Results for 'Ron Leonard'

976 found
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  1.  61
    Testing the Validity ofDisjuctive Arguments Using Physical Models.Ron Leonard - 2000 - Informal Logic 20 (3).
  2.  64
    Testing the Validity of Conditional Arguments Using Physical Models.Ron Leonard - 2000 - Informal Logic 20 (2).
  3. Ron Leonard, The Transcendental Philosophy of Franklin Merrell-Wolff. [REVIEW]Kevin Zanelotti - 2000 - Philosophy in Review 20:119-120.
  4. Two concepts of constraint: Adaptationism and the challenge from developmental biology.Ron Amundson - 1994 - Philosophy of Science 61 (4):556-578.
    The so-called "adaptationism" of mainstream evolutionary biology has been criticized from a variety of sources. One, which has received relatively little philosophical attention, is developmental biology. Developmental constraints are said to be neglected by adaptationists. This paper explores the divergent methodological and explanatory interests that separate mainstream evolutionary biology from its embryological and developmental critics. It will focus on the concept of constraint itself; even this central concept is understood differently by the two sides of the dispute.
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  5. Corporate codes of ethics.Leonard J. Brooks - 1989 - Journal of Business Ethics 8 (2-3):117 - 129.
    The majority of North American corporations awakened to the need for their own ethical guidelines during the late 1970s and early 1980s, even though modern corporations are subject to a surprising multiplicity of external codes of ethics or conduct. This paper provides an understanding of both internal and external codes through a discussion of the factors behind the development of the codes, an analysis of internal codes and an identification of problems with them.
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  6. Innateness as Closed Process Invariance.Ron Mallon & Jonathan M. Weinberg - 2006 - Philosophy of Science 73 (3):323-344.
    Controversies over the innateness of cognitive processes, mechanisms, and structures play a persistent role in driving research in philosophy as well as the cognitive sciences, but the appropriate way to understand the category of the innate remains subject to dispute. One venerable approach in philosophy and cognitive science merely contrasts innate features with those that are learned. In fact, Jerry Fodor has recently suggested that this remains our best handle on innateness.
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  7. Disability, handicap, and the environment.Ron Amundson - 1992 - Journal of Social Philosophy 23 (1):105-119.
  8. Quality of Life, Disability, and Hedonic Psychology.Ron Amundson - 2010 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 40 (4):374-392.
  9. Naturalistic approaches to social construction.Ron Mallon - 2009 - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
    Social “construction,” “constructionism” and “constructivism” are terms in wide use in the humanities and social sciences, and are applied to a diverse range of objects including the emotions, gender, race, sex, homo- and hetero-sexuality, mental illness, technology, quarks, facts, reality, and truth. This sort of terminology plays a number of different roles in different discourses, only some of which are philosophically interesting, and fewer of which admit of a “naturalistic” approach—an approach that treats science as a central and successful (if (...)
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  10. Rules.Ron Mallon & Shaun Nichols - 2010 - In John Doris, Moral Psychology Handbook. Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press.
    Is it wrong to torture prisoners of war for fun? Is it wrong to yank on someone’s hair with no provocation? Is it wrong to push an innocent person in front of a train in order to save five innocent people tied to the tracks? If you are like most people, you answered "yes" to each of these questions. A venerable account of human moral judgment, influential in both philosophy and psychology, holds that these judgments are underpinned by internally represented (...)
     
