Existe una línea temática moderna que vincula el trabajo sobre las fuentes clásicas del 3er conde de Shaftesbury con el mosaico filosófico que más tarde desarrollará Johann Georg Hamann: se trata del “proyecto socrático”, que aparece en el primero bajo la idea de unas Chartae socraticae y será motivación para que Hamann recoja el testigo en sus Memorabilia socratica. Se rastrea las raíces shaftesburianas del Sócrates de Hamann –surgidas de su lectura y traducción de juventud: Sensus communis y Carta sobre (...) el entusiasmo– para delimitar. (shrink)

In the valley of the Trujala, Hornos and Guadalimar rivers in the Sierra de Segura, northeast of the province of Jaén, is an articulated system of preserved Andalusi structures that configure a landscape. To orient in a landscape, one needs a map that accurately represents the elements involved in its formation. The objective of this work is to reveal these points and to draw a chart that serves to understand and read into the palimpsest of the landscape. To achieve this, (...) an intensive prospecting of the territory is carried out to document the existing remains and an evaluation model based on Geographic Information Systems is elaborated. This process allowed for quantifying variables, obtaining statistically relevant data and classifying the information obtained in places where there is some Andalusi preexistence. The results supply useful parameters in the analytical reading of the landscape, provide quantitative knowledge about factors that connect the sites, and allow for the determination of settlement patterns. The results also reveal the mode of occupation in a territory -the ancientʿamal Šaqūra- as a reflection of the Andalusi organization in the rural world and the anthropic role that these settlements, which are associated with structures built of rammed-earth during the 12th century, have had in the landscape’s configuration. (shrink)

Among the phenomena that make up the mind, cognitive psychologists and philosophers have postulated a puzzling one that they have called ?epistemic feelings.? This paper aims to (1) characterize these experiences according to their intentional content and phenomenal character, and (2) describe the nature of these mental states as nonconceptual in the cases of animals and infants, and as conceptual mental states in the case of adult human beings. Finally, (3) the paper will contrast three accounts of the causes and (...) mechanisms of epistemic feelings: the doxastic account; the mental scanner account; and the heuristic mechanism account. The paper will argue in favor of the heuristic mechanism account. (shrink)

Amidst the recent threat of COVID-19, home gardens have surged in popularity as seed companies and nurseries find it challenging to keep their supplies fully stocked. The victory garden movement that emerged during WWII has today re-emerged as COVID victory gardens. Yet, the global changes and cognitive shifts associated with COVID-19 have differential impacts. The narrative of COVID victory gardens depoliticizes urban agriculture. It is blind to its long history in marginalized, oppressed, and displaced communities where home gardens have always (...) been part of a struggle for identity, autonomy, and self- and communal-determination. I argue the blindness embedded in the narrative of COVID victory gardens violates our “food-related obligations,” which are our responsibilities to ourselves, our food, and each other. Silencing how communities of color have historically grown food in pursuit of dignity disregards how home gardens in communities of color are not merely a reactionary response to crisis but part of a historical legacy whereby people of color have grown food for generations to create and recreate sustainable ways of living that validate their cultures, knowledges, and ways of being. (shrink)

Two main theories about metacognition are reviewed, each of which claims to provide a better explanation of this phenomenon, while discrediting the other theory as inappropriate. The paper claims that in order to do justice to the complex phenomenon of metacognition, we must distinguish two levels of this capacity—each having a different structure, a different content and a different function within the cognitive architecture. It will be shown that each of the reviewed theories has been trying to explain only one (...) of the two levels and that, consequently, the conflict between them can be dissolved. The paper characterizes the high-level as a rationalizing level where the subject uses concepts and theories to interpret her own behavior and the low-level as a controlling level where the subject exploits epistemic feelings to adjust her cognitive activities. Finally, the paper explores three kinds of interaction between the levels. (shrink)

A pesar de que son numerosas las interpretaciones que, a veces con inusitada violencia, se han hecho de la filosofía de Friedrich Nietzsche, no se ha prestado siempre la debida atención a uno de los aspectos más importantes de su obra y sin el cual ésta perdería toda la tensión creativa que le es propia: la reflexión radical sobre el arte. Nietzsche se funda en la convicción de que el «arte y nada más que el arte» no sólo es un (...) «estímulo para la vida», sino también aquello que puede enseñar a vivirla y a que sea posible y soportable. El arte sería así la «actividad metafísica fundamental» del hombre, el epítome de todas sus facultades creativas, desplegadas frente a la «negación de vivir» y a las instancias que merman el sentido de la vida, expresadas en el cristianismo, el budismo y, en definitiva, el nihilismo. El presente ensayo, fruto de años de trabajo e investigación, trata de articular estas ideas para ofrecer una nueva lectura del pensamiento nietzscheano, y es la primera obra en castellano que aborda la cuestión del arte en Nietzsche en todas sus dimensiones y en todas las etapas de su producción filosófica. (shrink)

