Current suggestions for capacities that should be targeted for moral enhancement has centered on traits like empathy, fairness or aggression. The literature, however, lacks a proper model for understanding the interplay and complexity of moral capacities, which limits the practicability of proposed interventions. In this paper, I integrate some existing knowledge on the nature of human moral behavior and present a formal model of prosocial motivation. The model provides two important results regarding the most friction-free route to moral enhancement. First, (...) we should consider decreasing self-interested motivation rather than increasing prosociality directly. Second, this should be complemented with cognitive enhancement. These suggestions are tested against existing and emerging evidence on cognitive capacity, mindfulness meditation and the effects of psychedelic drugs and are found to have sufficient grounding for further theoretical and empirical exploration. Furthermore, moral effects of the latter two are hypothesized to result from a diminished sense of self with subsequent reductions in self-interest. (shrink)

In this paper we present a reconstruction of Hegel's critique of Kant. We try to show the congruence of that critique in both theoretical and practical philosophy. We argue that this congruence is to be found in Hegel's criticism of Kant's hylemorphism in his theoretical and practical philosophy. Hegel is much more sympathetic to Kant's response to the distinction between matter and form in his theoretical philosophy and he credits Kant with ‘discovering’ here that thinking is an activity that always (...) takes place within a greater whole. He, however, argues that the consequences of this are much more significant than Kant suspects and that, most importantly, the model of cognition in which thought (form) confronts something non-thought (matter) is unsustainable. This leads to Hegel's appropriation of Kantian reflective judgements, arguing that the greater whole in which thinking takes place is a socially shared set of meanings, something resembling what Kant calls a sensus communis. From here, it is not far to Hegel's Geist, which eventually gains self-consciousness in Sittlichkeit, a whole of social practices of mutual recognition. In practical philosophy, Hegel argues for the importance of situating oneself within such a whole in order to attain the self-knowledge required for autonomous, or ethically required, action. For this to happen, he claims, it is necessary to recognise the status of Kantian Moralität as a form of Sittlichkeit or social practice. This would justify our practices without an appeal to a ‘fact of reason’ and also allow a wider range of actions that could count as autonomous. (shrink)

Corporations perform actions that can inflict harm with different levels of intensity, from death to material loss, to both companies’ internal and external stakeholders. Research has analysed corporate harm using the notions of corporate social irresponsibility and corporate crime. Critical management studies have been subjecting management and organizational practices and knowledge to critical analysis, and corporate harm has been one of the main concerns of CMS. However, CMS has rarely been deployed to analyse CSIR and corporate crime. Thus, the aim (...) of this paper is to critically analyse the perspectives of CSIR and corporate crimes on corporate harm via CMS in general and postcolonial studies in particular. The paper contributes by arguing that research on CSIR and corporate crime could be perceived as producing research that does not challenge the essence of contemporary corporation profit-seeking activities that ultimately produces corporate harm. We argue that CSIR and corporate crime are ideologies that assist in disguising the contradiction between producing shareholder value and the social good that is at the heart of the modern corporation system and the current economic system. Furthermore, the postcolonial view of CSIR and corporate crime highlights how they are based on a Western-centric view of corporate harm that ignores the realities and perspectives of the Global South, especially in situations where corporate harm leads to death in the Global South. (shrink)

The canonical history of mathematics suggests that the late 19th-century “arithmetization” of calculus marked a shift away from spatial-dynamic intuitions, grounding concepts in static, rigorous definitions. Instead, we argue that mathematicians, both historically and currently, rely on dynamic conceptualizations of mathematical concepts like continuity, limits, and functions. In this article, we present two studies of the role of dynamic conceptual systems in expert proof. The first is an analysis of co-speech gesture produced by mathematics graduate students while proving a theorem, (...) which reveals a reliance on dynamic conceptual resources. The second is a cognitive-historical case study of an incident in 19th-century mathematics that suggests a functional role for such dynamism in the reasoning of the renowned mathematician Augustin Cauchy. Taken together, these two studies indicate that essential concepts in calculus that have been defined entirely in abstract, static terms are nevertheless conceptualized dynamically, in both contemporary and historical practice. (shrink)

