Results for 'Preferential semantics'

964 found
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  1.  48
    Preferential Semantics using Non-smooth Preference Relations.Frederik Van De Putte & Christian Straßer - 2014 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 43 (5):903-942.
    This paper studies the properties of eight semantic consequence relations defined from a Tarski-logic L and a preference relation ≺. They are equivalent to Shoham’s so-called preferential entailment for smooth model structures, but avoid certain problems of the latter in non-smooth configurations. Each of the logics can be characterized in terms of what we call multi-selection semantics. After discussing this type of semantics, we focus on some concrete proposals from the literature, checking a number of meta-theoretic properties (...)
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  2.  35
    Preferential semantics for the logic of comparative similarity over triangular and metric models.Régis Alenda & Nicola Olivetti - 2012 - In Luis Farinas del Cerro, Andreas Herzig & Jerome Mengin, Logics in Artificial Intelligence. Springer. pp. 1--13.
  3.  30
    Unsettling Preferential Semantics.Audun Stolpe - 2020 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 49 (2):371-399.
    This paper is concerned with removing the identity schema from the axiomatic basis of deontic conditionals. This is in order to allow a stipulated ideal to be contrary or opposite in nature to the fact it is predicated upon. It is desirable, or so it is argued, to retain the order-theoretic orientation of preferential semantics towards the analysis of deontic conditionals, more specifically of maximality semantics in the tradition from Bengt Hansson. So understood, the problem involves abstracting (...)
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  4.  73
    Preferential Semantics for Plausible Subsumption in Possibility Theory.Guilin Qi & Zhizheng Zhang - 2013 - Minds and Machines 23 (1):47-75.
    Handling exceptions in a knowledge-based system is an important issue in many application domains, such as medical domain. Recently, there is an increasing interest in nonmonotonic extension of description logics to handle exceptions in ontologies. In this paper, we propose three preferential semantics for plausible subsumption to deal with exceptions in description logic-based knowledge bases. Our preferential semantics are defined in the framework of possibility theory, which is an uncertainty theory devoted to handling incomplete information. We (...)
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  5.  15
    A preferential, pattern-seeking, Semantics for natural language inference.Yorick Wilks - 1975 - Artificial Intelligence 6 (1):53-74.
  6.  54
    Semantics for Dual Preferential Entailment.Katarina Britz, Johannes Heidema & Willem Labuschagne - 2009 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 38 (4):433-446.
    We introduce and explore the notion of duality for entailment relations induced by preference orderings on states. We discuss the relationship between these preferential entailment relations from the perspectives of Boolean algebra, inference rules, and modal axiomatisation. Interpreting the preference relations as accessibility relations establishes modular Gödel-Löb logic as a suitable modal framework for rational preferential reasoning.
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  7.  8
    Preferential cumulative reasoning and nonmonotonic semantic nets.Klaus U. Schulz - 1991 - In Andre Fuhrmann & Michael Morreau, The Logic of Theory Change: Workshop, Konstanz, FRG, October 13-15, 1989, Proceedings. Springer. pp. 223--240.
  8. A Semantic Approach to Nonmonotonic Reasoning: Inference Operations and Choice, Uppsala Prints and Preprints in Philosophy, 1994, no 10.Sten Lindström - manuscript
    This paper presents a uniform semantic treatment of nonmonotonic inference operations that allow for inferences from infinite sets of premises. The semantics is formulated in terms of selection functions and is a generalization of the preferential semantics of Shoham (1987), (1988), Kraus, Lehman, and Magidor (1990) and Makinson (1989), (1993). A selection function picks out from a given set of possible states (worlds, situations, models) a subset consisting of those states that are, in some sense, the most (...)
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  9.  33
    Is There Preferential Attachment in the Growth of Early Semantic Noun Networks?Thomas T. Hills, Mounir Maouene, Josita Maouene, Adam Sheya & Linda B. Smith - 2008 - In B. C. Love, K. McRae & V. M. Sloutsky, Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society.
  10. Reactive preferential structures and nonmonotonic consequence.Dov M. Gabbay & Karl Schlechta - 2009 - Review of Symbolic Logic 2 (2):414-450.