Este texto tem por objetivo abordar a educação de meninas, órfãs ou em situação de vulnerabilidade, que era efetivada no Asylo Coração de Maria, na cidade do Rio Grande/RS. Entre os elementos discutidos, estão a fundação da instituição e a sua rotina escolar. Como suporte teórico-metodológico evoca-se a História Cultural, visando a análise documental de jornais, livros de matrícula, regimentos e relatórios. Conclui-se que existiam tensões entre as normas e as práticas institucionais, bem como que o incentivo do ensino profissionalizante (...) visava proporcionar opções de vida às meninas para além do casamento e do cuidado do lar. (shrink)

El artículo tiene como eje central la presentación del sentido original con el cual nace la Estética, como disciplina filosófica, de la mano de Alexander Baumgarten. Está dividido en tres partes: la primera con la finalidad de contextualizar históricamente el nacimiento de la Estética y su idea base es que la Ilustración es un movimiento de raíz europea con un cariz preeminentemente antropológico. La segunda parte se concentra en presentar y explicar los conceptos centrales de la Estética de Baumgarten, a (...) saber: que ella es una reflexión acerca de lo particular en tanto particular. La tercera parte vincula la reflexión estética con la dimensión humana. La idea base de esta tercera parte, aquella que le da sentido a todo el artículo, es que la Estética de Baumgarten se dirige hacia la construcción de un ser humano completo, aquella persona que sabe integrar su razón y su sensibilidad, y encuentra en ello una feliz armonía. Tal ser humano será llamado el felix aestheticus. (shrink)

Programming is a relevant semiotic activity, resulting in millions of lines of written code: the whole digital revolution is still rooted in writing as a semiotic activity. In relation to this, AI applications based on deep learning do not present particular features. They are standard computer programs relying on the von Neumann/Turing architecture. Yet there is an interesting epistemological difference. A distinction can be made between classical programming and machine learning. As the task for programming is always problem solving, in (...) classical programming, the programmer has to input rules and data in order to gather answers in output. A machine learning approach requires a different epistemological wiring: the programmer inputs data and the required answers, while the software learns or discovers the rules. These two approaches to programming can be characterized from a semiotic perspective by referring to the couple “grammar” versus “text” and “allography” versus “autography.” A grammar defines a set of rules to be applied so that an output is generated that is formally consistent with the prescribed rules. Rather, a text acts as an example from which to infer regularities in order to generate a new text. This epistemological shift on the computation side is coupled with an analogous one on the user side. As data, that is – semiotically – texts, are the driving force, users have to focus on sets of examples in order to cope with the algorithms. The contribution discusses this shift by taking into account the relative changes in agency. (shrink)

La presente contribución atiende a la interpretación por parte de Heidegger de la dualidad planteada expresamente por Kant de facultades cognoscitivas y sus respectivos tipos específicos de representación. Intentará mostrar cómo su interpretación fenomenológica da cuenta de esta cooriginariedad de sensibilidad y entendimiento y puede incluso –en un sentido bien determinado– legitimarla. Para ello enfoca su interés en el posicionamiento crítico de Heidegger frente a la lectura neokantiana de este elemento doctrinal de la filosofía transcendental de Kant.

O presente trabalho toma como objeto de investigação o pensamento de Simone Weil. A filósofa francesa, deixando de lado um imperativo acadêmico, típico da filosofia do século XIX, reclama para si o assombro, o espanto, aquilo que no início, ou seja, nos primórdios da filosofia grega, possibilitou a emergência do filosofar. A marca de seu pensamento é evidenciada mais pela emoção do que pelo exercício racional. Assim, procuramos apresentar, neste estudo, a maneira como o sofrimento, enquanto pathos, constitui a fonte (...) do pensamento da autora, capaz de captar a essência do homem. O breve itinerário destaca, a princípio, utilizando a reflexão de Heidegger, a noção de pathos e percorre a partir daí, a particularidade do sofrimento destacando a noção violência e de força para chegar, finalmente, a realidade do malheur como elemento mais original no entendimento daquilo que é reservado à Filosofia como instância que pode compreender a condição humana. (shrink)

In 1907, Charles Peirce attempted to write an article that would introduce his distinct variety of pragmatism to a general audience. He eventually produced more than five hundred handwritten sheets, culminating in five major variants. Peirce left the second unfinished, while extensive portions of the third through fifth have appeared in collections of his writings, including the beginning that is common to all five. This is the completed and signed first version, which has never been published before and offers fresh (...) insights into the evolution of its author’s thinking about semeiotic and pragmatism. (shrink)