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  11.  95
    Synthetic phenomenology.Ron Chrisley - 2009 - International Journal of Machine Consciousness 1 (1):53-70.
    The term \synthetic phenomenology" refers to: 1) any attempt to characterize the phenomenal states possessed, or modeled by, an artefact ; or 2) any attempt to use an artefact to help specify phenomenal states. The notion of synthetic phenomenology is clari¯ed, and distinguished from some related notions. It is argued that much work in machine consciousness would bene¯t from being more cognizant of the need for synthetic phenomenology of the ¯rst type, and of the possible forms it may take. It (...)
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  12. Making race out of nothing : psychologically constrained social roles.Ron Mallon & Daniel Kelly - 2012 - In Harold Kincaid, The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Social Science. Oxford University Press.
    Race is one of the most common variables in the social sciences, used to draw correlations between racial groups and numerous other important variables such as education, healthcare outcomes, aptitude tests, wealth, employment and so forth. But where concern with race once reflected the view that races were biologically real, many, if not most, contemporary social scientists have abandoned the idea that racial categories demarcate substantial, intrinsic biological differences between people. This, in turn, raises an important question about the significance (...)
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  13.  16
    Vexing Vaccine Ethics: Denying ICU Care to Vaccine Refusers.Leonard M. Fleck - 2024 - American Journal of Bioethics 24 (7):92-94.
    Park and Davies (2024) address the question of whether vaccine status can be an ethically legitimate criterion for the allocation of scarce medical resources, such as access to an ICU bed and venti...
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  14. Motivational Representations within a Computational Cognitive Architecture.Ron Sun - unknown
    This paper discusses essential motivational representations necessary for a comprehensive computational cognitive architecture. It hypothesizes the need for implicit drive representations, as well as explicit goal representations. Drive representations consist of primary drives — both low-level primary drives (concerned mostly with basic physiological needs) and high-level primary drives (concerned more with social needs), as well as derived (secondary) drives. On the basis of drives, explicit goals may be generated on the fly during an agent’s interaction with various situations. These motivational (...)
     
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  15.  19
    Commentary: Medical Ethics: A Distinctive Species of Ethics.Leonard M. Fleck - 2020 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 29 (3):421-425.
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  16. Regression Analysis and the Philosophy of Social Science: A Critical Realist View.Amit Ron - 2002 - Journal of Critical Realism 1 (1):119-142.
  17.  32
    First Come, First Served in the Intensive Care Unit: Always?Leonard M. Fleck & Timothy F. Murphy - 2018 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 27 (1):52-61.
    Abstract:Because the demand for intensive care unit (ICU) beds exceeds the supply in general, and because of the formidable costs of that level of care, clinicians face ethical issues when rationing this kind of care not only at the point of admission to the ICU, but also after the fact. Under what conditions—if any—may patients be denied admission to the ICU or removed after admission? One professional medical group has defended a rule of “first come, first served” in ICU admissions, (...)
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  18.  65
    John Dewey on listening and friendship in school and society.Leonard J. Waks - 2011 - Educational Theory 61 (2):191-205.
    In this essay, Leonard Waks examines John Dewey's account of listening, drawing on Dewey's writings to establish a direct connection in his work between listening and democracy. Waks devotes the first part of the essay to explaining Dewey's distinction between one-way or straight-line listening and transactional listening-in-conversation, and to demonstrating the close connection between transactional listening and what Dewey called “cooperative friendship.” In the second part of the essay, Waks establishes the further link between Dewey's notions of cooperative friendship (...)
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  19. On levels of cognitive modeling.Ron Sun, Andrew Coward & Michael J. Zenzen - 2005 - Philosophical Psychology 18 (5):613-637.
    The article first addresses the importance of cognitive modeling, in terms of its value to cognitive science (as well as other social and behavioral sciences). In particular, it emphasizes the use of cognitive architectures in this undertaking. Based on this approach, the article addresses, in detail, the idea of a multi-level approach that ranges from social to neural levels. In physical sciences, a rigorous set of theories is a hierarchy of descriptions/explanations, in which causal relationships among entities at a high (...)
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  20. Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: Weighting and Partitioning.Ron Sun & Todd Peterson - unknown
    This paper addresses weighting and partitioning in complex reinforcement learning tasks, with the aim of facilitating learning. The paper presents some ideas regarding weighting of multiple agents and extends them into partitioning an input/state space into multiple regions with di erential weighting in these regions, to exploit di erential characteristics of regions and di erential characteristics of agents to reduce the learning complexity of agents (and their function approximators) and thus to facilitate the learning overall. It analyzes, in reinforcement learning (...)
     
