This paper presents a profile of the welfare regime in Lebanon which is posited on the twin precepts of human ethics and welfare particularism. It highlights the key role that moral values play in the conceptualization and implementation of social policy, as well as in the measurement of welfare outcomes. This is marked by the dominance of duty, traditionalism and elitism in the ethics of religious welfare in Lebanon. The paper argues that the social welfare regime in Lebanon overlaps with (...) the debates on the ethics of care and on virtue ethics in Western moral philosophy. This is also linked in with contemporary conceptualizations of religious ethics in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The paper asserts that religious ethics is a valid endeavour in its own right and an ever more pertinent subject matter for the study of social welfare and social policy. This challenges the traditional dichotomy between reason and faith which has subdued the relevance of religion to public life. Indeed, religion, the nuclear family and clientelism networks are shown to play a critical role in Lebanese social welfare, such that, in spite of state incapacity, the welfare regime there cannot be considered rudimentary. The method adopted for this research was a large qualitative case study involving service providers and users at the Ministry of Social Affairs and five leading Christian and Muslim religious welfare organizations in Lebanon. (shrink)

This book offers a resolution of the paradox posed by the pleasure of tragedy by returning to its earliest articulations in archaic Greek poetry and its subsequent emergence as a philosophical problem in Plato's Republic. Socrates' claim that tragic poetry satisfies our 'hunger for tears' hearkens back to archaic conceptions of both poetry and mourning that suggest a common source of pleasure in the human appetite for heightened forms of emotional distress. By unearthing a psychosomatic model of aesthetic engagement implicit (...) in archaic poetry and philosophically elaborated by Plato, this volume not only sheds new light on the Republic's notorious indictment of poetry, but also identifies rationally and ethically disinterested sources of value in our pursuit of aesthetic states. In doing so the book resolves an intractable paradox in aesthetic theory and human psychology: the appeal of painful emotions. (shrink)

Ecological intelligence refers to systemic thinking, ecophilosophy, holistic perspective, collective lifestyle and cultural commons. It is difficult to determine the exact nature of EI and its...

This paper intends to show the evolution of Ethics on the High Middle Ages. The penitential books written in this period are taken as a basis for the reflection.

Codes of ethics in journalism in the light of Koran and Hadith (Islamic traditions).

The correlation coefficient between two variables plays an important role in statistics. Also, the accuracy of relevance assessment depends on information from a set of discourses. The data collected from numerous statistical studies are full of exceptions. The Pythagorean fuzzy hypersoft set is a parameterized family that deals with the subattributes of the parameters and an appropriate extension of the Pythagorean fuzzy soft set. It is also the generalization of the intuitionistic fuzzy hypersoft set, which is used to accurately assess (...) insufficiency, anxiety, and uncertainties in decision-making. The PFHSS can accommodate more uncertainties compared to the IFHSS, and it is the most substantial methodology to describe fuzzy information in the decision-making process. The core objective of the this study is to develop the notion and features of the correlation coefficient and the weighted correlation coefficient for PFHSS and to introduce the aggregation operators such as Pythagorean fuzzy hypersoft weighted average and Pythagorean fuzzy hypersoft weighted geometric operators under the PFHSS scenario. A prioritization technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution under PFHSS based on correlation coefficients and weighted correlation coefficients is presented. Through the developed methodology, a technique for solving multiattribute group decision-making problem is planned. Also, the importance of the developed methodology and its application in indicating multipurpose antivirus mask throughout the COVID-19 pandemic period is presented. A brief comparative analysis is described with the advantages, effectiveness, and flexibility of numerous existing studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. (shrink)

This study attempts to scrutinize Herbert George Wells’ The Island of Doctor Moreau according to Francesca Ferrando’s Posthumanism Theory (2009). It approaches vital issues and questions via the posthumanist criticism of the main character Dr. Moreau in the novel depending on the application issues of Ferrando’s theory. Wells’ The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896) presents a realistic reading of the modern debate of Posthumanism according to the moral and social world of human identity. Furthermore, this study exposes the importance of (...) Posthumanism as an essential concept in highlighting techno-science in current studies and futuristic ones. Thus, Wells’ novel deals with the effect of biotechnology and medicine on human identity, reflected in the theory of evolution and the posthuman theory. Embodied by Ferrando’s work, the study significantly aims to stimulate a new dimension of understanding, sympathy, interconnectedness, like-mindedness, and honor all species. Such a standpoint exposes the historical and scientific technology context of the novel. On the other hand, it shows the conceptual foundations of posthumanity embedded in the delusion of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species (1859). The novel mirrors the impossible ethics of evolution theory in addition to the common problematic sympathy for all species whether human or nonhuman. (shrink)

