Este artigo traz uma breve reflexão acerca do valor que a música assume nos pensamentos filosóficos de Platão e de Aristóteles. Mediante esse exercício, também se refletirá sobre o estatuto da música em relação à ideia de filosofia presente nas obras desses autores.

Aristóxeno de Tarento (375-335 a. C.) foi um dos principais alunos de Aristóteles. Ele ficou mais conhecido por seus tratados sobre teoria musical, dentre os quais nós temos os Elementos deTeoria Harmônica. Porém, Aristóxeno se notabilizou também como um grande autor de biografias de personalidades como Pitágoras, Arquitas, Sócrates e Platão. Infelizmente dessas obras só chegaram fragmentos até nós. Contudo, da leitura desses fragmentos podemos tirar informações muito interessantes sobre as biografias desses filósofos e sobre o modo como eles foram (...) retratados na Antiguidade. Além disso, podemos também chegar a algumas conclusões sobre o posicionamento de Aristóxeno acerca das teorias socrático-platônicas. Neste texto buscarei discutir as informações contidas nos fragmentos das biografias que Aristóxeno escreveu sobre Sócrates e Platão e qual seria o ponto de vista dele sobre esses autores. (shrink)

In the first chapter, two questions are considered: is listening to music necessary for apprehended musical aesthetic qualities? and is listening to music sufficient for apprehending musical aesthetic qualities? I conclude that the answer to the first question is yes by arguing that musical aesthetic qualities are necessarily at least in part perceptual properties. And my answer to the second question is no, since not all of the features of musical aesthetic qualities are perceivable. ;The ontological status of musical works (...) is the topic of the second chapter. My argument is that scored musical works cannot be entities which completely exist independently of being performed, since many of a musical work's essential properties are at least partially determined by the character of its performance. These essential properties include both sonic properties and aesthetic qualities--both expressive and representational ones. Therefore, I conclude that musical works are collaborative entities, where both the composer and the performer are responsible for the existence of scored musical works. ;The final chapter explains what musical expressiveness and representation actually involve. I argue that we are culturally trained to hear music as expressive of emotions and thus trained to imagine certain configurations of sonic properties in music have emotional features. In this way, the physical properties of performed musical works do not determine its expressiveness; rather, the convention in which one has been trained how to make sense of music determines the aesthetic qualities of a performance. (shrink)

In this article I report on the ways that an educational philosophies course in a performance-based program enables teacher candidates to identify, reflect upon, and evaluate a wide range of educational purposes. The context for the report is an accelerated graduate program in childhood education at a small urban college where intensive fieldwork is required every semester and applied learning is the norm. Using teacher candidates? reactions to selected texts in the history of educational thought as evidence, I aim to (...) show that an encounter with provocative foundational ideas can promote effective value-formation and reflective analysis of educational practice. (shrink)

This is a phenomenological description of existential obedience, which draws out a contrast between it and ressentiment and existential envy, and compares it with pedagogical obedience. The discussion is developed with reference especially to the work of Erich Fromm, Emerson, and Nietzsche. Eds: This paper forms part of a special issue titled ‘Beyond Virtue and Vice: Education for a Darker Age’, in which the editors invited authors to engage in exercises of ‘transvaluation’. Certain apparently settled educational concepts (from agency and (...) fulfilment to alienation and ignorance) can be reinterpreted and transvaluated (in a Nietzschean vein) such that virtues become vices, and vices, virtues. The editors encouraged authors to employ polemics and some occasional exaggeration to reimagine educational values that are all too readily accepted within contemporary educational discourses. (shrink)

The work of nursing involves both treatment orientated action and care orientated action, but there exists a ‘treatment–care’ dichotomy that is structured by social factors and views of knowledge that privilege scientific, instrumental rationality. It is a claim of this paper that there is a need to establish connections between ‘treatment’ and ‘care’. The study of work processes in the healthcare field make it possible for nursing to recognize the technical and social separation of work, the separation between manual and (...) intellectual work, the dominance of medicine among healthcare professionals, and other relations of power within institutions. The authors believe that Habermas' theory of communicative action offers an alternative view, one suitable for transforming healthcare practices and helping nurses build new responses to healthcare needs. (shrink)

