The idea has been largely studied in its categorial aspect, but hardly in its metaphysical onto-theological constitution. This is, nevertheless, the point of González´s “Metaphysical relation between finite and infinite by Nicolaus of Cusa”. The basic assumptions are: 1) There is a disproportion between finite and infinite; 2) As a consequence of it, the relation between immanence and transcendence appears; 3) The operational relationship between finite and infinite is the creation, which is necessarily asymmetric. Besides, the Cusano´s vision of the (...) relation finite-infinite can be applied to the human being -holds up González, together with Polo-, and shows that human person is a relation to the origin. The notion of relation is analogous. But, whether the Cusano´s philosophy allows maintaining this thesis is dubious. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer una perspectiva histórico-filosófica del idealismo y el Romanticismo. La estrategia que emplearemos en esta investigación consiste en analizar dichas corrientes intelectuales a partir del problema, propio de la Modernidad filosófica, de incorporar la libertad dentro de la estructura de la subjetividad humana. El idealismo y el Romanticismo surgieron gracias a la influencia que ejerció el espíritu libre de la Revolución francesa. El espacio donde se desarrolló esta revolución cultural alemana fue el Círculode Jena, (...) un grupo que concentró a muchos de los intelectuales más influyentes en la historia de la filosofía y la literatura. Y fueron las ideas de Immanuel Kant —en específico, con los temas referentes a la apercepción (Yo pienso), la libertad y el genio— la influencia más determinante para los idealistas y losrománticos. (shrink)

En las siguientes páginas exponemos que la Nueva Atlántida de Bacon introduce el programa social de la ciencia moderna y no es una obra de carácter meramente literario o ficcional. Consideramos que esta obra es un programa de conocimiento-dominio de la naturaleza en el que se hace patente la dirección, destacadamente social y práctica, que la ciencia debía tomar a partir de las nuevas rutas del saber.

This article aims to clarify two different uses of the term poetics in Giambattista Vico: as an adjective of the word wisdom in poetic wisdom, and as a noun, poetics in its broadest sense. This is done in order to understand thematic and historical developments of poetics in Vico and thus to explain his intention to recover, in times of abstract and reductive rationality, a poetic rationality able both to permeate the practical and to restore the lost unity between theory (...) and praxis, between poetics and praxis. The proposal is not to go back to the times of poetic wisdom, but to recover a poetic dimension of existence. (shrink)

En este artículo se analiza cómo se manifiestan el post-humanismo y el trans-humanismo en la obra de Borges. Se postula aquí que en la narrativa breve de Borges no sólo se manifiesta una reacción post-humanista contra el antropocentrismo imperante en la modernidad. También aparecen destellos poderosos de un trans-humanismo en virtud del cual se piensa en la inmortalidad y en la ampliación de las facultades cognitivas y espirituales de los seres humanos de un modo sumamente original porque excluye la necesidad (...) de los avances tecnológicos más sorprendentes. (shrink)

This paper examines ethical violations committed by Certified Public Accountants in Puerto Rico in the 2002–2010 period and the related disciplinary actions taken by the local regulatory bodies. The institutional settings for the accounting profession in PR are different from those of the United States. Ethical complaints are investigated by the PR Society of CPAs and evaluated based on the Code of Professional Conduct of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, although most CPAs in PR are not affiliated with (...) the AICPA. Our study is based on data provided by the PR Society of CPAs that is not publicly available. We examine the association between the occurrence of the ethical violations and certain variables such as gender, type of practice performed by the CPA, and whether the CPA participates in a peer review program. Results of a multiple correspondence analysis suggest that not being a member of the AICPA, practicing as a sole practitioner, and not participating in a peer review program seem to be more associated with the occurrences of ethical violations by CPAs. We compare our findings with prior research on ethical infractions committed by CPAs in the United States and find some differences attributable to the institutional settings in PR. Overall, our results suggest the importance of codes of conduct in the accounting profession and compliance with such ethical guidelines by practicing accountants. (shrink)

Tras la muerte de Ernesto “Che” Guevara (1967) y del giro antiintelectual impuesto por las autoridades políticas (1968), muchos intelectuales latinoamericanos le retiraron su apoyo a la Revolución Cubana. Julio Cortázar, en cambio, no sólo mantuvo su adhesión al proyecto socialista y reivindicó la libertad y la autonomía de los intelectuales, sino que, además, quiso ser el Guevara de las letras y propuso una poética para la política: el socialismo sólo podría ser —desde su perspectiva— si sabía ser poesía. Este (...) ensayo describe ese programa en base a una lectura crítica de su correspondencia y de su obra. (shrink)

En su Crítica de la Razón Pura, Kant discute dos doctrinas de origen aristotélico: la definición de la verdad como adaequatio intellectus et rei y la doctrina de los trascendentales, condensada en la fórmula quodlibet ens est unum, verum, bonum. El filósofo español Antonio Millán-Puelles ha llevado a cabo en dos de sus libros un examen del valor de esta discusión kantiana. El objetivo de este trabajo es comentar el análisis de Millán-Puelles y completar algunos de sus puntos con objeto (...) de mostrar su interés filosófico y su originalidad. (shrink)