A strange dialectical reversal characterizes the oppositions which psychoanalysis posits against philosophy and neuroscience: what psychoanalysis intervenes with as a unique and missing quality of these subjects, reveals itself upon enquiry as already having been a feature of said subjects. This article first discusses the failed intervention of psychoanalysis within the perceived totalities and absolutes of German idealism. Psychoanalysis, founded on an ontological division and internal inconsistency with a retroactive logic, finds this internal contradiction already reflected within the supposed totalities (...) of Schelling and Hegel. Schelling’s “blind act,” a decision with no prior foundation that grounds an abstract identity-in-itself, appears as the counterpart to what Badiou calls the strictly “analytic act.” Hegel’s Science of Logic, in which the inconclusive interpenetration of being and nothing presupposes its own conclusion in the transitions to essence, and in which an internal incompleteness and contradiction are retroactively constitutive of the concept, similarly nullifies the intervention of psychoanalysis. Finally, precisely such a reversal is presented in neuroscience, where the constitutive contradiction of contingently functional neuronal formations in the adaptive “multiple demand” model of executive functioning repeats the contingent and self-contradicting psychoanalytic subject as being its own deference within linguistic, discursive formations. (shrink)

Pretendemos examinar a noção de consciência (Gewissen) na primeira fase do pensamento heideggeriano. Para tanto, investigamos Ser e Tempo, em especial o segundo capítulo da segunda seção (§§ 55-60), no qual o autordestaca o fenômeno da consciência como existencial e originário, designando-o como apelação. Através da consciência – ao apelar e ao mesmo tempo compreender o clamor dessa apelação – o ser-aí, enquanto ser-no-mundo, pode ser de modo autêntico. Notemos que à pergunta quem clama nessa aclamação, responde-se: o ser-aí angustiado. (...) A consciência, dessa forma, designa o movimento pelo qual o ser-aí direciona-se para o seu poder-ser, em sentido autêntico que, como possibilidade, já e sempre é.Keywords:Consciência. Ser e Tempo. Apelação. Autenticidade. (shrink)

The paper proposes (1.) a non-standard interpretation of the proverbial expression “deuteros plous” by giving a fresh look to Phaedo, 99c9-d1. Then (2.) it proceeds to the philosophical problem raised in this passage according to this interpretation, that is, the problem of the “hypothesis” or the “unproved principle”. It indicates finally (3.) the kernel of truth contained in the standard Interpretation and it concludes with some remarks on the “weakness of the logoi”.

Con el objetivo de contribuir al debate actual sobre la necesidad del esclarecimiento de los fundamentos filosóficos de la investigación científica y su declaración en el discurso que expone sus principales resultados, se valoró la forma en que se asume la perspectiva dialéctico-materialista y se precisó en torno a algunos enfoques polémicos sobre la necesidad de su empleo consecuente como referente cosmovisivo en la construcción de la ciencia y la legitimación de sus resultados. Se enfatizó en la necesidad de su (...) consecuente empleo en el proceso de investigación. In order to contribute to the current debate on the necessity for clarification of the philosophical foundations of scientific research and its interpretation in discourse that exposes its main results, it was assessed how dialectical materialistic perspective is assumed and it was clarified around some controversial approaches about the necessity of its consistent use as a comprehensive reference in building science and the legitimacy of its results. It was emphasized on the need of its consistent use in the research process. (shrink)

Si bien existen algunos intentos de repensar el tema de la tecnología desde la filosofía de Søren Kierkegaard, no existe todavía un diálogo directo con la postura transhumanista. En este artículo proponemos un acercamiento inédito, entendido como una crítica, desde el pensamiento de Kierkegaard al transhumanismo y su concepto de singularity. Primero, analizamos el modo en el que los transhumanistas entienden el concepto de singularity y sus limitaciones; después, apoyándonos en la filosofía de Kierkegaard, defendemos que la única singularidad posible (...) y real es la persona humana como relación primigenia, fuente de angustia y libertad, pecado y amor, espíritu. Defendemos también que esta relación no puede ser replicada por una creación artificial. (shrink)

When examining the current form that modern society has acquired, it is hard to overlook the emergence of a systemic dimension that has become far removed from its social-symbolic roots. This systemic dimension is the result of a process of functional differentiation and simultaneous growth that has led to the gradual formation of social systems that, alongside their coordinating effect, give rise to multiple conflicts or crises. But how are the crises of modern societies to be understood in light of (...) this logic of functional differentiation and internal growth? The purpose of this article is to postulate one particular form of crisis, which will be understood as the result of a consubstantial tendency towards systemic growth. The trend takes the form of a concentration of the performances of social systems that recreates modern schemes of stratification, homogenizes the diversity of options and selections of these systems and, by becoming caught up in thoughtless patterns of growth, produces critical scenarios. (shrink)