This article provides an overview of recent contributions to the debate on the ethical use of previously collected biobank samples, as well as a country report about how this issue has been regulated in Spain by means of the new Biomedical Research Act, enacted in the summer of 2007. By contrasting the Spanish legal situation with the wider discourse of international bioethics, we identify and discuss a general trend moving from the traditional requirements of informed consent towards new models more (...) favourable to research in a post‐genomic context. (shrink)

I analyze the deimopolitical functioning of cisgender-straight-bolsonarist masculinity as a norm of recognition characterized not only by the fear of penetrating the anus, but essentially marked by the fear of having an anus. I seek to analyze the production of fear of the existence of the anus as an intrinsic element in the fabrication of supposed social threats in cisgender-straight-bolsonarism. Through a topographic metaphorization that locates/means the excluded as the anus of the social, the “enemy” appears as a mark of (...) the anal memory, reminding that the anus exists. If it exists, it can be penetrated. In this way, the existence of the anus organizes the differential distribution of humanity in this regime, as the minimum condition of being a human being is that of being a man, that is, not having an anus. This condition is reaffirmed by other markers of absence: not having a vagina, not having black skin, not belonging to ethnic and religious minorities... Cisgender-straight-bolsonarism behaves like an anatomical engineering in which the anus works as a catalyst for a masculinist reaction. The dermal tube is then reformatted in this regime. With this, I try to show that the fear of the existence of the anus is a central element of subjective enunciation and fascist recognition in this community. (shrink)

In 1790 the Count d'Antraigues, an eccentric eighteenth-century anti- revolutionary spy, claimed that he had been given a sequel to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Social Contract explaining how states could prevent wars by forming international associations but that he had destroyed the manuscript because it might pose a threat to the French monarchy. Recent Rousseau scholars have generally assumed that d'Antraigues was lying. I suggest that the manuscript in question was a copy of the summary that Rousseau wrote in 1760 of the (...) Project for Perpetual Peace published earlier in the century by the Abbé de Saint-Pierre. I then explore the significance of d'Antraigues' view that Rousseau's comments on the Project constituted an extension of the Social Contract and that they had revolutionary implications. The article ends with references to the ways that Rousseau's summary and critique of Saint-Pierre have recently opened up new thinking about democratic, non-hierarchical models of international organization. (shrink)

Reflexões sobre Professoralidade, Profissionalização, Profissionalidade, Profissionalismo e sua relação com o Desenvolvimento Profissional Docente Resumo: Várias são as categorias teóricas que guardam relação com o tema desenvolvimento profissional docente. Professoralidade, profissionalização, profissionalismo são algumas delas, mas geralmente não aparecem conjuntamente nem em relação do DPD. Por isto, este trabalho visa a analisar estes conceitos em relação ao DPD. A investigação foi desenvolvida a partir de metodologia baseada na pesquisa bibliográfica. Os argumentos evidenciaram que o DPD, na atualidade, perpassa questões da (...) professoralidade, da profissionalização, da profissionalidade e do profissionalismo, mesmo que em intensidades diferentes. Profissionalidade e professoralidade são aqueles que mais dizem respeito a uma estreita vinculação com o desenvolvimento profissional docente por se relacionarem de forma imbricada sem que se possa separar um do outro, ao passo que no profissionalismo e na profissionalização não existe uma relação de complementariedade ou espontânea, mas sem dúvida ambos os lados da relação podem se beneficiar um do outro.Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento Profissional Docente, Professoralidade, Profissionalização, Profissionalidade, Profissionalismo. Reflections on professorality, professionalization, professionality, professionalism and its relationship with the teacher professional development: There are several theoretical categories that are related to the theme of teacher professional development. Professionality, professionalism, professorship, professionalization are some of them, but generally do not appear together in relation to the TPD. For this reason, this work aims to analyze these concepts in relation to the TPD. The investigation was developed based on a bibliographic research methodology. The arguments showed that the TPD, at present, runs through issues of teaching, professionalism, professionalism and professionalization, even if at different intensities. Professorship and professionality are those that most relate to a close link with the professional development of teachers because they relate in an interconnected way without being able to separate from each other, whereas in professionalism and professionalization there is no complementary or spontaneous relationship, but no doubt both sides of the relationship can benefit from each other.Keywords: Teacher Professional Development, Professorship, Professionalization, Professionality, Professionalism. Reflexiones sobre Profesoralidad, profesionalización, profesionalidad, profesionalismo y su relación con el desarrollo profesional de los docentes. Resumen: Existen varias categorías teóricas relacionadas con el tema del desarrollo profesional docente. Profesoralidad, profesionalización, profesionalidad, profesionalismo son algunos de ellos, pero generalmente no aparecen juntos o en relación con el DPD. Por esta razón, este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar estos conceptos en relación con el DPD. La investigación se desarrolló en base a una metodología basada en la investigación bibliográfica. Los argumentos mostraron que el DPD, en la actualidad, atraviesa problemas de enseñanza, profesionalización, profesionalismo y profesionalismo, incluso a diferentes intensidades. La profesionalidad y la enseñanza son las que más se relacionan con un vínculo cercano con el desarrollo profesional de los docentes porque se relacionan de manera interconectada sin poder separarse entre sí, mientras que en el profesionalismo y la profesionalización no existe una relación complementaria o espontánea. Pero sin duda ambos lados de la relación pueden beneficiarse el uno del otro.Palabras clave: Desarrollo profesional docente, profesoralidad, profesionalización, profesionalidad, profesionalismo. Data de registro: 04/02/2020Data de aceite: 28/08/2020. (shrink)