El propósito de este libro es de examinar cuales fueron los órdenes epistemológicos, las prácticas discursivas y los mecanismos disciplinarios que hicieron posible en el siglo XX la construcción de un objeto de conocimiento llamado "Latinoamérica", y de una serie de saberes filosóficos sobre "lo latinoamericano". El autor realiza un ejercicio deconstructivo de aquellas narrativas que, con base a la creación de identidades homogéneas, buscaron presentar a Latinoamérica como lo "otro" de la modernidad occidental, e incluso como el continente llamado (...) a mostrar un camino nuevo de liberación para toda la humanidad. A través de un diálogo con pensadores como Foucault, Said, Rama, Lyotard, Mignolo y Spivak, el autor muestra que los principales temas, registros y motivos esgrimidos a favor de una "exterioridad" latinoamericana con respecto a la modernidad, son en realidad discursos pertenecientes a un orden moderno del saber. (shrink)

Analytic philosophy was introduced in Latin America in the mid-twentieth century. Its development has been heterogeneous in different countries of the region but has today reached a considerable degree of maturity and originality, with a strong community working within the analytic tradition in Latin America. This entry describes the historical development of analytic philosophy in Latin America and offers some examples of original contributions by Latin American analytic philosophers.

This book brings together experts from different religious traditions and spiritual persuasions to suggest ways in which the living wisdom traditions might contribute to, and transform themselves into, a universal conviviality among the people, cultures and religions of this world for a common future.

The stable differentiation of cells into other cell types typically involves dramatic reorganization of cellular structures and functions. This often includes remodeling of the cell cycle and the apparatus that controls it. Here we review our understanding of the role and regulation of cell cycle control elements during cell differentiation in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although the process of differentiation may be more overtly obvious in metazoan organisms, those systems are by nature more difficult to study at a mechanistic level. (...) We consider the relatively well‐understood mechanisms by which mating‐type switching and the pheromone‐induced differentiation of gametes are coupled to the cell cycle as well as the more obscure mechanisms that govern the remodeling of the cell cycle during meiosis and filamentous growth. In some cases, the cell cycle is a primary stimulus for differentiation whereas, in other cases, the signals that promote differentiation alter the cell cycle. Thus, despite relative simplicity of these processes in yeast, the nature of the interplay between the cell cycle and differentiation is diverse. BioEssays 25:856–867, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

The literature on autonomous language learning reveals both, scholars’ great enthusiasm for the revolutionary potential of learner autonomy as well as pessimism for its continual depoliticization within higher education. Similar to how ‘learner autonomy’ is still today an unfinished construct that raises considerable confusion among scholars, the critical theory of learner autonomy in the field of language learning remains largely unexplored; and thus, yet to be fully articulated. Building on the relevant literature, this article attempts to provide a coherent and (...) nuanced theoretical framework for the critical practice of learner autonomy in higher education. Results show how the field of language learning is dominated by uncritical and apolitical approaches that render learner autonomy a politically impotent practice. Critical autonomous language learning must be both critically aware—so it can raise students’ awareness of the structural and discursive constraints on their autonomy—and politically active—so it may lead to education reform and social change—, while also aiming at reaching the highest levels of institutional material support and student control possible. (shrink)

"Homero y la filología clásica" plantea algunas tesis de Nietzsche que posteriormente desarrollará en otros escritos. Aquí se configura de una forma clara la construcción dialéctica de su entramado intelectual bajo las perspectivas de la filología-ciencia, arte y filosofía, pero siempre bajo la mirada de la vida. Tomando como punto de referencia el estado en que se encuentra la filología clásica en su época, Nietzsche presenta una alternativa al modelo tradicional en la que los elementos artísticos y filosóficos tengan una (...) cierta preponderancia a la hora de pensar y analizar la antigüedad. Así se consuma el transito de la filología a la filosofía. (shrink)

Descartes estabeleceu conceitos através dos quais explicaria sua tese geral para o movimento dos corpos. Em total desacordo, Newton realizou um ostensivo ataque a teoria cartesiana concluindo que o movimento assumido pelo filosofo francês não deveria ser considerado como um movimento real. O diálogo desenvolvido ao longo da discussão, fundamentada na teoria newtoniana referente à natureza física do mundo, demonstra de forma sutil e refinada as observações precisas feitas por Newton acerca das contradições a que levavam o desenvolvimento dos conceitos (...) propostos por Descartes. Imbuída de espírito físico-filosófico, este artigo tem por objetivo elucidar as “ficções” cartesianas, bem como demonstrar a forma pela qual Newton buscou refutá-las: contrapondo a referida teoria de movimento com a sua. (shrink)