Background: The complexity and variety of ethical issues in nursing is always increasing, and those issues lead to special concerns for nurses because they have critical impacts on nursing practice. Research objectives: The purpose of this study was to gather comprehensive information about ethical issues in nursing practice, comparing the issues in different types of nursing units including general units, oncology units, intensive care units, operating rooms, and outpatient departments. Research design: The study used a descriptive research design. Ethics/human rights (...) issues encountered by nurses in their daily nursing practice were identified by using the Ethical Issues Scale. Participants: The study sample included 993 staff nurses working in a university hospital in South Korea. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the University Institutional Review Board. Completed questionnaires were returned sealed with signed informed consent. Findings: The most frequently and disturbingly encountered issues across nursing units were “conflicts in the nurse–physician relationship,” “providing care with a possible risk to your health,” and “staffing patterns that limit patient access to nursing care.” The findings of this study showed that nurses from different nursing units experienced differences in the types or frequency of ethical issues. In particular, intensive care units had the greatest means of all the units in all three component scales including end-of-life treatment issues, patient care issues, and human rights issues. Discussion: Nurses experienced various ethical challenges in their daily practice. Of the ethical issues, some were distinctively and frequently experienced by nurses in a specific unit. Conclusion: This study suggested that identifying and understanding specific ethical issues faced by nurses in their own areas may be an effective educational approach to motivate nurses and to facilitate nurses’ reflection on their experiences. (shrink)

BackgroundAlthough the Life-Sustaining Treatment (LST) Decision Act was enforced in 2018 in Korea, data on whether it is well established in actual clinical settings are limited. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is a common nosocomial infection with high mortality. However, there are limited data on the end-of-life (EOL) decision of patients with HAP. Therefore, we aimed to examine clinical characteristics and outcomes according to the EOL decision for patients with HAP.MethodsThis multicenter study enrolled patients with HAP at 16 referral hospitals retrospectively from (...) January to December 2019. EOL decisions included do-not-resuscitate (DNR), withholding of LST, and withdrawal of LST. Descriptive and Kaplan–Meier curve analyses for survival were performed.ResultsOf 1,131 patients with HAP, 283 deceased patients with EOL decisions (105 cases of DNR, 108 cases of withholding of LST, and 70 cases of withdrawal of LST) were analyzed. The median age was 74 (IQR 63–81) years. The prevalence of solid malignant tumors was high (32.4% vs. 46.3% vs. 54.3%, P = 0.011), and the ICU admission rate was lower (42.9% vs. 35.2% vs. 24.3%, P = 0.042) in the withdrawal group. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens, impaired consciousness, and cough was significantly lower in the withdrawal group. Kaplan–Meier curve analysis revealed that 30-day and 60-day survival rates were higher in the withdrawal group than in the DNR and withholding groups (log-rank P = 0.021 and 0.018). The survival of the withdrawal group was markedly decreased after 40 days; thus, the withdrawal decision was made around this time. Among patients aged below 80 years, the rates of EOL decisions were not different (P = 0.430); however, mong patients aged over 80 years, the rate of withdrawal was significantly lower than that of DNR and withholding (P = 0.001).ConclusionsAfter the LST Decision Act was enforced in Korea, a DNR order was still common in EOL decisions. Baseline characteristics and outcomes were similar between the DNR and withholding groups; however, differences were observed in the withdrawal group. Withdrawal decisions seemed to be made at the late stage of dying. Therefore, advance care planning for patients with HAP is needed. (shrink)

Although healthcare workers play a crucial role in helping curb the hazardous health impact of coronavirus disease 2019, their lives and major functioning have been greatly affected by the pandemic. This study examined the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of Malaysian healthcare workers and its predictive factors. An online sample of 389 university-based healthcare workers completed questionnaires on demographics, clinical features, COVID-19-related stressors, psychological experiences, and perceived social support after the movement lockdown was lifted. All (...) domains of QoL were within the norms of the general population except for social relationship QoL, which was lower than the norm. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that COVID-19-related stressors and psychological sequelae predicted lower QoL. Conversely, greater perceived social support from friends and significant others predicted higher QoL. Clinical and demographic characteristics predicted QoL to a lesser extent: A history of pre-existing medical illness was associated only with lower physical health QoL, whereas older age and being single, divorced, or widowed were only predictive of higher environmental QoL. Efforts to enhance QoL among healthcare workers in response to the pandemic should focus on mitigating COVID-19-related stressors and psychological sequelae and facilitating social support. (shrink)

Collection of quotes of Chinese philosophy by Laozi, Confusius, Sunzi, and Mencius.