While there is much literature on autonomy and the conditions for its attainment, there is less on how those conditions reflect on agents’ ordinary careers. Most people’s careers involve a great deal of subservient activity that would prevent the kind of control over agents’ actions that autonomy would seem to require. Yet, it would seem strange to deny autonomy to every agent who regularly follows orders at work—to do so would make autonomy a futile ideal. Most contemporary autonomy accounts provide (...) purely theoretical analysis without reference to any practical goal that autonomy could serve. These accounts are likely to resolve this issue in one direction: either almost entirely including or excluding subservient workers from autonomy. Either solution would fail to distinguish agents who sufficiently control their lives, in spite of limited subservience, according to their own standards, from agents for whom subservience precludes a fulfilling life. I suggest the solution lies in a return to goal-oriented autonomy accounts, which can use the goal to distinguish when subservience overwhelms autonomy from when subservience and autonomy can coexist. I present an account that anchors autonomy in the happiness that it provides for agents who sufficiently control their lives as determined by their more important prudential standards. On this account, agents in subservient careers can be autonomous if they determine how to make their careers consistent with their happiness. (shrink)

Available corpora for Argument Mining differ along several axes, and one of the key differences is the presence (or absence) of discourse markers to signal argumentative content. Exploring effective ways to use discourse markers has received wide attention in various discourse parsing tasks, from which it is well-known that discourse markers are strong indicators of discourse relations. To improve the robustness of Argument Mining systems across different genres, we propose to automatically augment a given text with discourse markers such that (...) all relations are explicitly signaled. Our analysis unveils that popular language models taken out-of-the-box fail on this task; however, when fine-tuned on a new heterogeneous dataset that we construct (including synthetic and real examples), they perform considerably better. We demonstrate the impact of our approach on an Argument Mining downstream task, evaluated on different corpora, showing that language models can be trained to automatically fill in discourse markers across different corpora, improving the performance of a downstream model in some, but not all, cases. Our proposed approach can further be employed as an assistant tool for better discourse understanding. (shrink)

Aggressive techniques within casual sex encounters, such as taking sexual liberties without permission or ignoring rejection, can, perhaps unintentionally, complicate consent. Passive recipients may acquiesce out of fear, which aggressors may not realize. Some philosophers argue that social norms are sufficiently well known to make this misunderstanding unlikely. However, the chance of aggression leading to non-consensual sex, even if not great, is high enough that aggressors should work diligently to avoid this potentially grave result. I consider how this problem plays (...) out in the common mating ritual of hooking up. I argue that aggressive hook ups can only be permissible if they are modeled on BDSM encounters: the participants must obtain prior consent and prepare safe words for voiding that consent during the hook up. While this solution removes the spontaneity of aggressive sex, I argue that spontaneously aggressive hook ups with strangers cannot be permissible. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de conectar a teoria criada por Pierre Bourdieu sobre a violência simbólica e o texto de Audre Lorde, The use of anger: women responding to racism do seu livro Sister Outsider; demonstrando a importância do debate sobre a relação entre dominante e dominado a partir do viés racial, tema abordado por ambos autores em seus textos. Com este fito, pretendemos diferenciar os resultados objetivos do ódio, raiva e culpa, bem como o modo que as (...) agressões invisíveis repercutem na vida do oprimido. Tendo como foco o racismo na vida da “mulher de cor” que ainda nos dias de hoje, em uma pirâmide social, se encontram em desvantagem quanto aos demais indivíduos. Faz parte dos objetivos também trazer à tona a reação do oprimido como consequência natural dos séculos de silenciamento, privação e desumanização, analisando os mecanismos institucionais para pacificação social. (shrink)