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  21. A bottom-up model of skill learning.Ron Sun, Todd Peterson & Edward Merrill - unknown
    We present a skill learning model CLARION. Different from existing models of high-level skill learning that use a topdown approach (that is, turning declarative knowledge into procedural knowledge), we adopt a bottom-up approach toward low-level skill learning, where procedural knowledge develops first and declarative knowledge develops later. CLAR- ION is formed by integrating connectionist, reinforcement, and symbolic learning methods to perform on-line learning. We compare the model with human data in a minefield navigation task. A match between the model and (...)
     
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  22. Bottom-up skill learning in reactive sequential decision tasks.Ron Sun, Todd Peterson & Edward Merrill - unknown
    This paper introduces a hybrid model that unifies connectionist, symbolic, and reinforcement learning into an integrated architecture for bottom-up skill learning in reactive sequential decision tasks. The model is designed for an agent to learn continuously from on-going experience in the world, without the use of preconceived concepts and knowledge. Both procedural skills and high-level knowledge are acquired through an agent’s experience interacting with the world. Computational experiments with the model in two domains are reported.
     
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  23. Mystical naturalism.Leonard Angel - 2002 - Religious Studies 38 (3):317-338.
    This paper suggests that an ontologically reductionist view of nature which also accepts the completeness of causality at the level of physics can support (1) the blissful transfiguration of the moral, (2) mystical release from standard ego-identification, and (3) psycho-physical transformation cultivated through meditative practice. This mystical naturalism provides the basis for a thicker, more vigorous institutional religious life, including religious life centred around meditation practices, personalist meanings, and the theology of incarnation, than current proposals for strongly naturalist religions allow.
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  24. Computational cognitive modeling the source of power and other related issues.Ron Sun - unknown
    Computational cognitive models hypothesize internal mental processes of human cognitive activities and express such activities by computer programs Such computational models often consist of many components and aspects Claims are often made that certain aspects of the models play a key role in modeling but such claims are sometimes not well justi ed or explored In this paper we rst review some fundamental distinctions and issues in computational modeling We then discuss in principle systematic ways of identifying the source of (...)
     
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  25. E. C. Tolman and the intervening variable: A study in the epistemological history of psychology.Ron Amundson - 1983 - Philosophy of Science 50 (2):268-282.
    E. C. Tolman's 'purposive behaviorism' is commonly interpreted as an attempt to operationalize a cognitivist theory of learning by the use of the 'Intervening Variable' (IV). Tolman would thus be a counterinstance to an otherwise reliable correlation of cognitivism with realism, and S-R behaviorism with operationalism. A study of Tolman's epistemological background, with a careful reading of his methodological writings, shows the common interpretation to be false. Tolman was a cognitivist and a realist. His 'IV' has been systematically misinterpreted by (...)
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  26.  41
    Altruistic Organ Donation: On Giving a Kidney to a Stranger.Leonard Fleck & Arthur Ward - 2022 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 31 (3):395-399.
    In the following interview, philosophers Leonard Fleck and Arthur Ward discuss the latter’s recent experience of being a nondirected kidney donor. The interview took place in the Center for Bioethics and Social Justice at Michigan State University.
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  27.  96
    Quintuple extension: Mind, body, humanism, religion, secularism.Leonard Angel - 2009 - Zygon 44 (3):699-718.
    Extension of the system that includes the key substrates for sensation, perception, emotion, volition, and cognition, and all representational sources for cognition, supports the view that there is an extended mind and an extended body. These intellectual views can be made practical in a humanist system based on extensions and in religious systems based on extensions. Independently, there is also an institutional extension of secularism. Hence, I maintain, there are five principal forms of extension.
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  28. Modeling meta-cognition in a cognitive architecture.Ron Sun, Xi Zhang & Robert Mathews - unknown
    This paper describes how meta-cognitive processes (i.e., the self monitoring and regulating of cognitive processes) may be captured within a cognitive architecture Clarion. Some currently popular cognitive architectures lack sufficiently complex built-in meta-cognitive mechanisms. However, a sufficiently complex meta-cognitive mechanism is important, in that it is an essential part of cognition and without it, human cognition may not function properly. We contend that such a meta-cognitive mechanism should be an integral part of a cognitive architecture. Thus such a mechanism has (...)
     