We explored the need for an ecosystem approach based on relational systems when conducting research on South Korea’s cultural industry. We used Mollard’s (2009. L’ingeniere culturelle. Paris: PUF) idea of the participants in the French cultural system as a key reference and extended it to the notion of the platform, which is the core concept of South Korea’s cultural industry ecosystem (CIE). We also utilized the idea of the “semiotic square of consumption values” from Floch to explicate each platform and (...) participant, which play a significant role in South Korea’s CIE. By defining a role rooted in the relationship and values for each subject (i.e., the production, consumption, authority, and intermediary subjects), we aimed to better understand the ecosystem of the cultural industry and focused on K-pop as a specific aspect of South Korea’s cultural sector by identifying the current identity of each participant. (shrink)

Background For the patients receiving care in the operating room, it emphasizes that the ethical behavior and attitude of health professionals should be aligned with patients’ basic human rights. Surgical ethics may provide an ethical alternative in a specific operating room context. However, it is unclear how actively research is being conducted in this regard. Aim This study determines the direction of future research by identifying ethical issues experienced in the operating room. Method This scoping review is based on the (...) methodological framework suggested by Arksey and O’Malley in 2005. PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, WOS, Cochrane, KISS, and KMbase databases were searched from January 2012 to May 2022. Two researchers independently screened the searched articles by reviewing the titles, abstracts, and full texts. Consequently, 19 studies were selected. Findings Five categories were identified: Professional ethics, Organizational ethics, Patients’ rights, Patient safety, and Allocating resources. The derived categories covered all the same content as the International Council of Nurses’ (ICN) code of ethics, with the exception of one element, that is, global health. Conclusions This study highlights ethical issues in the operating theatre and emphasizes the need for individual and organizational strategies aligned with the ICN code of ethics. Future research should cover a wider range of issues, employ diverse perspectives and methodologies, and enhance ethical practices to improve understanding and ethical practices in the field. (shrink)

This article explains the attempts of nurses to practice humanistic, holistic care in line with their professionalizing strategy. Ideally, the intention of nurses is to broaden their concerns beyond the physiological needs of patients, thereby circumventing biomedical control over their work. However, the author argues that resource constraints, and the coalescing of biomedical and managerial definitions of patients, suggest that holistic notions of care are subjected to a new form of calculus and normalizing technology. Critically, nurses are more preoccupied with (...) the day-to-day struggle to free up resources for healthcare, in particular bed spaces, and to pre-empt the problem of bed blocking. Such work suggests that the ‘emptying of beds’ is not just a symbol of accomplishment for nursing work. From the governmentality theory of Foucault, the administration of ‘beds’ has become part of the managerial power/knowledge discourse and an instrument for making nurses toe the financial bottom-line. (shrink)