El objeto del presente artículo es el estudio y comparación del transhumanismo de Julian Huxley y del trasumanar de Dante Alighieri. Aunque sean autores separados en el tiempo, están conectados por el hecho de que el trasumanar de Dante inspiró la formulación de la palabra con la que Huxley definió su filosofía, el transhumanismo. De este modo, se recorre a lo largo del artículo el pensamiento de Dante hasta llegar, después, al de Huxley con el objetivo de compararlos y comprobar (...) el alcance antropológico de ambas propuestas filosóficas. (shrink)

Con el objetivo de identificar la percepción de la ventaja intercultural evidenciada en la narración de hechos, este estudio busca contribuir en el entendimiento de las relaciones interculturales en ámbitos familiares mixtos entre individuos de diferente nacionalidad. A través de un estudio que ha recuperado el discurso de los miembros de ocho parejas checo-mexicanas, se muestra que la ventaja percibida se desprende de la adquisición de competencias interculturales. La información recabada se ha organizado mediante la evaluación de cuatro elementos que (...) definen la interculturalidad: relaciones de poder, comunicación intercultural, integración y alteridad cultural. El principal hallazgo indica que el contexto en el cual se han conformado las parejas mixtas checo-mexicanas se caracteriza por un equilibrio en la negociación de interés para formar metas vitales conjuntas. Dicha ventaja se materializa en la ampliación de la oportunidad para moverse entre dos países, sea para establecerse en el país de encuentro, sea para migrar al país del otro. La tendencia mostrada se ha sesgado hacia el país de la mujer. (shrink)

Non-naturalists about the normative face the problem of providing a metaphysical explanation for the supervenience of the normative on the natural. Recently, Gideon Rosen has argued that non-naturalists can side-step this problem by rejecting strong supervenience and the view that normative truths are metaphysically necessary. Rosen proposes to take normative truths to be normatively necessary, where normative necessity is different from and irreducible to metaphysical necessity. I argue that if Rosen is right, that creates a deeper problem for robust ethical (...) realism (the view that there are mind-independent, non-natural moral facts). According to robust ethical realism, it is a normative fact that persons are an especially valuable kind of being. But if Rosen is right, that is a metaphysically contingent fact. The existence of persons is also contingent. According to robust ethical realism, then, there is a striking match between what the normative facts happen to be and the kinds of beings that happen to exist. Persons could have failed to exist and they could have failed to be valuable, but it just so happens to be a fact about the natural world that they exist and a normative fact that they have value. Given that this match is accidental, it amounts to a miraculous coincidence. To the extent that commitment to unexplained coincidences counts against a view, robust ethical realism faces a problem. (shrink)

What distinguishes the Socrates of the early from the Socrates of the middle dialogues? According to a well-known opinion, the “dividing line” lies in the difference between the Socratic and the Platonic theory of action. Whereas for the Platonic Socrates of the early dialogues, all desires are good-dependent, for the Platonic Socrates of the middle dialogues, there are good-independent desires. The paper argues first that this “dividing line” is blurred in the "Symposium", and second that we have in the "Symposium" (...) a more distinctive dividing line, namely the introduction of the separate existence of the idea of beauty. This introduction by Diotima/Plato of separate ideas and the lack of understanding of separate ideas – here the idea of beauty – by Socrates may have been the limit not only of the Socrates of the early Platonic dialogues, but of the historical Socrates as well. (shrink)

Neste artigo, pretende-se explicitar o conceito heideggeriano de inautenticidade tal como desenvolvido em Ser e tempo de Martin Heidegger. Ao trazer à tona o sentido de poder-ser inautêntico, em contraste com poder-ser todo em sentido autêntico do Dasein, nota-se inicialmente que não se trata de uma relação de hierarquia em termos de superior e inferior, no sentido de que um indica uma existência melhor e o outro não, isto é, não implica em uma valoração moral, axiológica ou mesmo ontológica. Antes, (...) estes conceitos se referem a determinados modos de existir, que dizem respeito a possibilidades de ser-no-mundo, nas quais o Dasein sempre tem compreensão. Ao cabo, destaca-se que o Dasein nunca está irrecuperavelmente perdido na inautenticidade, pois, em última instância, o ser-no-mundo – mesmo inautêntico – é, em essência, cuidado.Palavras-chave: Inautenticidade. Dasein. Decadência. Compreensão. Cuidado. (shrink)