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  29. Connectionist Synthetic Epistemology: Requirements for the Development of Objectivity.Ron Chrisley & Andy Holland - unknown
    A connectionist system that is capable of learning about the spatial structure of a simple world is used for the purposes of synthetic epistemology: the creation and analysis of artificial systems in order to clarify philosophical issues that arise in the explanation of how agents, both natural and artificial, represent the world. In this case, the issues to be clarified focus on the content of representational states that exist prior to a fully objective understanding of a spatial domain. In particular, (...)
     
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  30. Computation, reduction, and teleology of consciousness.Ron Sun - 2001 - Cognitive Systems Research 1 (1):241-249.
    This paper aims to explore mechanistic and teleological explanations of consciousness. In terms of mechanistic explanations, it critiques various existing views, especially those embodied by existing computational cognitive models. In this regard, the paper argues in favor of the explanation based on the distinction between localist (symbolic) representation and distributed representation (as formulated in the connectionist literature), which reduces the phenomenological difference to a mechanistic difference. Furthermore, to establish a teleological explanation of consciousness, the paper discusses the issue of the (...)
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  31. Integration of cognitive systems across disciplinary boundaries.Ron Sun & Gregg C. Oden - unknown
    The present issue is the beginning of a new journal from various sub-disciplines and paradigms in order – Cognitive Systems Research – which we have to construct a coherent picture of how the various developed in response to what we perceive to be an pieces fit together overall. Such a synthesis is unfilled niche in the current literature in the areas of essential to the discovery of designs for general Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence.
     
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  32. Some experiments with a hybrid model for learning sequential decision making.Ron Sun & Todd Peterson - unknown
    To deal with reactive sequential decision tasks we present a learning model which is a hybrid connectionist model consisting of both localist and distributed representations based on the two level approach proposed in..
     
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  33.  14
    Associative symmetry: II. Further studies of position learning in the gerbil.Leonard Brosgole, Ann Neylon & Paul Ulatowski - 1976 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 7 (2):117-120.
  34.  37
    Associative symmetry: V. An interference interpretation of the failure of stimulus availability.Leonard Brosgole - 1976 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 7 (2):177-178.
  35.  52
    An interview with LA universal self.Leonard Angel - 2006 - Sophia 45 (1):79-93.
    LA Universal Self reports his phenomenology, according to which, as he puts it, ‘I am the universe’. The Interviewer challenges the report in a variety of ways, and LA Universal Self responds to each challenge. A traditional Universal Self mysticism is given a new physicalist interpretation.
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  36. AW Moore, The Infinite Reviewed by.Leonard Angel - 1991 - Philosophy in Review 11 (3):220-222.
     
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  37.  95
    Compositional science and religious philosophy.Leonard Angel - 2005 - Religious Studies 41 (2):125-143.
    Religious thought often assumes that the principle of physical causal completeness (PCC) is false. But those who explicitly deny or doubt PCC, including William Alston, W. D. Hart, Tim Crane, Paul Moser and David Yandell, Charles Taliaferro, Keith Yandell, Dallas Willard, William Vallicella, Frank Dilley, and, recently, David Chalmers, have ignored not only the explicit but also the implicit grounds for acceptance of PCC. I review the explicit grounds, and extend the hitherto implicit grounds, which together constitute a greater challenge (...)
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  38.  39
    God, Mysticism, and Libertarianism, Versus Physical Completeness.Leonard Angel - 2004 - Philosophical Inquiry 26 (4):89-113.
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  39.  64
    Reconstructing the ineffable: The grammatical roles of ‘god’.Leonard Angel - 1978 - Religious Studies 14 (4):485-495.
    In ‘Ineffability’ Alston suggests that philosophical mystics take care to delimit the class of predicates which cannot be ascribed to God. It is suggested that some qualification of ‘ineffability’ is necessary lest the mystic be trapped into such simple contradictions as that of ascribing predicates like ‘ineffability’ to God, while denying that any predicates can be ascribed to God. By the end of Alston's dialogue Mysticus, the would-be defender of mysticism, is browbeaten into meekly asking, ‘Yes, I see that [qualifying (...)
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  40.  37
    The Silence of the Mystics.Leonard Angel - 1987 - Philosophy East and West 37 (3):334-336.
  41. Wayne Grennan, Informal Logic: Issues and Techniques Reviewed by.Leonard Angel - 2000 - Philosophy in Review 20 (2):112-114.
     