Drawing on social cognitive theory, this study extends our understanding of the relationship between ethical leadership and employee work engagement, by exploring self-efficacy as an important mediating variable. In addition, we propose that the quality of LMX moderates the relationships such that the direct and indirect relationships between ethical leadership, self-efficacy, and work engagement are stronger when the quality of LMX is high. Data collected in two-waves from 373 respondents working in different manufacturing organizations of Pakistan supported our hypothesized theoretical (...) model. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (shrink)

Cloud computing paradigm is growing rapidly, and it allows users to get services via the Internet as pay-per-use and it is convenient for developing, deploying, and accessing mobile applications. Currently, security is a requisite concern owning to the open and distributed nature of the cloud. Copious amounts of data are responsible for alluring hackers. Thus, developing efficacious IDS is an imperative task. This article analyzed four intrusion detection systems for the detection of attacks. Two standard benchmark datasets, namely, NSL-KDD and (...) UNSW-NB15, were used for the simulations. Additionally, this study highlights the proliferating challenges for the security of sensitive user data and gives useful recommendations to address the identified issues. Finally, the projected results show that the hybridization method with support vector machine classifier outperforms the existing techniques in the case of the datasets investigated. (shrink)

This article examines the development of the ritual of mubāhala, a category of oaths and mutual self-cursing, during which two individuals seek to confirm the veracity of their creedal position by appealing to God’s curse upon them. Based on a prophetic precedent embedded in Q 3:61 and reported as a challenge purportedly employed by the Companions Ibn Masʿūd and Ibn ʿAbbās, I argue that the practice of resorting to mubāhala in the Sunni tradition goes through two main phases of reinvention (...) and legitimation before its reappearance in the contemporary Muslim world. The first phase belongs to the anti-Monist controversies of the seventh to ninth/thirteenth to fifteenth centuries, while the second appears among reformist scholars starting in the late eighteenth century. (shrink)

Research on human subjects is ethically justified when its anticipated results would ultimately benefit the society or public and not only the individuals participating in this research. Besides contributing to scientific knowledge, social benefits of scientific research may extend to all aspects of the public’s life including health, education, and security. In this paper, we aimed to discuss the social benefits principle as an ethical requirement for the conduct of scientific research in general and nursing research in particular. We critically (...) examined the current situation of nursing research in developing countries including its adherence to the social benefits principle and provided exemplars of both hindered and successful utilization of nursing research evidence in developing countries. We concluded that the utilization of nursing research evidence in clinical practice, education, and policy making is almost nonexistent and faces many challenges in most developing countries. Thus, most nursing research in developing countries are not currently meeting the social benefit principle of the ethical conduct of scientific research. We provided recommendations to promote the utilization of nursing research in evidence-based practice, nursing education, and health policy. (shrink)

Interleukin‐1 receptor‐associated kinase‐1 (IRAK1) is linked to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, its role in macrophage foam cell formation is not known. Therefore, the present study investigated the role of IRAK1 in lipid uptake, biosynthesis, and efflux in THP‐1 derived macrophages and human monocyte‐derived macrophages (HMDMs). Ox‐LDL (40 μg/mL, 15 minutes–48 hours) treatment induced time‐dependent increase in IRAK1, IRAK4, and Stat1 activation in THP‐1 derived macrophages. IRAK1/4 inhibitor (INH) or IRAK1 siRNA significantly attenuated cholesterol accumulation, DiI‐Ox‐LDL binding, and uptake while (...) cholesterol efflux to apoAI and HDL was enhanced in THP‐1 derived macrophages and HMDMs. Ox‐LDL treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression of CD36, LOX‐1, SR‐A, ABCA1, ABCG1, Caveolin‐1, CYP27A1 while that of SR‐BI was decreased. IRAK1/4 inhibition or IRAK1 knockdown, however, attenuated Ox‐LDL‐induced CD36 expression; augmented ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression while expression of others was unaffected in THP‐1 derived macrophages and HMDMs. Moreover, IRAK1/4 inhibition had no significant effect on genes involved in lipid biosynthesis. In IRAK1/4 INH pre‐treated THP‐1 derived macrophages Ox‐LDL‐induced Stat1 phosphorylation and its binding to CD36 promoter was significantly attenuated while LXRα expression and its binding to the ABCA1/ABCG1 locus, NFATc2 activation and its binding to ABCA1 locus was enhanced. The present study thus demonstrates that IRAK regulates lipid accumulation by modulating CD36‐mediated uptake and ABCA1‐, ABCG1‐dependent cholesterol efflux. Therefore, IRAK1 can be a potential target for preventing macrophage foam cell formation. (shrink)