This is an interdisciplinary work product of reflection on the challenges today presented by a biological vision of the world regarding questions, concepts and notions of cosmology. Based on and in dialogue with the current state of biological research, this work deals with certain cosmological problems such as that between the living and the inert, the traditional division between the soul or the vital vegetative principle, sensitive or intellective; the problem of individuation and the concept of species, among others; the (...) solution found within classical philosophy in this paper takes into account the latest discoveries findings of modern biology. (shrink)

O presente artigo visa tratar do “novo materialismo” na filosofia de Karl Marx após 1845, com a produção das chamadas _Teses ad Feuerbach_. Nesse sentido, buscaremos expor essa nova concepção filosófica através da reformulação da relação sujeito-objeto levada a cabo por Marx, que levou o autor a uma noção crítica de ciência, distinta daquela que vigorava no pensamento europeu e posteriormente caracterizada como tradicional, bem como da crítica da metafísica da economia política. A partir dessas críticas, a concepção marxiana se (...) apresenta como uma continuação da chamada _deutsch Wissenschaft_, uma ciência filosófica, influenciada desde Hegel, que agora coloca o modo de produção capitalista como objeto crítico que constitui uma essência histórica específica e que deve ser conhecida enquanto tomada de consciência de si e por si apontando para a necessidade de rompimento com uma atividade científica instrumentalizada pelas necessidades do desenvolvimento das relações de produção e da valorização da riqueza capitalistas. Nesse sentido, a filosofia marxiana, tendo a negatividade como motor da razão, fundamenta uma teoria crítica e revolucionária da sociedade capitalista e reivindica uma práxis emancipadora e emancipada dos interesses e finalidades da produção capitalista estrita. (shrink)

Resumen: El objetivo principal de este escrito es proponer un papel propedéutico de las intuiciones racionales, a fin de defender una propuesta híbrida entre el acceso epistémico a priori y a posteriori. Las intuiciones racionales deben ser informadas empíricamente, y descartadas cuando hay pruebas contra ellas, cuando la evidencia empírica muestra que la intuición racional es errada, por lo que cualquier creencia guiada por ella también lo sería. Se sostiene que las intuiciones racionales cumplen un importante rol propedéutico: ayudan a (...) comprender diferentes escenarios modales a través de ejemplificaciones contrafácticas. Esto no se opone a la variación cultural de intuiciones, por ello se propone un confiabilismo intuicional variable. Esta propuesta comprende a las intuiciones como falibles y como no conductoras de verdad: no es el objetivo de las intuiciones rastrear la verdad de alguna proposición, sino ayudar a comprender los escenarios hipotéticos que pueden ser relevantes en diferentes áreas.: The main target of this paper is to propose a preparatory learning role of rational intuitions, in order to defend a hybrid proposal between a priori and a posteriori epistemic access. Rational intuitions must be informed empirically, and discarded when there is evidence against them, when empirical evidence shows that rational intuition is wrong, so any belief guided by it would also be wrong. It is argued that rational intuitions play an important propaedeutic role: they help to understand different modal scenarios through counterfactual exemplifications. This is not opposed to the cultural variation of intuitions, therefore a variable intuitional reliability is proposed. This proposal includes intuitions as fallible and as not truth conducive: it is not the goal of intuitions to trace the truth of a proposition, but to help understand the hypothetical scenarios that may be relevant in different areas. (shrink)

In this article, I argue that our ontology of art has undergone a major change in the course of modern history. While we currently think of artworks as parts arranged in a certain way, there was a time when artworks were thought of as metaphysically more akin to ordinary artefacts such as tables and chairs; that is, as wholes having replaceable parts. This change in our ontology of art is reflected in our approach to art restoration. But what explains the (...) change? I will suggest that the change took place because of a change in our conception of the function of art. More specifically, I will suggest that we have started to think of artworks as parts arranged in a certain way, because we have started to think of artworks as having, primarily, an aesthetic function. (shrink)