ObjectivePrevious research has shown that adolescents in single-mother households are at heightened risk for adjustment problems. However, limited studies have investigated the mechanisms leading to adolescent problem behaviors in single-mother households. To address this research gap, this study applied the Family Stress Model to examine how single mothers’ material hardship is linked to adolescent problem behaviors, focusing on the mediating roles of mothers’ depression and mother-adolescent closeness. The moderating role of adolescent school connectedness in the relationships between mother-adolescent closeness and (...) school connectedness and between mothers’ depression and school connectedness was also investigated.Materials and methodsThe study analyzed data from 1,384 adolescents and their single mothers who participated in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study at Wave 6. The associations between study variables were analyzed using structural equation modeling by decomposing the direct, indirect, and total effects of material hardship on adolescent problem behaviors. School connectedness’s interactions with mother-adolescent closeness and mothers’ depression were also examined.ResultsResults showed a significant indirect relationship between material hardship and adolescent problem behaviors through sequential mediation of mothers’ depression and mother-adolescent closeness. Mothers’ depression also significantly mediated the relationship between material hardship and problem behaviors. Lastly, school connectedness moderated the relationship between mother-adolescent closeness and adolescents’ internalizing behaviors. The association between mother-adolescent closeness and adolescents’ internalizing behavior was weaker for adolescents with higher levels of school connectedness.ConclusionThe results indicate the important indirect effect of economic strain on adolescents’ problems behaviors in single-mother households, which has been less emphasized compared to the effects in earlier childhood. High rates of material hardship and adolescent problem behaviors in single-mother families call for multifaceted interventions focusing on family processes and protective factors, including school environment. (shrink)

We analyze the use of Silbot – a “dementia-prevention robot” – in a regional health center in South Korea. From our on-site observation of the Silbot classes, we claim that the efficacy of the robot class relies heavily on the “strained collaboration” between the human instructor and the robot. “Strained collaboration” refers to the ways in which the instructor works with the robot, attempting to compensate for the robot’s functional limitation and social awkwardness. In bringing Silbot into the classroom setting, (...) the instructor employs characteristic verbal tones, bodily movements, and other pedagogical tactics. The instructor even talks over the robot, downplaying its interactional capacity. We conclude that any success of such robot programs requires a deeper understanding of the spatial and human context of robot use, including the role of human operators or mediators and also that this understanding should be reflected in the design, implementation, and evaluation of robot programs. (shrink)

��Disoriented 4-year-old children use a distinctive container to locate a hidden object, but do they reorient by this information? We addressed this question by testing children’s search for objects in a circular room containing one distinctive and two identical containers. Children’s search patterns provided evidence that the distinctive container served as a direct cue to a hidden object’s location, but not as a directional signal guiding reorientation. The findings suggest that disoriented children’s search behavior depends on two distinct processes: a (...) modular reorientation process attuned to the geometry of the surface layout and an associative process linking landmarks to specific locations. (shrink)

The present research seeks to utilize Implicit Theories of Intelligence and Achievement Goal Theory to understand students’ intrinsic motivation and academic performance in mathematics in Singapore. 1,201 lower-progress stream students, ages ranged from 13 to 17 years, from 17 secondary schools in Singapore took part in the study. Using structural equation modeling, results confirmed hypotheses that incremental mindset predicted mastery-approach goals and, in turn, predicted intrinsic motivation and mathematics performance. Entity mindset predicted performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals. Performance-approach goal was positively (...) linked to intrinsic motivation and mathematics performance; performance-avoidance goal, however, negatively predicted intrinsic motivation and mathematics performance. The model accounted for 35.9% of variance in intrinsic motivation and 13.8% in mathematics performance. These findings suggest that intrinsic motivation toward mathematics and achievement scores might be enhanced through interventions that focus on incremental mindset and mastery-approach goal. In addition, performance-approach goal may enhance intrinsic motivation and achievement as well, but to a lesser extent. Finally, the study adds to the literature done in the Asian context and lends support to the contention that culture may affect students’ mindsets and adoption of achievement goals, and their associated impact on motivation and achievement outcomes. (shrink)

This book demonstrates the originality and coherence of Jonathan Edwards' philosophical theology using his dynamic reconception of reality as the interpretive key. The author argues that what underlies Edwards' writings is a radical shift from the traditional Western metaphysics of substance and form to a new conception of the world as a network of dispositions: active and abiding principles that possess reality apart from their manifestations in actions and events. Edwards' dispositional ontology enables him to restate the Augustinian-Calvinist tradition in (...) theology in a strikingly modern philosophical framework. A prime example of Edwards' innovative reconstruction in philosophical theology is his conception of God as both eternal actuality and a disposition to repeat that actuality within God and also through creation. This view is a compelling alternative to the traditional Western doctrine of God as changeless actuality, on the one hand, and the recent process theologians' excessive stress on God's involvement in change, on the other. Edwards' achievement was that he saw dynamic movement as essential to God's own life without compromising the traditional Christian tenets of God's prior actuality and transcendence. The author of this volume also explicates the way in which Edwards' dynamic reconception of reality informs his theories of imagination, aesthetic perception, the knowledge of God, and the meaning of history. This expanded edition includes a new preface and a new appendix titled "Jonathan Edwards on Nature.". (shrink)