    We introduce Information Bearing Relation Systems (IBRS) as an abstraction of many logical systems. These are networks with arrows recursively leading to other arrows etc. We then define a general semantics for IBRS, and show that a special case of IBRS generalizes in a very natural way preferential semantics and solves open representation problems for weak logical systems. This is possible, as we can the strong coherence properties of preferential structures by higher arrows, that is, arrows, (...)
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  11. Reviewing Reduction in a Preferential Model‐Theoretic Context.Emma Ruttkamp & Johannes Heidema - 2005 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 19 (2):123 – 146.
    In this article, we redefine classical notions of theory reduction in such a way that model-theoretic preferential semantics becomes part of a realist depiction of this aspect of science. We offer a model-theoretic reconstruction of science in which theory succession or reduction is often better - or at a finer level of analysis - interpreted as the result of model succession or reduction. This analysis leads to 'defeasible reduction', defined as follows: The conjunction of the assumptions of a (...)
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  12.  43
    Preferential Accessibility and Preferred Worlds.Katarina Britz & Ivan Varzinczak - 2018 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 27 (2):133-155.
    Modal accounts of normality in non-monotonic reasoning traditionally have an underlying semantics based on a notion of preference amongst worlds. In this paper, we motivate and investigate an alternative semantics, based on ordered accessibility relations in Kripke frames. The underlying intuition is that some world tuples may be seen as more normal, while others may be seen as more exceptional. We show that this delivers an elegant and intuitive semantic construction, which gives a new perspective on defeasible necessity. (...)
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  13.  53
    An Algebraic Characterization of Equivalent Preferential Models.Zhaohui Zhu & Rong Zhang - 2007 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 72 (3):803 - 833.
    Preferential model is one of the important semantical structures in nonmonotonic logic. This paper aims to establish an isomorphism theorem for preferential models, which gives us a purely algebraic characterization of the equivalence of preferential models. To this end, we present the notions of local similarity and local simulation. Based on these notions, two operators Δ(·) and μ(·) over preferential models are introduced and explored respectively. Together with other two existent operators ρ(·) and ΠD(·), we introduce (...)
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  14. Roadmap for preferential logics.Dov M. Gabbay & Karl Schlechta - 2009 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 19 (1):43-95.
    We give a systematic overview of semantical and logical rules in non monotonic and related logics. We show connections and sometimes subtle differences, and also compare such rules to uses of the notion of size.
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  15.  90
    Non monotonic reasoning and belief revision: syntactic, semantic, foundational and coherence approaches.Alvaro del Val - 1997 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 7 (1-2):213-240.
    ABSTRACT The major approaches to belief revision and non monotonic reasoning proposed in the literature differ along a number of dimensions, including whether they are ?syntax- based? or ?semantic-based?, ?foundational? or ?coherentist?, ?consistence-restoring? or ?inconsistency-tolerant?. Our contribution towards clarifying the connections between these various approaches is threefold: ?We show that the two main approaches to belief revision, the foundations and coherence theories, are mathematically equivalent, thus answering a question left open in [Gar90, Doy92], The distinction between syntax-based approaches to revision (...)
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  16.  87
    Multiplex semantics for deontic logic.Lou Goble - 2000 - Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic 5 (2):113-134.
    This multiplex semantics incorporates multiple relations of deontic accessibility or multiple preference rankings on alternative worlds to represent distinct normative standards. This provides a convenient framework for deontic logic that allows conflicts of obligation, due either to conflicts between normative standards or to incoherence within a single standard. With the multiplex structures, two general senses of "ought" may be distinguished, an indefinite sense under which something is obligatory when it is enjoined by some normative standard and a core sense (...)
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  17.  73
    New techniques and completeness results for preferential structures.Karl Schlechta - 2000 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 65 (2):719-746.
    Preferential structures are probably the best examined semantics for nonmonotonic and deontic logics; in a wider sense, they also provide semantical approaches to theory revision and update, and other fields where a preference relation between models is a natural approach. They have been widely used to differentiate the various systems of such logics, and their construction is one of the main subjects in the formal investigation of these logics. We introduce new techniques to construct preferential structures for (...)
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  18.  50
    Semantic interpolation.Dov M. Gabbay & Karl Schlechta - 2010 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 20 (4):345-371.
    The problem of interpolation is a classical problem in logic. Given a consequence relation |~ and two formulas φ and ψ with φ |~ ψ we try to find a “simple" formula α such that φ |~ α |~ ψ. “Simple" is defined here as “expressed in the common language of φ and ψ". Non-monotonic logics like preferential logics are often a mixture of a non-monotonic part with classical logic. In such cases, it is natural examine also variants of (...)