In the age of rapid AI advancement, digital colonialism poses a significant threat to Indigenous communities, perpetuating inequalities and exploiting their data. This commentary delves into the concept of Indigenous data sovereignty as a powerful framework for resisting digital colonialism and promoting ethical AI development.

The focus of this study is an examination of what it means to be a legal person and the role that the law plays in bestowing the legal status of being a person. This study highlights the underpinning rationalities and human interest that establish a hierarchy between person, defined as “human”, at a superior level to everything else, defined as “nonhuman”. In this respect, there is a core notion concerning human exceptionalism based on the rational sovereignty that justifies and consolidates (...) the mastery of nature. To understand the fundamental premises of legal personhood, it begins from the first usage of person in history and philosophy, since the concept of legal personhood has been established through historical and philosophical developments. Analysing the meaning of person through different conceptualisations can allow a deeper insight into the legal interpretation of personhood. As a result of such investigation, two main dualistic structures of legal personhood reveal: the person-property dualism and the human being-person dualism. Thus, legal personhood simultaneously includes personalisation and depersonalisation, and always operates in a hierarchical array. Although the division between persons and things in the concept of personhood is rigid, being a “person” or a “thing” is open to interpretation in different circumstances through legal practices of exclusion and inclusion. Recently, there have been an increasing number of court rulings and a tendency of legislation to recognise the legal personhood of natural entities as a legal way of conserving the environment. This leads to an interpretation that legal recognition is a matter of institutional interest and attempts. Nevertheless, legal practitioners mostly prefer to confer certain rights or the status of a legal person on nature without the consideration of legal personhood’s background as seen in the case discussed in this study - the Tierra Digna case in Colombia. While this study endeavours to demonstrate the anthropocentric standard view of legal personhood, its principal purpose is to indicate the malleable nature of legal personhood as a product of legal fiction. In this context, this study aims to conclude that law’s imaginary nature should be used for producing a new legal reasoning and for offering a real paradigm shift that is congruent with the plasticity of and the fluidity of nature. (shrink)