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  42.  98
    Zeno's arrow, Newton's mechanics, and bell's inequalities.Leonard Angel - 2002 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 53 (2):161-182.
    A model of a new version of Zeno's arrow paradox is presented in a plausible extension of Newtonian collision mechanics. In exploring various avenues for resolution of the paradox, it becomes evident that a prerelativistic classical physical topology which is locally deterministic can mechanically generate nonclassical ontological properties such as the appearance of a particle in many places at once. It can also mimic some properties of quantum physics, including unprepared spatially-separated correlations. 1 Zeno's arrow paradox 2 Newtonian collision mechanics (...)
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  43.  23
    Humanistic Foundations of Education.Leonard W. Cowie & John Martin Rich - 1972 - British Journal of Educational Studies 20 (1):105.
  44.  76
    Crossed tracks: Mesolimulus, Archaeopteryx, and the nature of fossils.Leonard Finkelman - 2019 - Biology and Philosophy 34 (2):28.
    Organisms leave a variety of traces in the fossil record. Among these traces, vertebrate and invertebrate paleontologists conventionally recognize a distinction between the remains of an organism’s phenotype and the remains of an organism’s life activities. The same convention recognizes body fossils as biological structures and trace fossils as geological objects. This convention explains some curious practices in the classification, as with the distinction between taxa for trace fossils and for tracemakers. I consider the distinction between “parallel taxonomies,” or parataxonomies, (...)
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  45.  87
    The behavior of attitudes.Leonard W. Doob - 1947 - Psychological Review 54 (3):135-156.
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  46.  15
    Just Caring: Do Future Possible Children Have a Just Claim to a Sufficiently Healthy Genome?Leonard M. Fleck - 2002 - In Rosamond Rhodes, Margaret P. Battin & Anita Silvers, Medicine and Social Justice:Essays on the Distribution of Health Care: Essays on the Distribution of Health Care. Oup Usa. pp. 446.
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  47.  62
    The Oregon Medicaid Experiment.Leonard M. Fleck - 1990 - Business and Professional Ethics Journal 9 (3-4):201-217.
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  48. Cognitive social simulation incorporating cognitive architectures.Ron Sun - unknown
    Agent-based social simulation (with multi-agent systems), which is an important aspect of social computing, can benefit from incorporating cognitive architectures, as they provide a realistic basis for modeling individual agents and therefore their social interactions. A cognitive architecture is a domain-generic computational cognitive model that may be used for a broad multiple-domain analysis of individual behavior. In this article, an example of a cognitive architecture is given, and its applications to social simulation described. Some challenging issues in this regard are (...)
     
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  49. The Impossibility of the State.Leonard Brewster - 2002 - Journal of Libertarian Studies 16 (3):19-34.
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  50. Accessibility versus action-centeredness in the representation of cognitive skills.Ron Sun & Xi Zhang - unknown
    We believe that the distinction between procedural and declarative knowledge unnecessarily confounds two issues: action-centeredness and accessibility, and can be made clearer through separating the two aspects. The work presents an integrated model of skill learning that takes into account both implicit and explicit processes and both action-centered and non-action-centered knowledge. We examine and simulate human data in the Letter Counting task. The work shows how the data may be captured using either the action-centered knowledge alone or the combined action-centered (...)
     
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