1. Kyoyuk iran muŏt in'ga -- 2. Kyoyuk ponwi ui sam -- 3. Kyoyuk yŏn'gu ŭi sae chip'yŏng.

This article examines central tensions in cybernetics, defined as the study of self-organization, communication, automated feedback in organisms, and other distributed informational networks, from its wartime beginnings to its contemporary adaptations. By examining aspects of both first- and second-order cybernetics, the article introduces an epistemological standpoint that highlights the tension between its definition as a theory of recursion and a theory of control, prediction, and actionability. I begin by examining the historical outcomes of the Macy Conferences to provide a context (...) for cybernetics’ initial development for scientific epistemology, ethics, and socio-political thought. I draw extensively from Norbert Wiener, Heinz von Foerster, Ross Ashby, and Gregory Bateson, key figures of this movement. I then elaborate upon certain premises of cybernetics to further elucidate an intellectual history from which to begin to construct a cybernetic epistemology. I conclude by offering the second-order cybernetic concept of recursivity as a model and method for ethico-epistemological questioning that can account for both the constructive potential and the limitations of cybernetics in science and society. (shrink)

베스트셀러 《왓칭》의 후속작인생의 큰 착각에서 깨어난 26년차 베테랑 기자의 놀라운 체험! ◎ 도서 소개 “나는 나를 텅 비웠는가?”이 질문 속에 모든 답이 들어 있다! 우리는 별의별 것들을 ‘내 것’으로 착각한다. 화가 나도 그것을 내 것으로 착각해 머릿속에 집어넣고 살다가 화병을 만든다. 골치가 아파도 내 것으로 착각해 머릿속에 가둬놓고 만성 두통으로 키워낸다. 욕심도 절망도 슬픔도 몽땅 머릿속에 집어넣고 다닌다. 그러다 보니 우리는 어느새 걸어 다니는 화 덩어리, 고통 덩어리, 스트레스 덩어리, 절망 덩어리가 된다. 내 안에 가득한 모든 쓸모없는 생각들을 싹 비워버리는 (...) 비밀은 없을까? 26년차 앵커이자 기자인 저자는 베스트셀러 《왓칭》이후 더욱 깊은 취재, 명상, 체험을 거쳐 두 번째 저서 《마음을 비우면 얻어지는 것들》(김상운 지음, 21세기북스)을 펴냈다. 그는 이 책을 통해 내 안에 가득 쌓인 모든 것들이 사라지는 유일한 비밀은 ‘이 모든 것들이 내 것이 아니다’는 사실을 진심으로 깨닫고 나를 텅 비우는 것이라고 말한다. 그리고 다양한 사례와 자신의 체험을 바탕으로 인생의 착각에서 깨어나는 순간, 마음이 텅 비어지면서 심신의 병과 고민과 지능의 한계 등 인생의 모든 장애물들이 저절로 텅 비어버리는 우주의 원리를 알기 쉽게 소개한다. “인생은 착각이다. 