İslâm hukuku, gelişmiş bir hukuk teorisine sahiptir. Edille-i erbaa’nın yanında yorum ve akıl yürütmeye dayalı birçok hüküm elde etme teorisi türetilmiştir. Bunların mahiyeti ve nasıl kullanılacağı İslâm hukukçuları tarafından süreç içerisinde geliştirilmiştir. İslâm hukukçuları, hüküm elde etme yöntemlerinin gerek yanlış kullanımı gerekse bu yöntemlerin kapsamının genişletilmesiyle ortaya çıkan problemli sonuçların düzeltilmesinde bazı ilimlerden ve tekniklerinden yararlanmışlardır. Disiplinler arası bu çalışmalarla özellikle kıyas işlemine ve illete yöneltilen eleştirilerin doğru bir şekilde tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu eleştiri ve itirazların haklı bir nedene ve (...) delile dayanıp dayanmadığını ortaya koyma noktasında istifade edilen ilimlerden biri de münâzaradır. İslâm ilim geleneğinde fıkıh ve kelamla birlikte müstakil bir ilim haline gelen münâzara, mezheplerin teşekkül ettiği dönemlerde oluşmaya başlamıştır. Daha çok fıkıhta kendisine pratik alan bulan münâzara, özellikle usûl-i fıkhın önemli bir bölümü oluşturan kıyasın yorumlanmasına etki etmiş ve hatta istidlâl yöntemleri arasına olduğu varsayılmıştır. Usûl-i fıkıhta pek çok münâzara yönteminden istifade edilmiştir. Bunlardan biri de fesâdü’l-vaz‘dır. En çok kullanılan tanımıyla fesâdü’l-vaz‘, bir illete o illetin gerektirdiği şeyin zıddı olan bir hükmün bağlanması şeklinde tarif edilmektedir. Bu ise illeti bütünüyle geçersiz kılan bir durumdur. Fesâdü’l-vaz‘da, mu‘teriz istidlâlde bulunana, bu yönteme mahsus itirazları yönelterek kıyasın hatalı olduğunu ispat etmeye çalışmaktadır. Fesâdü’l-vaz‘, kıyas kurgusunun temeline yöneltilen bir itiraz türü olduğundan usûlcüler tarafından illete yöneltilen kuvvetli itiraz türlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte bu itiraz türünün hangi illete yöneltilebileceği hususu İslâm hukukçuları arasında tartışılmıştır. Hanefîler fesâdü’l-vaz‘ı sahih bir itiraz yöntemi olarak kabul ederler ancak bununla müessir illete itirazda bulunulamayacağını düşünürler. Zira Hanefîler’e göre müessir vasfın doğruluğu Kitap, sünnet ve icmâ ile ortaya konulmuştur. Bu delillerin fasit vasıf üreteceği düşünülemez. Şâfiîler’e göre ise fesâdü’l-vaz‘ ile her türlü illete ve hükme itiraz edilebilir. Hatta bazı Şâfiî hukukçuları, bu yöntemin kıyasa mahsus olmayan genel bir itiraz türü olduğunu düşünmektedirler. Mezheplerin hem kıyasın şartlarına hem de fesâdü’l-vaz’ın mahiyetine yükledikleri bu farklı yorumlardan dolayı fürû meselelerde farklı sonuçlar ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada İslâm hukuk usûlünde kıyas işlemine yöneltilen bir itiraz türü olarak fesâdü’l-vaz‘ incelenmiş ve mukayeseli fürû örnekler tespit edilerek fesâdü’l-vaz‘ın mahiyeti ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Böylelikle, İslâm’da hukuk mantığında önemli bir yere sahip olan ve kıyas adı altında toplanması mümkün olan hukukî akıl yürütme yöntemlerinin çeşitliliğinin tespit ve tahlil edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. (shrink)

Religion (dharma) plays a vital role in the Hindu (Sanatana) quest for understanding and practicing harmony between nature and humanity that result into the formation of a cosmological awakening, i.e. 'transcending the universe.' The importance and applicability of such new consciousness is a sign in promoting global humanism in the 21st century, where environmental ethics and sustainability are the wheels of making the future more humane and peaceful. Arne Naess, who coined the term 'deep ecology' conceiving humankind as an integral (...) part of its environment, gives credit to Gandhi. Gandhi’s contributions help to re-awaken the human spirit to self-realisation, finally leading to revelation promoting human coexistence with nature sustainably, mostly through re-interpretation of Vedantic thought. Under the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) the ideas of Gandhi are recognised as a path that makes human coexistence stronger, feasible and co-sharedness, sustainable in peace and harmony with nature. This essay presents ecospiritual contextuality and its vitality concerning a sustainable perspective in line with Gandhi's vision and way of life. (shrink)

Plato's Ion develops a concept of fiction distinct from the mimetic accounts of poetry found in the Republic and Aristotle's Poetics. The dialogue dramatically exposes the fictionality of poetry by (1) revealing a disparity between propositional and poetic semantics, (2) identifying the paradox of belief in imaginary worlds, and (3) showing that fictional constructions emerge from novel arrangements of real-world facts. Ultimately, the Ion examines the fraught relationship between literature and the real world, and the peculiar nature of literary knowledge, (...) which takes both fact and fiction as its objects. (shrink)