El propósito de este artículo es profundizar en el pensamiento de Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel y estudiar una de las ideas centrales de su filosofía: el concepto especulativo. El concepto y la adecuación consigo mismo, es decir, la Idea, son las dos nociones capitales de la metafísica hegeliana y la base de todo el sistema. El artículo rastrea los antecedentes histórico-filosóficos del concepto hegeliano en la unidad originaria de la apercepción de Kant y el Yo absoluto de Fichte. Se adentra, (...) posteriormente, en el texto de la _Ciencia de la lógica _y de la _Enciclopedia _para estudiar y ofrecer una interpretación de la noción de concepto especulativo expuesta en ambas obras. El artículo se cierra con unas reflexiones en torno a la relación entre concepto y libertad en Hegel: el concepto, en efecto, es la libertad, y la libertad es _el _concepto. Aquí se encuentra el núcleo de la unidad entre filosofía teórica y práctica. (shrink)

The aim of this research was to develop and validate the Questionnaire for Assessing Educational Podcasts, an instrument designed to gather students’ views about four dimensions of educational podcasts: access and use, design and structure, content adequacy, and value as an aid to learning. In study 1 we gathered validity evidence based on test content by asking a panel of experts to rate the clarity and relevance of items. Study 2 examined the psychometric properties of the QAEP, including confirmatory factor (...) analysis with cross-validation to test the factor structure of the questionnaire, as well as item and reliability analysis. The results from study 1 showed that the experts considered the items to be clearly worded and relevant in terms of their content. The results from study 2 showed a factor structure consistent with the underlying dimensions, as well as configural and metric invariance across groups. The item analysis and internal consistency for scores on each factor and for total scores were also satisfactory. The scores obtained on the QAEP provide teachers with direct student feedback and highlight those aspects that need to be enhanced in order to improve the teaching/learning process. (shrink)

The article presents a vision of the challenges to which contemporary legal positivism has to respond. The constitutionalisation that governs current legal systems offers a new framework in which to develop the classic controversy between positivism and iusnaturalism. This article analyses the different positivist proposals put before the reality of the constitutional state as well as its replies to the criticisms of those who consider it anoutdated theory of little use. Finally, it will also deal with the relationship between positivism (...) and legal realism. This relationship is increasingly close due to the uncertainty that characterizes no few legislative and constitutional clauses. (shrink)

El presente texto se adentra en la fundamentación de la propiedad privada que ofrece Hegel en sus Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts. Veremos la legitimación de la propiedad privada desde sus raíces en la lógica hegeliana y la universalidad concreta del concepto. La relación entre libertad y propiedad así como la discusión con las concepciones de Kant y Fichte centran el análisis. Trataremos además cómo se concreta este derecho abstracto a la propiedad en la cuestión de qué puede ser propiedad (...) privada así como si es pensable un mínimo de propiedad desde el punto de vista de Hegel. Pues desde el punto de vista hegeliano, ni todo puede ser propiedad privada, ni es tampoco aceptable que existan personas desposeídas y en situación de pobreza. (shrink)

El presente artículo trata sobre la relación entre el pensamiento de John McDowell y la obra de Hegel. La idea fundamental es exponer la línea argumental que va, en el marco de la filosofía analítica, desde una posición kantiana a una hegeliana. El punto clave se sitúa en la lectura de la deducción de las categorías vista a la luz de la crítica de Wilfrid Sellars al mito de lo dado. A partir de ahí, el objetivo es discutir si esta (...) ruta de Kant a Hegel tiene como destino la filosofía de McDowell contrastando la filosofía de estos dos últimos: repensar el concepto de idealismo y la relación entre experiencia y filosofía desde ambos autores, Hegel y McDowell, tanto en sus similitudes como en sus discrepancias. (shrink)

Na década de 20 do século passado, época do aparecimento de _Ser e tempo, _Heidegger posiciona-se veementemente contra o modelo _teórico-cognitivo _de sujeito-objeto, problematizando, assim, a hegemonia da teoria do conhecimento na filosofia.Contra este paradigma, o filósofo alemão traz à tona um modo original de abordar a lida mais primária do _Dasein_ no mundo, cuja primazia recai em um sentido _prático, _por assim dizer.Neste sentido, nosso objetivo reside em explicitar, a partir do pensamento heideggeriano, a relação mais primária que o (...) _Dasein_ estabelece com o mundo, a saber: uma relação de familiaridade prático-originária.Para tanto, investiga-se o pensamento de Martin Heidegger em sua primeira fase, notadamente a sua obra-mestra: _Ser e tempo_, de 1927.Na obra, o filósofo alemão explicita que o mundo que preliminarmente se apresenta ao _Dasein_ e com o qual ele se relaciona não é de ordem teórica, no sentido de relação cognoscitiva, mas, isto sim: é o da práxis cotidiana, da postura prática, isto é, o mundo circundante, no qual o _Dasein_, enquanto ser-no-mundo de compreensão pré-teórica, dispensa a postura temática explícita como secundária – isto é, _derivada_, portanto, não fundamental da constituição humana.Neste sentido, nota-se que o ser-no-mundo, conforme indica _Ser e tempo_, consiste em um empenho prático, por isso mais originário, guiado por uma visão circundante que contempla a articulação de entes intramundanos os quais formam, no limite, um contexto no qual o mundo circundante se anuncia. (shrink)