착각에서 깨어나면 고통의 감옥에서도 벗어난다.”-노벨물리학상 수상자 아인슈타인 “착각에서 깨어나면 ‘불가능’이 돌연 ‘가능’으로 바뀐다.”-물리학자, 심리학자 아놀드 민델 “텅 빈 마음은 창조의 공간이다. 무엇이든 창조한다.”-노벨물리학상 수상자 하이젠베르크 “마음을 텅 비우면 모든 병도 텅 비어버린다.”-정신의학자 스탠리 블락 마음을 비우면 비로소 얻어지는 것들 차원을 높이면 ‘불가능’이 ‘가능’으로 바뀐다텅 빈 우주엔 목표 달성에 필요한 모든 정보와 에너지가 다 들어 있다. 즉, 마음이 텅 비는 순간 우주와 접속되면서 목표 달성에 필요한 모든 걸 얻게 되는 것이다. 만일 목표가 이뤄지지 않았다면 마음을 텅 비우지 못했다는 증거다. 이처럼 진공의 세계는 우리가 아는 현실과는 전혀 다른 차원의 세계다. 아무 걸림돌도, 시간도, 거리도 없는 텅 빈 무의 세계다. 이 공간에서는 도저히 불가능하게 생각됐던 일도 돌연 가능해진다. 이른바 기적이 일어난다. 마음이 텅 비는 순간 전혀 다른 차원이 되는 것이다. 사람은 육신과 영체의 합작품육신은 일시적인 겉모습에 불과하다. 참 생명은 영체에 있다. 육신은 음식을 못 먹으면 죽지만 영체는 음식을 안 먹어도 영원히 생존하는 사랑 덩어리이기 때문이다. 사랑으로부터 지능, 생명, 에너지 등 우리가 원하는 모든 것이 흘러나온다. 생각은 되돌려주지 않으면 파리처럼 달라붙는다‘담배를 피우고 싶다’는 생각이 달라붙어 있으면 골초가 된다. ‘술을 마시고 싶다’는 생각이 달라붙어 있으면 술고래가 된다. 걸핏하면 버럭버럭 화를 터뜨리는 사람들도 원래부터 그런 게 아니다. 단지 우주에서 빌려 썼던 화를 되돌려주지 않고 머릿속에 품고 있을 뿐이다. 과거나 미래의 생각으로 머리를 가득 채우는 것 역시 불행이다. 몸은 현재에 살고 있는데 머릿속은 과거나 미래의 생각들로 가득 차 있다면 ‘나’는 둘로 쪼개져 있는 것이다. 현재의 순간에 몰입하는 것이야말로 평화의 이르는 길이다. 인생은 분명한 목적을 가진 연극이다인생도 연극이라는 사실을 분명히 깨닫는 순간, 똑같은 변화가 일어난다. 무엇보다도 ‘내 것’에 대한 집착에서 벗어난다. 내 것도, 네 것도 없다는 생각에 인생살이는 지나치게 심각히 받아들이지 않게 된다. 자신의 인생을 마치 관객처럼 바라보게 된다. ◎ 본문 중에서 텅 빈 우주에 모든 정보가 들어 있는데 나는 왜 그 정보를 마음대로 꺼내 쓰지 못하는 걸까? 주파수가 맞지 않기 때문이다. 생각해보라. 텅 빈 우주와 주파수를 맞추려면 내 마음도 역시 텅 비워야 하지 않겠는가? 하지만 마음을 텅 비우는 게 그리 쉽지 않다.내가 눈 뜨고 있는 단 한 순간도 마음이 비지 않기 때문이다. (35쪽) 상한 음식을 먹으면 배탈이 난다. 배탈은 썩은 음식을 먹지 말라는 신호다. 그걸 무시하고 계속 상한 음식을 먹으면 심지어 목숨을 잃을 수도 있다. 영혼도 우리가 위험에 빠지면 끊임없이 신호를 보내준다. 영체를 통해 몸에 보내주기도 하고 온갖 크고 작은 장애물들을 여기저기 널려놓아 하던 일을 멈추라고 경고해주기도 한다. 그 무언의 경고는 우리가 진심으로 마음을 텅 비운 채 귀를 기울여야 비로소 제대로 들을 수 있다. (125쪽) 우주에는 무수한 생각이 떠다닌다. 다만 눈에 보이지 않을 뿐이다. 눈에 보이지 않는 수많은 TV와 라디오 주파수들이 공중에 떠다니는 것과 마찬가지다. 내가 나쁜 생각에 주파수를 맞춰 증폭시키면 나쁜 생각이 내 머릿속에 가득하고, 좋은 생각에 주파수를 맞춰 증폭시키면 좋은 생각이 가득하다. 이 무수한 생각은 인생이라는 연극을 위한 소품이다. 필요할 때 빌려 쓰고 나면 반드시 우주에 되돌려주어야 한다. 되돌려주는 데에는 어떤 특별한 노력도 필요하지 않다. 그저 머릿속에 가둬놓지 않으면 스스로 알아서 되돌아간다. (162쪽) “남이 내게 던지는 독을 받을 것인가, 말 것인가?”그건 전적으로 나의 선택이다. 