La crítica kantiana de la teología racional parece poner al argumento a contingentia mundi de Leibniz ante un dilema. Si, en la determinación de los atributos del ente necesario, la prueba procede por meros conceptos, afirma al ser necesario como el ser divino, pero al precio de cometer el mismo error que, a juicio de Kant, invalida al argumento ontológico. Si, en cambio, el razonamiento procede ateniéndose a la experiencia, entonces no consigue establecer el carácter divino del ser necesario y, (...) por lo demás, incurre en el principal fallo que Kant denuncia en la prueba físico-teológica. Un examen cuidadoso de la formulación de la prueba a contingentia mundi de Leibniz muestra que, en verdad, el argumento escapa a semejante dilema. (shrink)

Philosophers interested in conceptual engineering take it for granted that the same concept can unproblematically play diverse functions, but this view overlooks the fact that conceptual and functional change often impair concepts and even functions themselves. I demonstrate that while conceptual and functional engineering may improve concepts and functions, they can also produce detrimental effects. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully assess the potential benefits or problems before making any modifications. Frequently, we overlook the fact that, for instance, adding extra (...) functions to our concepts modifies them; this may increase, but also impair, their theoretical and practical efficacy. I analyze and clarify these possibilities through a general classificatory framework encompassing concepts, functions, and conceptual and functional change. The larger aim of this paper is to bring attention to these complex and under-researched relationships and pave the way for further research in this area. (shrink)

My objective in this paper is to demonstrate how conceptual analysis, with a little help from empirical evidence, can help us to coordinate the efforts of the two chief schools of anthropological thought, evolutionary anthropology and sociocultural anthropology, to understand human nature. The marked differences between these two branches of anthropology (especially in their sophisticated forms) tend to block cooperation, impede the consideration of each other’s arguments, and stall the progress of anthropological science. Conceptual analysis is a basic philosophical tool (...) that can help us resolve the differences between the two anthropological paradigms. Coordinating these branches of anthropology would facilitate a deeper understanding of human nature. In doing so, it can also help us resolve some of the theoretical and practical problems that anthropological science faces. (shrink)

The American Society for Bioethics and Humanities is to be congratulated on its updating of competency standards for ethics consultations (Tarzian and ASBH Core Competencies Update Task Force 2013)...

Esta investigación se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el impacto de la pandemia en las expectativas y oportunidades de los jóvenes en la zona metropolitana del Valle de México para seguir estudiando en un contexto de pobreza marcado por la incertidumbre de la COVID-19. El estudio se llevó a cabo con metodología cuantitativa, con alcance descriptivo y correlacional a partir de la definición de tres variables independientes: 1) rango de edad, 2) nivel de estudios, 3) su condición de estudiante; (...) y dos variables dependientes: 1) razón que motiva a los jóvenes a capacitarse; 2) tipo de discriminación. El diseño y análisis fueron trabajados desde teorías sobre pobreza, representaciones sociales y el estado del arte sobre comunicación del COVID-19. Las conclusiones revelan que los jóvenes encuestados encuentran una motivación para aprender en correlación con una mayor preparación; los que poseen estudios universitarios su motivación se centra en mejorar su calidad de vida; mientras que para los de menor nivel de estudios todos los motivos tienen la misma ponderación. En general, las principales motivaciones para aprender se encuentran en el ámbito de la familia, así como influir positivamente en otros. La necesidad de aprender como requisito, para obtener comida o un apoyo económico, y para cuidar de la comunidad, resultan tener la menor frecuencia de motivación, lo que demuestra que las políticas económicas implementadas por el Estado, no han generado las representaciones sociales y culturales suficientes para el progreso integral de las personas. (shrink)

La formulación cartesiana del argumento ontológico es desestimada y criticada por Locke en dos textos que remiten, sucesivamente, a la versión que afirma a Dios como ens perfectissimus y a la que lo afirma como ens necessarium. La objeción de principio es coherente con las tesis gnoseológicas de Locke. Las objeciones lógicas descansan en su posición conceptualista respecto del problema de los universales. La objeción metafísica pretende la posibilidad de una lectura atea del argumento ontológico.