The author presents four thesis: I. Time is three-dimensional, a) the dynamism of being (time as origin); b) the measure of this dynamism (time as mediation); c) the duration of being (time as end). II. Time is not a permanent passing by, but time is really always a "wholeness", something "complete", a permanent synthesis of past, present and future. III. The simultaneity of time is space, and the variability of space is time. IV. There are three "diseases" of time: the (...) disease in the origin is ageing; the disease in the mediation is madness and lack of rhythm; the disease in the end is weakness. (shrink)

Education was so relevant in the thought of Saint Josemaria that he even affirmed that the only work of the Opus Dei was to give formation, and that the Prelature is a catechesis. Culture, on the other hand, was the normal concern -"to be cultivated"- of persons living his message: to sanctify work in everyday life.

The article focuses first of all on the peculiar kind of anthropology implicit in the thought of Millán-Puelles. In the second part it underlines the relevance of the distinction between nature and freedom in the political anthropology of the author, as well as the outstandig importance of the idea of liberty with its several significant nuances of meaning.

Resumen: En un contexto en que la pregunta por lo humano parece divagar entre su desaparición bajo las críticas anti y post-humanistas y su reactivación justamente como respuesta a un entorno de alta incertidumbre y complejidad, la interrogante por los inicios de aquella relación entre sociología y ser humano se torna del todo importante. A partir de un análisis del núcleo fundamental de algunos de los más importantes clásicos de la sociología, se persigue a continuación desentrañar la postura original que (...) la sociología tomó con respecto a éste, así como dilucidar los motivos que la explican. En ese marco, se sostiene la tesis de que la sociología clásica habría desarrollado un intento de destierro del ser humano; un destierro que a pesar de estar afincado en su desarrollo teórico-conceptual, se ve complementado por su raigambre socio-institucional. La lectura es ya en ese entonces clara: inmersa en una incipiente lucha por reconocimiento científico, el cariz filosófico de la pregunta por lo humano se erige como un obstáculo para una cientificidad que solo puede terminar de alcanzarse a través de su exclusión.: In a context where the question about the human being seems to move between its disappearance under anti- and posthumanist critiques, and its reactivation as an answer to an environment of high uncertainty and complexity, the question about the origins of the relations between sociology and the human being becomes especially relevant. Based on a revision of the fundamental core of some of the more important classics of sociology, this article tries to reconstruct sociology’s original position regarding the human being, as well as elucidating the reasons that explain it. Within this framework, it is argued that classical sociology developed an attempt to displace the human being; a displacement that despite relying on its theoretical-conceptual development, it is complemented by its socio-institutional roots. This interpretation was already clear at that time: immersed in an incipient struggle for its scientific recognition, the philosophical tenor of the question about the human erects as an obstacle against the scientificity that can only be reached through its exclusion. (shrink)

The point of the article is that representation is primarily an activity in the realm of knowledge while participation belongs to the will. Representation and participation are two dimensions of human life, at the same time personal and political. One cannot expect real participation in the absence of true representation. The present democracies have a real problem regarding the participation of the people in politics.

A good will is not so much an "ethical concept" as one that refers to the nucleus of human existence and the meaning of life. If the intellect is a function of identity, the will is a function of otherness. Together, the intellect and the will render an account of that arcane principle of all reality which is unity-diversity or limit. Such arcana is manifested in the following: the intellect is the limit of the will and the will is the (...) limit of the intellect. The perfection of the will -the will that becomes good- requires self-knowledge. In order to give an account of the other I have to take myself seriously and realize that I only know myself through the other. A good will, therefore, has many other related dimensions aside from that of love and respect. (shrink)