La deconstrucción de Derrida sitúa el concepto «futuro» en el interior del programa de lo que, parafraseando a Heidegger, llama la metafísica de la presencia. Como potencialidad el futuro es ya presente en su indivisibilidad con la presencia, con el ahora (instante, nûn) desde donde, de Aristóteles a Hegel, se articula. Mas para Derrida un acontecimiento debe venir de lo incontrolable, del porvenir mismo. El «pensar el porvenir» arranca, pues, desde su imposibilidad, desde la aporía de su no-lugar; y la (...) única categoría que no le resulta ontológicamente obscena será, parafraseando a Nietzsche, quizá: el quizá. (shrink)

This paper begins with a discussion of the scientia sexualis/ars erotica distinction, which Foucault first advances in History of Sexuality Vol. 1, and which has been employed by many scholars to do a variety of analytical work. Though Foucault has expressed his doubts regarding his conceptualization of the differences between Western and Eastern discourses of desire, he never entirely disowns the distinction. In fact, Foucault remains convinced that China must have an ars erotica. I will explore Foucault’s sources of authority. (...) To this end, I introduce the work of famous Dutch sinologist Robert Hans van Gulik, who published the tremendously influential Sexual Life in Ancient China in 1961, and also explore Joseph Needham’s view on Chinese sex. I argue that, Foucault, in his fierce polemic against the “Repressive Hypothesis”, himself imagined a utopian Other where pleasure and desire were organised differently. I end on a discuss on Orientalism and the project of “Sinography” of comparative literature scholars Haun Saussy, Eric Hayot and others. (shrink)

This work adopts H. Kelsen’s concept of legal system, proposes a formal definition for such notion, and introduces an operational semantical framework for legal systems that are situated in agent societies. Agent societies are defined. Relevant formal properties of situated legal systems are discussed; the way they are exposed in the operational semantical framework is explained, and their truth formally proved. Also, for the sake of a better understanding of the legal-theoretic assumptions of the paper, recurring issues regarding Kelsen’s theory (...) of law are briefly reviewed. They are put in confrontation with the points of view of R. Dworkin, H. Hart, and J. Raz, and an attempt is made to clarify them from the perspective of the provided formalization. A brief case study in agent-based modeling and simulation of public policy processes is presented, as an illustration of the way of using situated legal systems, and the proposed operational semantical framework, in a practical application. (shrink)

É propósito deste artigo confrontar criticamente o modo de pensar adorniano expresso na primeira parte da Dialética Negativa, e a ontologia fundamental de Martin Heidegger. Para tanto, iniciamos apresentando o sentido do pensar em Heidegger, que busca, não a explicação das causas, mas as significações do ser. Em seguida discorremos sobre as matrizes fundamentais do pensamento de Theodor Adorno, enquanto desdobramento da tradição marxista, a fim de salientar a fonte principal da posição hegeliano-marxista de Adorno e da escola de Frankfurt. (...) Na sequência, demarcamos a influência do jovem Lukacs para os passos adornianos em prol de uma teoria crítica. Em seguida, apresentamos a filosofia adorniana como crítica às filosofias existentes, especialmente em seu confronto com os conceitos heideggerianos de ser, de existência e de historicidade. O método utilizado foi o hermenêutico das referências: Adorno (1975; 2009; 2003); Heidegger (2002) e comentadores: Lichtheim (1970); Perlini (1975); Rusconi (1968); Stein (1973) e Rocha (2020). (shrink)