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  19.  26
    Comprehension of Argument Structure and Semantic Roles: Evidence from English-Learning Children and the Forced-Choice Pointing Paradigm.Claire H. Noble, Caroline F. Rowland & Julian M. Pine - 2011 - Cognitive Science 35 (5):963-982.
    Research using the intermodal preferential looking paradigm (IPLP) has consistently shown that English‐learning children aged 2 can associate transitive argument structure with causal events. However, studies using the same methodology investigating 2‐year‐old children’s knowledge of the conjoined agent intransitive and semantic role assignment have reported inconsistent findings. The aim of the present study was to establish at what age English‐learning children have verb‐general knowledge of both transitive and intransitive argument structure using a new method: the forced‐choice pointing paradigm. The (...)
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  20.  60
    Cultural Evolution of Precise and Agreed‐Upon Semantic Conventions in a Multiplayer Gaming App.Olivier Morin, Thomas F. Müller, Tiffany Morisseau & James Winters - 2022 - Cognitive Science 46 (2):e13113.
    The amount of information conveyed by linguistic conventions depends on their precision, yet the codes that humans and other animals use to communicate are quite ambiguous: they may map several vague meanings to the same symbol. How does semantic precision evolve, and what are the constraints that limit it? We address this question using a multiplayer gaming app, where individuals communicate with one another in a scaled-up referential game. Here, the goal is for a sender to use black and white (...)
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  21. O obliczach sprzeczności.Krystyna Misiuna - 2010 - Filozofia Nauki 18 (3).
    The concept of inconsistency has become recently the subject of many studies focused on the principle ex contradictione sequitur quodlibet which is a hallmark of the classical inconsistency. Stanisław Jaśkowski was the first who took a non-classical standpoint toward this principle building a system of propositional logic which rejects this classical principle. Rejecting it implies important consequences for the concept of classical negation, and poses the question in which properties the op-eration of negation should be endowed. The intention of this (...)
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  22. A Certain Consequence Relation for Solving Paradoxes of Vagueness.Krystyna Misiuna - 2010 - Logique Et Analyse 53 (209):25.
    A consequence relation in the framework of preferential semantics based on the four-valued Belnap-Dunn logic is constructed which proves that the sorites paradoxes are unsound or invalid inferences .
     
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  23.  88
    From KLM-style conditionals to defeasible modalities, and back.Katarina Britz & Ivan Varzinczak - 2018 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 28 (1):92-121.
    We investigate an aspect of defeasibility that has somewhat been overlooked by the non-monotonic reasoning community, namely that of defeasible modes of reasoning. These aim to formalise defeasibility of the traditional notion of necessity in modal logic, in particular of its different readings as action, knowledge and others in specific contexts, rather than defeasibility of conditional forms. Building on an extension of the preferential approach to modal logics, we introduce new modal osperators with which to formalise the notion of (...)
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  24.  79
    Reasoning with different levels of uncertainty.Ofer Arieli - 2003 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 13 (3):317-343.
    We introduce a family of preferential logics that are useful for handling information with different levels of uncertainty. The corresponding consequence relations are nonmonotonic, paraconsistent, adaptive, and rational. It is also shown that the formalisms in this family can be embedded in corresponding four-valued logics with at most three uncertainty levels, and that reasoning with these logics can be simulated by algorithms for processing circumscriptive theories, such as DLS and SCAN.
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  25.  31
    A Note on a Description Logic of Concept and Role Typicality for Defeasible Reasoning Over Ontologies.Ivan Varzinczak - 2018 - Logica Universalis 12 (3-4):297-325.
    In this work, we propose a meaningful extension of description logics for non-monotonic reasoning. We introduce \, a logic allowing for the representation of and reasoning about both typical class-membership and typical instances of a relation. We propose a preferential semantics for \ in terms of partially-ordered DL interpretations which intuitively captures the notions of typicality we are interested in. We define a tableau-based algorithm for checking \ knowledge-base consistency that always terminates and we show that it is (...)
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  26. Two Adaptive Logics of Norm-Propositions.Mathieu Beirlaen & Christian Straßer - 2013 - Journal of Applied Logic 11 (2):147-168.
