 행위성 3.동사 어휘의 행위성과 유생성의 실현 4.마무리 제4장 지각동사 의미론 비교 분석 1.서론 2.지각 동사 보어 유형과 의미의 상호 작용 3.시각 동사의 다의성 양상 4.청각 동사와 활성역의 (...) 상호 작용 5.마무리 제5장 술어적 소유 구문 비교 분석 1.서론 2.국부주의와 소유의 원천 도식 3.술어적 소유구문 도식 비교 4.도식 선택 원리 및 번역 텍스트 분석 5.마무리 제6장 Tough 구문의 기능에 관한 비교 분석 1.서론 2.'tough'구문과 정보포장이론 3.'tough'구문의 총칭성 4.마무리 제7장 보문소 의미론 비교 분석 1.비교 2.'언술적/사실적'해석 구분과 보문소 3.IRH와 보문소 교체 4.의미 요소와 보문소 교체 5.마무리 제8장 유동 양화사 구문 비교 분석 1.서론 2.위치 제약과 초점 정보성 3.유동 양화사의 중의성 양상 4.마무리 제9장 사역구문의 함축성 비교 분석 1.서론 2.사역의 정의 및 분류 3.도상성과 사역성의 관련성 4.Cause의 함축성 위계와 ᅵ연속성 5.영어와 한국어의 우언적 사역 6.마무리 제10장 부사의 위치와 위치 유표성에 대한 비교 분석 1.서론 2.영어와 한국어의 부사 위치 및 거울상 효과 3.부사 어순의 유표성 논의 4.마무리 참고문헌. (shrink)