The study is based on the narrative structure of the film “Mindwalk”, Bernt Amadeus Capra, in which three characters of the plot (a scientist, a politician and a poet) meet and begin to talk about issues such as the influence of technology on society, the reduction of pollution and the degradation of nature. In a similar way, what is proposed is the interaction between three authors, three activities and three cultures, in this case, the English scientist, author of the Gaia (...) theory, James Lovelock, then the French philosopher Michel Serres, and the Brazilian poet Adriane Garcia. In this case, it is intended to show how areas and authors who are at first disparate - a scientific theory that considers life as a structural dynamic that defines the planet, a philosophical vision that seeks to overcome the so-called highways in the name of a systemic vision of the relationship between man and the Earth, and a style that takes history as a poetic key - find themselves in tune in the face of a dilemma that goes from the macro to the micro, in a not centered way, taking into account that all dynamics, all forms of existence are valid in the face of the previous standardized model of modernity and progress. (shrink)

A VISÃO FILOSÓFICA DA GNOSE DE SAMPAIO BRUNO, O MAIS IMPORTANTE MÍSTICO GNÓSTICO PORTUGUÊS DOS TEMPOS MODERNOS Autor da concepção gnóstica mais reflectida, mais coerente e mais abrangente sob o ponto de vista filosófico e metafísico-teológico, Sampaio Bruno será nos tempos modernos o mais representativo e importante místico gnóstico português Procurando fundamentar a proposta de uma religião esotérica universal, Sampaio Bruno realiza a ideia de uma nova concepção da gnose em detrimento da velha gnose, que é essencialmente consubstanciada pelo judaísmo (...) místico da cabala e iluminada por uma matricialidade pagã de raiz perso-caldaica UMA OBRA QUE DÁ UM CONTRIBUTO FUNDAMENTAL PARA A IDENTIFICAÇÃO E EXPLICAÇÃO DAS PRINCIPAIS PERSPECTIVAS, MANIFESTAÇÕES E REFERÊNCIAS DA CONCEPÇÃO GNÓSTICA DE SAMPAIO BRUNO. (shrink)

Destacamos la importancia de la comunicación para comprender adecuadamente el proceso de deterioro medioambiental y ecológico del planeta Tierra. Proponemos cesar en el uso del término cambio climático para comunicar este proceso, que caracterizamos como pandemia ambiental y ecológica de origen antrópico. Defendemos una comunicación orientada a la persuasión y a la búsqueda de consenso basada en la aceptación del disenso a través de la argumentación y el diálogo. Una comunicación que combine la razón de los datos y las evidencias, (...) así como del análisis crítico y reflexivo, con la apelación a las emociones y a los valores, que tenga en cuenta la importancia de las dinámicas y las dimensiones de las éticas. Instamos a considerar la comunicación científica como cultura. Abogamos por un marco epistémico e institucional que incorpore una ecología comunicativa, prestando mayor atención a los contextos de las relaciones recíprocas entre los seres humanos, el medio ambiente y el resto de las formas de vida que habitan el planeta, así como al sentido de comunidad global. (shrink)

No presente artigo pretendo examinar a função do conceito de idéia inata no contexto da argumentação cartesiana da V Meditação das Meditações Metafísicas. Minha hipótese é a de que se trata de um conceito fundamental para garantir a distinção entre idéias de essências forjadas pelo pensamento de idéias de essências verdadeiras e imutáveis. Com essa análise pretendo mostrar que a V Meditação, bem como todas as outras tem um caráter fundamentalmente epistemológico: Descartes ali pretende apresentar os critérios para o reconhecimento (...) das idéias que representam essências verdadeiras o que permite dissipar a possível objeção de que a idéia de Deus como Perfeição, utilizada na III Meditação para provar sua existência, poderia ser uma idéia fictícia. (shrink)

Meu objetivo nesse artigo é o de reconstruir a primeira prova da existência de Deus e a prova do mundo externo como estas são apresentadas por Descartes nas Meditações Metafísicas tendo como fim examinar o modelo de causalidade nelas envolvido. Pretendo mostrar que embora Descartes, nas duas provas, ao recorrer ao princípio de causalidade, expressamente mencione um único e mesmo modelo de causalidade, a saber, o modelo segundo o qual a causa transmite sua essência ou parte dela a seu efeito, (...) para se evitar um embaraço para a prova da existência do mundo externo, devemos admitir que de fato são dois modelos distintos de causalidade que estão envolvidos nas duas provas. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)