İnsanların günlük hayatlarında en çok kullandıkları muamelelerden biri olan alış veriş, toplumların örflerine göre çeşitlilik göstermiştir. Bu sebeple klasik füru fıkıh eserlerinde akitlerin çok bilinenlerine yer verilmiş, diğerleri için de genel şartları sağlaması kaydıyla caiz olabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır. Bununla beraber mezheplerin nasları anlama yöntemleri ve örfi uygulamaları değerlendirme biçimleri, akitlerin sıhhatini değerlendirmelerinde de ektili olmuştur. Mahiyeti itibariyle değişik formları bulunmasıyla birlikte kısaca, ürünün peyderpey alınıp ücretin ürünün tüketilmesinden sonra ödenmesinin taahhüt edilmesi şeklinde tarif edilen isticrâr akdi, İslam hukuk ekolleri tarafından (...) tartışılmıştır. Bu tartışmalar genellikle akdin sıhhat ve kuruluş unsurlarını taşıyıp taşımaması etrafında gerçekleşirken Hanefi fukahası, isticrâr yoluyla yapılan alışveriş işlemlerinin insanlar tarafından sıkça yapıldığını göz önünde bulundurarak bu akdin istihsan yoluyla caiz görülmesi gerektiği kanaatine varmışlardır. Diğer mezheplerde de bu akde benzer gerekçelerle olumlu yaklaşımların bulunduğunu görmekteyiz. Bu çalışmamızda günümüz kırsal kesimde uygulanan ve özellikle finans dünyasında uygulanmaya başlanan ve aynı isimle literatüre girer isticrâr akdini, mezheplerin görüşleri bağlamında değerlendirmeye çalışacağız. (shrink)

This article is a preliminary draft for initiating and commencing a new pioneer dimension of expression. To deal with higher-dimensional data or information flowing in this modern era of information technology and artificial intelligence, some innovative super algebraic structures are essential to be formulated. In this paper, we have introduced such matrices that have multiple layers and clusters of layers to portray multi-dimensional data or massively dispersed information of the plithogenic universe made up of numerous subjects their attributes, and sub-attributes. (...) For grasping that field of parallel information, events, and realities flowing from the micro to the macro level of universes, we have constructed hypersoft and hyper-super-soft matrices in a Plithogenic Fuzzy environment. These Matrices classify the non-physical attributes by accumulating the physical subjects and further sort the physical subjects by accumulating their non-physical attributes. We presented themasPlithogenicAttributiveSubjectivelyWholeHyper-Super-Soft-Matrix(PASWHSS-Matrix)andPlithogenic Subjective Attributively Whole-Hyper-Super-Soft-Matrix (PSAWHSS-Matrix). Several types of views and level-layers of these matrices are described. In addition, some local aggregation operators for Plithogenic Fuzzy Hypersoft Set (PPFHS-Set) are developed. Finally, few applications of these matrices and operators are used as numerical examples of COVID-19 data structures. (shrink)

Wittgenstein’s philosophical methods have had a wide influence in the fields of ethics and moral philosophy. The aim of the volume Ethics After Wittgenstein: Contemplation and Critique is to outlin...

Rhythm is a poetic necessity for constructing a poem, which in turn gives us other rhythms and other phonemes in the background of the meter, and behind the words, and hence the meter does not constitute a major value in constructing a poem unless it is linked to other artistic elements of writing poetry. In this section, we address the rhythmic phenomenon in the introductions to poetry collections in various forms of Arabic poetry: classical, free metrical, and prose poetry, by (...) reading a number of diverse poetic models, starting from the fact that poetry is not poetry, and that poetic meters do not form a poem except to the extent that the poet invests in other elements of poetry, in the image, style, density and depth of language, and rhetorical diversification in performing the poem, and also departing from the pattern by renewing and developing and striving to create advanced innovations in the broad rhythmic horizon, and in the formative and linguistic horizon of poetic introductions, and in this section we have monitored a group of rhythmic phenomena such as: repetition, phonemes of language, the rhythm of the visual space of writing, and the relationship between effect and reception. In light of this awareness, poetic introductions may come in a multi-rhythmic form that does not necessarily stop at the inherited poetic form, but rather varies in its performance and in the methods of delivery, investing the space of the poetic page in conveying the poet’s semantic vision. (shrink)

This paper intends to enhance the great relevance that the promotion of reason received in the XIIth century. The main representatives of thought in this century can be considered, at least in a certain sense, as antecedents to what later was the European Illustration. Indeed their emphasis on rationality is huge.

In this paper we introduce the great innovation that takes place in the XIIth century in relation to individual responsibility; this novelty is analyzed in contraposition to what happened in previous centuries of the Early Middle Ages. The main source used are the Penitential Books, specially the one by Alan of Lille.