This paper has three aims. First, to show Kant’s originality in using the celebrated example of the hundred thalers as a criticism of the ontological proof, despite being inspired by a 1780 booklet by Johann Bering. Second, to assess Bering’s and Kant’s different reasons for supporting the truth meant to be illustrated by the case of the thalers. Third, to point out that the debate on the example demands a discussion of the problem of universals. Indeed, the value and scope (...) of Kant’s (and Bering’s) critique of the ontological argument is decisively determined by his position on this problem. (shrink)

Shortly after the appearance of the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant’s claim that the ontological proof of God’s existence contains all the probative force of the cosmological argument was discussed at great length by J. F. Flatt, J. F. v. Abel and J. A. Eberhard. These early criticisms do not seem to have received the attention they deserve, even though they are extremely relevant, cogent, and difficult to dispute. Regardless of whether their assumptions are accepted, these objections point out certain (...) obscurities and flaws in Kant’s argument, casting doubt, from a logical standpoint, on the success of the main Kantian criticism of the cosmological proof. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to expose the intimate relationship between deep disagreements and skepticism. Philosophers have explored how deep disagreements lead to skepticism about their resolution at the metalevel (about whether one knows that P), but they have paid little attention to how they also lead to first- or object-level skepticism (about whether P is the case) and how skepticism also produces deep disagreements. I show how engaging in a discussion about any topic against a radical skeptic position (...) always leads to deep disagreement. Furthermore, the disagreement engendered by radical skepticism is a kind of deep disagreement at the level of epistemic evaluation of propositions that covaries with deep disagreements at the object level. Deep disagreement and radical skepticism are intimately linked. (shrink)

I argue that knowing and having points of view are fundamentally different epistemic states if we assume that having justified true beliefs is necessary for knowledge. Knowers necessarily possess justified true beliefs, but persons holding points of view may, for example, lack justification, have false beliefs, or both. I examine these differences and expose other crucial differentiating patterns between the structure of knowledge and points of view that make the latter more likely to lead to disagreements. I hypothesize that these (...) patterns remain invariant in alternative views of knowledge like contextualism as long as we preserve the classical structure. Yet there is much research to be done on the multiple and contrasting properties that emerge if we consider non‐classical analyses of knowledge and points of view. (shrink)

Conceptual analysis has been a traditional methodology within analytic philosophy, but it also has been the target of numerous attacks. On the other hand, explication has been undergoing a revival as a methodological alternative due to the revisionary element associated with it. This allows for a scientific reconstruction of our ordinary notions, which would share virtues associated with scientific concepts. However, there is now a popular variant of conceptual analysis which resembles closely the explicative methodology: the two-step methodology advanced by (...) the advocates of the Canberra Plan. Although explication is a wider and more ambitious program, I will argue that both methodologies can be regarded as attempts to bring philosophical methodology and its products closer to scientific ones. However, I will also point out that, although the goal is advantageous, there still remain some theoretical problems. (shrink)

Este texto presenta una investigación interdisciplinaria con base en una etnografía visual. Esta tuvo como objetivo problematizar los modos de resignificación cultural en los espacios urbanos, a partir de la organización de expresiones artísticas de baile de k-pop, por jóvenes de la Ciudad de México. Relacionamos lo anterior con el sentido que le otorgan a su identidad a partir del baile grupal. La metodología utilizada consistió en un registro etnográfico visual y entrevistas participativas con jóvenes bailarines de k-pop, en la (...) Ciudad de México, en julio de 2023. En total se registraron 25 videos con cámara 360°, 10 sobre expresiones artísticas urbanas y 15 de las entrevistas a bailarines, hechas detalladamente. Entre los hallazgos destaca la expresión de los jóvenes que han encontrado en la música y el baile una forma de relacionarse con otros, así como resignificar su identidad y el espacio público al convertirlo en un escenario artístico. (shrink)

At work a characterization of the sins of word, i.e., those transgressions in which predominated orality, to understand what was the place that was assigned occurs within a legal framework that tended to control activities individuals and the reason why he was persecuted. At first, it shows what modifications of Christian thought that allowed for specific classifications of sins were, as a result of the emergence of Thomism, and the predominance of an ethical supported by the Decalogue, he began to (...) speak of sins in thought, word, and deed. In researching the mechanisms that the Catholic Church used to control the use of the word they are also presented. The aim was to have strict control of the word to avoid misconceptions, ideas that could break the building and doctrinal belief system from spreading. Freedom of thought, doubt or disbelief were not permissible in a scheme that sought to impose their world view and, therefore, could not allow dissent or questioning of paradigms. (shrink)

Kant divide la filosofía práctica en tres disciplinas: la crítica de la razón práctica, la metafísica de las costumbres y la antropología práctica o moral. La primera equivale a todo el sistema de la crítica de la razón práctica ; las dos últimas constituyen el sistema de la ciencia práctica . El objetivo de esta comunicación es distinguir las disciplinas mencionadas, atendiendo, primero, a su diverso objeto de conocimiento; en segundo lugar, al uso de la razón del que surge cada (...) una de ellas y, finalmente, al origen de sus respectivos juicios.Kant divides practical philosophy into three disciplines: the critique of practical reason, the metaphysics of moralsandthe practical or moral anthropology. The first one is equivalent to the whole sistem of the critique of practical reason ; the two last-named constitutethe sistem of the practical science . The aim of thispaper is to distinguish the three mentioned disciplines attending, firstly, to their diverse object of knowledge; secondly, to the use of reason from each of them are originated; and, finally, to the origin of their respective judgments. (shrink)