    We present two defeasible logics of norm-propositions (statements about norms) that (i) consistently allow for the possibility of normative gaps and normative conflicts, and (ii) map each premise set to a sufficiently rich consequence set. In order to meet (i), we define the logic LNP, a conflict- and gap-tolerant logic of norm-propositions capable of formalizing both normative conflicts and normative gaps within the object language. Next, we strengthen LNP within the adaptive logic framework for non-monotonic reasoning in order to meet (...)
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  27. On Paradoxes Connected with the Vagueness of Concepts.Krystyna Misiuna - 2009 - Filozofia Nauki 17 (4):5.
    The paradoxes of vagueness are unsound or invalid reasoning on the ground of preferential semantics based on the four-valued Belnap-Dunn logic.
     
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  28. Philosophy of Science: Interfaces between Logic and Knowledge Representation.Emma Ruttkamp - 2006 - South African Journal of Philosophy 25 (4):275-289.
    In this inaugural lecture I offer, against the background of a discussion of knowledge representation and its tools, an overview of my research in the philosophy of science. I defend a relational model-theoretic realism as being the appropriate meta-stance most congruent with the model-theoretic view of science as a form of human engagement with the world. Making use of logics with preferential semantics within a model-theoretic paradigm, I give an account of science as process and product. I demonstrate (...)
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  29. Logic and AI in China: An Introduction.Fenrong Liu & Kaile Su - 2013 - Minds and Machines 23 (1):1-4.
    The year 2012 has witnessed worldwide celebrations of Alan Turing’s 100th birthday. A great number of conferences and workshops were organized by logicians, computer scientists and researchers in AI, showing the continued flourishing of computer science, and the fruitful interfaces between logic and computer science. Logic is no longer just the concept that Frege had about one hundred years ago, let alone that of Aristotle twenty centuries before. One of the prominent features of contemporary logic is its interdisciplinary character, connecting (...)
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  30.  72
    Attention to Endpoints: A Cross‐Linguistic Constraint on Spatial Meaning.Terry Regier & Mingyu Zheng - 2007 - Cognitive Science 31 (4):705-719.
    We investigate a possible universal constraint on spatial meaning. It has been proposed that people attend preferentially to the endpoints of spatial motion events, and that languages may therefore make finer semantic distinctions at event endpoints than at event beginnings. We test this proposal. In Experiment 1, we show that people discriminate the endpoints of spatial motion events more readily than they do event beginnings—suggesting a non-linguistic attentional bias toward endpoints. In Experiment 2, speakers of Arabic, Chinese, and English each (...)
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  31. Underspecifying Desires.Richard Jefferson Booth - 2023 - Linguistics and Philosophy (5):1-30.
    According to a simple theory of the relationship between 'want' ascriptions and the desires they ascribe, when I learn that ⌜A wants p⌝ is true, I learn that the truth of p is necessary and sufficient for satisfying one of A’s desires. I argue that this simple theory is false: ⌜A wants p⌝ can be true and underspecific: p may be necessary but not sufficient for the satisfaction of one of A’s desires. I show that existing semantics for 'want' (...)
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  32.  17
    An Agent‐First Preference in a Patient‐First Language During Sentence Comprehension.Sebastian Sauppe, Åshild Næss, Giovanni Roversi, Martin Meyer, Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky & Balthasar Bickel - 2023 - Cognitive Science 47 (9):e13340.
    The language comprehension system preferentially assumes that agents come first during incremental processing. While this might reflect a biologically fixed bias, shared with other domains and other species, the evidence is limited to languages that place agents first, and so the bias could also be learned from usage frequency. Here, we probe the bias with electroencephalography (EEG) in Äiwoo, a language that by default places patients first, but where sentence-initial nouns are still locally ambiguous between patient or agent roles. Comprehenders (...)
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  33.  28
    Conditional Logic is Complete for Convexity in the Plane.Johannes Marti - 2023 - Review of Symbolic Logic 16 (2):529-552.
    We prove completeness of preferential conditional logic with respect to convexity over finite sets of points in the Euclidean plane. A conditional is defined to be true in a finite set of points if all extreme points of the set interpreting the antecedent satisfy the consequent. Equivalently, a conditional is true if the antecedent is contained in the convex hull of the points that satisfy both the antecedent and consequent. Our result is then that every consistent formula without nested (...)