왜냐하면 남이 내 머릿속에 뛰어들어 독을 집어넣을 수는 없기 때문이다. 만일 엉겁결에 남의 독이 이미 내 머릿속에 들어와 버렸다면 얼른 이렇게 되뇌어라.‘독아, 나한테 날아왔니? 내 머리는 활짝 열려 있으니 우주로 되돌아가렴.’ (179쪽) 인생도 연극이라는 사실을 분명히 깨닫는 순간, 똑같은 변화가 일어난다. 무엇보다도 ‘내 것’에 대한 집착에서 벗어난다. 내 것도, 네 것도 없다는 생각에 인생살이를 지나치게 심각히 받아들이지 않게 된다. 자신의 인생을 마치 관객처럼 바라보게 된다. 그래서 셰익스피어는 “세상은 무대다. 사람들은 등장인물들이다”라고 했다. (282쪽) 프롤로그_텅 비우지 못하는 게 문제다 1장. 진공묘유: 텅 비우면 오묘한 일이 일어난다 ‘나’를 열어놓는 것이 열쇠다│‘나’는 열면 열수록 넓어진다 1. 텅 빈 우주는 모든 정보로 가득하다 ‘목표와 나는 하나다’라고 생각하라│‘나’를 열면 남의 천재성도 빌릴 수 있다│모든 답도 우주에 들어 있다 2. 텅 빈 우주는 에너지로 가득하다 ‘나’를 열면 에너지가 흘러들어온다 3. 목표 달성 직전엔 반드시 진공이 있다 차원을 높이면 ‘불가능’이 돌연 ‘가능’으로 바뀐다 2장. 육신에 대한 집착 텅 비우기 나는 몸으로 조립된 존재인가?│사람은 육신과 영체의 합작품 1. 영체는 사랑이 양식이다 사랑이 막히면 병이 난다│사랑이 끊기면 지능도 끊긴다│사랑이 끊긴 아이는 로봇이 된다│사랑이 흐르면 생명도 흐른다 2. ‘진정한 나’는 누구인가? 영혼은 무엇이든 볼 수 있다│내 영혼은 어떤 능력을 갖추고 있을까?│빛으로부터 고도의 지능도 흘러나온다 3. 영혼의 존재를 부인할 수 없는 이유 4. 영혼이 내려주는 선물 마음의 상처를 치유해준다│위험을 경고해준다│직감을 준다│사랑을 베풀게 한다│자신의 내면을 바라보게 해준다│열정에 응답한다│진심으로 일을 사랑하면 반드시 기회를 준다 3장. 생각 텅 비우기 짓눌리면 튀어 오른다 1. 나는 생각으로 조립된 존재인가? 생각은 떼어낼 수 없는가?│생각은 사실인가?│되돌려주지 않으면 파리처럼 달라붙는다│달라붙은 생각이 인생을 망친다 2. 가둬놓지 않으면 저절로 날아간다 남의 독을 왜 내 머릿속에 가둬놓는가?│내 머릿속엔 독이 들어 있진 않은가?│머리를 활짝 열어놓으면 되돌아간다 3. 틀어박힌 생각과 대화하기 4. 왜 한 가지 생각에 파묻혀버릴까? 한 가지 생각에 빠져드는 속성│고정된 생각이 고정된 인생 트랙을 만들어낸다│무수한 ‘나’가 존재한다│나와 똑같은 사람이 했다면 나도 할 수 있다 5. 생각의 선택이 운명을 만든다 고미바다 어두운 선택을 하면 어두운 운명이 된다│고비마다 밝은 생각을 선택하면 밝은 운명이 된다│할 수 있는 것만 선택하면 무엇이든 할 수 있게 된다│생각을 바꾸면 그게 바로 ‘새로운 나’다 6. 평행우주에서 내가 원하는 나 선택하기 ‘달라진 나’ 속으로 뚜벅뚜벅 4장. 물질에 대한 탐욕 텅 비우기 일체유심조│초정밀 현미경으로 보면 실제로 비어 있다 1. 텅 비어 있는데 왜 보이나? 인생은 정말 꿈인가?│인생은 분명한 목적을 가진 연극이다│나를 바라보는 관찰자는 누구인가? 2. 인생의 설계도를 훔쳐보다 어떻게 족집게처럼 미래를 알아맞힐까?│모든 것의 설계도가 존재한다?│수십 년, 수천 년 앞도 훤히 내다본다│과거도 훤히 읽어낸다 3. 인생은 연극임을 깨닫는 순간 고통은 저절로 사라진다│고유의 배역을 찾게 된다│가슴이 끌리는 일이 나의 배역이다│배역을 찾으면 최고의 능력이 나온다│때로는 잔인한 배역도 있다│겉모습은 배역을 위한 가면일 뿐│세계 최고 부자들이 얻은 교훈 4. 인생은 돌고 돈다 모든 것이 낱낱이 기록된다│인생은 단 한 번으로 끝나지 않는다│윤회에는 정말 과학적 증거가 있는가? 5. 돌고 돌며 영혼을 갈고닦는다 불완전한 신체는 나 스스로 선택한 것│모든 고통에는 숨겨진 교훈이 있다│그녀가 바로 나다│착한 며느리, 나쁜 며느리│가족으로 만난 이유가 있다│배역은 매번 달라진다│남은 나의 거울이다 에필로그 - 나의 뒷모습을 보며 살아라. (shrink)