Goat is a small ruminant with hollow horn that is found throughout the world. A survey was carried out to evaluate the performance of locally adopted goats under farmers’ management practices in Sundarbazar municipality of Lamjung district between February and August, 2017. The study focused on two breeds, Khari and Jamunaparias well as their crossbred. Individual goats’ primary data, collected using a convenient sampling technique and pretested questionnaires with open and close ended questions, were analyzed using SPSS 20 and MS (...) Excel 2010. Results revealed significant effects of a Doe’s breed on age at first estrus, age at first kidding, gestation length, postpartum estrus, and kidding interval. Age at first estrus and age at first kidding were lowest for Khari. Highly significant lowest kidding interval and significantly shortest gestation length were found for Khari. No significant effect of parity was observed on age at first estrus, age at first kidding, kidding interval, and postpartum estrus, but a significant effect was observed on gestation length with lowest values in 4th to 6th parity. Doe’s breed showed a significant effect on litter size at birth. However, no significant effect of the breed was found on litter birth weight and litter size at weaning. The results demonstrated Khari as the desirable breed for the locality. (shrink)

A questionnaire survey of 408 households explored the role of socio-economic and cultural factors in rice (Oryza sativa L.) varietal diversity management on-farm in two contrasting eco-sites in Nepal. Multiple regression outputs suggest that number of parcels of land, livestock number, number of rice ecosystems, agro-ecology (altitude), and use of chemical fertilizer have a significant positive influence on landrace diversity on-farm, while membership in farmers’ groups linked to extension services has significant but negative influence on landrace diversity. Factors with significant (...) positive influence on diversity of modern varieties on-farm were number of parcels of land and of rice ecosystems, access to irrigation, membership in farmers’ groups, and use of insecticide. Within communities, resource-endowed households maintain significantly higher varietal diversity on-farm than resource-poor households and play a significant role in conserving landraces that are vulnerable to genetic erosion and those with socio-cultural and market-preferred traits. Resource-poor households also contribute to local diversity conservation but at lower richness and area coverage levels than resource-endowed households. Households where a female had assumed the role of head of household due to death or migrant work of her husband had less diversity due to lower labor availability. Landraces with socio-cultural and market-preferred traits are few in number but have potential to be conserved on-farm. (shrink)

Mitter's study argues that until the late Qing, concepts of international order and justice were alien to China's imperial rulers. Subsequently, however, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, China perceived itself to be the victim in an unjust world of aggressive, powerful, Western states. Contemporary Chinese perceptions of a just international order have been shaped by such past experiences and encompass a strong element of restitution. Its justice claims start with the Chinese state itself rather than with the needs (...) of a broader global community. (shrink)

The literature on Black youth culture, especially hip-hop culture, has focused primarily on the experiences of young men, with the experiences of Black girls being all but ignored. However, the recent appearance of Black women performers, songwriters, and producers in Black popular culture has called attention to the ways in which young Black women use popular culture to negotiate social existence and attempt to express independence, self-reliance, and agency. This article is an exploration of the representations of Black womanhood as (...) expressed in the music videos of Black women performers. The author first identifies themes that reflect controlling images of Black womanhood, then those that exemplify an expression of agency, and finally those appearing ambivalent and contradictory. Overall, the music videos express how young Black women must negotiate sexuality and womanhood in their everyday lives. (shrink)

Academic supervision is considered an important mechanism to improve the performance of an educational institution. This article aims to investigate the situation of academic supervision in Bangladeshi Government Colleges (GCs).The article, in particular, explores the impacts of academic supervision on Bangladeshi students and teachers in developing their competencies and confidence in postsecondary educational settings. The study was conducted employing thequalitative research method and collecting data from in-depth interviews, secondary published literature, such as books, journal articles etc. The study finds that (...) effective academic supervision considerably helps students achieve their learning progress as well as teachers attain their professionalization in the GCs of Bangladesh. Various challenges exist in higher education in Bangladesh, which include the lack of resources, limited use of educational tools and technology, policy problems, lack of sufficient training and scope of research for teachers, and so on. This article has made several recommendations for improving academic supervision to enhance quality education in the Bangladeshi GCs. Philosophy and Progress, Vol#71-72; No#1-2; Jan-Dec 2022 P 97-128. (shrink)