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  34.  18
    Formal Methods for Nonmonotonic and Related Logics: Vol I: Preference and Size.Karl Schlechta - 2018 - Cham: Springer Verlag.
    The two volumes in this advanced textbook present results, proof methods, and translations of motivational and philosophical considerations to formal constructions. In this Vol. I the author explains preferential structures and abstract size. In the associated Vol. II he presents chapters on theory revision and sums, defeasible inheritance theory, interpolation, neighbourhood semantics and deontic logic, abstract independence, and various aspects of nonmonotonic and other logics. In both volumes the text contains many exercises and some solutions, and the author (...)
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  35.  24
    Epistemic Logic for AI and Computer Science.John-Jules Ch Meyer & Wiebe van der Hoek - 1995 - Cambridge University Press.
    Epistemic logic has grown from its philosophical beginnings to find diverse applications in computer science, and as a means of reasoning about the knowledge and belief of agents. This book provides a broad introduction to the subject, along with many exercises and their solutions. The authors begin by presenting the necessary apparatus from mathematics and logic, including Kripke semantics and the well-known modal logics K, T, S4 and S5. Then they turn to applications in the context of distributed systems (...)
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  36.  24
    準無矛盾論理に基づく議論フレームワーク.高橋 武久 梅田 勇一 - 2004 - Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 19:83-94.
    Argumentation is the most representative of intelligent activities of humans. Therefore, it is natural to think that it could have many implications for artificial intelligence and computer science as well. Specifically, argumentation may be considered a most primitive capability for interaction among computational agents. In this paper we present an argumentation framework based on the four-valued paraconsistent logic. Tolerance and acceptance of inconsistency that this logic has as its logical feature allow for arguments on inconsistent knowledge bases with which we (...)
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  37.  19
    情報源の明らかな選好関係を信念とした融合.東条 敏 鈴木 義崇 - 2004 - Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 19:57-67.
    Belief fusion, instead of AGM belief revision, was first proposed to solve the problem of inconsistency, that arised from repetitive application of the operation when agents' knowledge were amalgamated. In the preceding work of Maynard-Reid II and Shoham, the fusion operator is applied to belief states, which is total preorders over possible worlds which is based on the semantics of belief revision. Moreover, they introduced the pedigreed belief state, which represented multiple sources of belief states, ordered by a credibility (...)
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  38.  12
    A New Perspective on Nonmonotonic Logics.Dov M. Gabbay - 2016 - Cham: Imprint: Springer. Edited by Karl Schlechta.
    Logics are like shadows on a wall; to understand why they dance as they do, and how they can be made to move differently, one needs to look at the mathematical structures from which they can be projected. That is a methodology that has long proven its value for classical and other forms of deductive inference; this book manifests its pertinence to logics of uncertain qualitative reasoning. It draws together and refines work from the literature on preferential and other (...)
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  39.  7
    Conditionals and modularity in general logics.Dov M. Gabbay - 2011 - New York: Springer. Edited by Karl Schlechta.
    This text centers around three main subjects. The first is the concept of modularity and independence in classical logic and nonmonotonic and other nonclassical logic, and the consequences on syntactic and semantical interpolation and language change. In particular, we will show the connection between interpolation for nonmonotonic logic and manipulation of an abstract notion of size. Modularity is essentially the ability to put partial results achieved independently together for a global result. The second aspect of the book is the authors' (...)
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  40.  13
    Formal Methods for Nonmonotonic and Related Logics: Vol Ii: Theory Revision, Inheritance, and Various Abstract Properties.Karl Schlechta - 2018 - Springer Verlag.
    The two volumes in this advanced textbook present results, proof methods, and translations of motivational and philosophical considerations to formal constructions. In the associated Vol. I the author explains preferential structures and abstract size. In this Vol. II he presents chapters on theory revision and sums, defeasible inheritance theory, interpolation, neighbourhood semantics and deontic logic, abstract independence, and various aspects of nonmonotonic and other logics. In both volumes the text contains many exercises and some solutions, and the author (...)
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  41.  84
    Reference to possible worlds.Matthew Stone - 1999 - Technical Report 49, Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science.