In Plato’s Republic, Socrates Famously argues that a just city has to have three distinct classes performing three distinct functions. The producer class is the largest of the three, with the job of taking care of the city’s material needs. It is widely accepted that individual producers in this class are appetitive—appetitive in the sense that they only value bodily and material goods as intrinsic goods and conduct their lives only to maximize those goods.1 In this paper, I want to (...) argue against this reading.The widely accepted picture of appetitive producers is closely tied to the question of what motivates the producers to do what they do. The argument goes something like this. Socrates argues that the soul .. (shrink)

"Reason and faith," the encyclical the starting point and focus on that grid has a bit of basic human dignity, which raise the status of the people there are things on top of everything else, and make absolutely privileged, that is, beyond the freedom to pursue of the privilege. Hella Cleveland Meadows said: "I have tried to know myself."敎were the interpretation of this motto and there is a coincidence site lattice theory: "" You should be aware of their own, "and (...) this motto is inscribed in Carbondale non-temple frieze on the bottom of the beams. a truth of this maxim that any one person, if you want the creature, the highlights were the reason why the nature of man, you have to pursue the truth. "and that philosophy is" to understand people's there is a fundamental truth of the way. " Like two wings of faith and reason, to enhance people's contemplative truth of the spirit. "Encyclical" God distinguished from the road leading to human and human-path leading to God, but not to separate the two, because down the road and up the road to cycle between the role and complementary role. Man up the road leading to God's being responded to Aristotle in "Metaphysics," said the first sentence: "Everyone has a natural desire for knowledge", while the highest activity of this knowledge refers permit the existence of God and its main properties . For this reason, the encyclical were敎praise Greek philosophy, metaphysics because it is certainly faith is bound to open. And open to the faith or philosophy of the first tasks required to re-find it in the "explore the full significance of life and the wisdom of last rate", the second request or task is "to understand certain people have the ability to find the truth", and the first three requirements or task more emphasis on "a philosophy based on the physical is necessary.". (shrink)