    In modal subordination, a modal sentence is interpreted relative to a hypothetical scenario introduced in an earlier sentence. In this paper, I argue that this phenomenon reflects the fact that the interpretation of modals is an ANAPHORIC process. Modal morphemes introduce sets of possible worlds, representing alternative hypothetical scenarios, as entities into the discourse model. Their interpretation depends on evoking sets of worlds recording described and reference scenarios, and relating such sets to one another using familiar notions of restricted, (...) quantification. This proposal relies on an extended model of environments in dynamic semantics to keep track of associations between possible worlds and ordinary individuals; it assumes that modal meanings and other lexical meanings encapsulate quantification over possible worlds. These two innovations are required in order for modals to refer to sets of possible worlds directly as static objects in place of the inherently dynamic objects—quite different from the referents of pronouns and tenses—used in previous accounts. The simpler proposal that results offers better empirical coverage and suggests a new parallel between modal and temporal interpretation. (shrink)
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  42.  33
    The * hope-wh puzzle.Wataru Uegaki & Yasutada Sudo - 2019 - Natural Language Semantics 27 (4):323-356.
    Clause-embedding predicates come in three major varieties: responsive predicates are compatible with both declarative and interrogative complements; rogative predicates are only compatible with interrogative complements; and anti-rogative predicates are only compatible with declarative complements. It has been suggested that these selectional properties are at least partly semantic in nature. In particular, it has been proposed that the anti-rogativity of neg-raising predicates like believe comes from the triviality in meaning that would arise with interrogative complements. This paper puts forward a similar (...)
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  43.  11
    Logical Tools for Handling Change in Agent-Based Systems.Dov M. Gabbay & Karl Schlechta - 2009 - New York, NY, USA: Springer.
    Agents act on the basis of their beliefs and these beliefs change as they interact with other agents. In this book the authors propose and explain general logical tools for handling change. These tools include preferential reasoning, theory revision, and reasoning in inheritance systems, and the authors use these tools to examine nonmonotonic logic, deontic logic, counterfactuals, modal logic, intuitionistic logic, and temporal logic. This book will be of benefit to researchers engaged with artificial intelligence, and in particular agents, (...)
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  44.  53
    General patterns for nonmonotonic reasoning: from basic entailments to plausible relations.O. Arieli & A. Avron - 2000 - Logic Journal of the IGPL 8 (2):119-148.
    This paper has two goals. First, we develop frameworks for logical systems which are able to reflect not only non-monotonic patterns of reasoning, but also paraconsistent reasoning. Our second goal is to have a better understanding of the conditions that a useful relation for nonmonotonic reasoning should satisfy. For this we consider a sequence of generalizations of the pioneering works of Gabbay, Kraus, Lehmann, Magidor and Makinson. These generalizations allow the use of monotonic nonclassical logics as the underlying logic upon (...)
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  45.  46
    Preference‐Conditioned Necessities: Detachment and Practical Reasoning.Sven Lauer & Cleo Condoravdi - 2014 - Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 95 (4):584-621.
    This article is about conditionalized modal statements whose antecedents concern a preferential attitude of an agent. The focus is on anankastic conditionals or, as they are known in the philosophical literature, hypothetical imperatives. We present a linguistically-motivated analysis of anankastic and related conditionals and use it to address challenges for semantic theories of natural language conditionals motivated by certain philosophical concerns about practical reasoning and the requirements of rationality.
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  46.  27
    Defeasible linear temporal logic.Anasse Chafik, Fahima Cheikh-Alili, Jean-François Condotta & Ivan Varzinczak - 2023 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 33 (1):1-51.
    After the seminal work of Kraus, Lehmann and Magidor (formally known as the KLM approach) on conditionals and preferential models, many aspects of defeasibility in more complex formalisms have been studied in recent years. Examples of these aspects are the notion of typicality in description logic and defeasible necessity in modal logic. We discuss a new aspect of defeasibility that can be expressed in the case of temporal logic, which is the normality in an execution. In this contribution, we (...)
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  47.  9
    More's usage of Latin verbal predicates: the particular case of fio.Concepción Cabrillana - 2019 - Moreana 56 (1):97-120.
    This article addresses Thomas More's use of an especially complex Latin predicate, fio, as a means of examining the degree of classicism in this aspect of his writing. To this end, the main lexical-semantic and syntactic features of the verb in Classical Latin are presented, and a comparative review is made of More's use of the predicate—and also its use in texts contemporaneous to More, as well as in Late and Medieval Latin—in both prose and poetry. The analysis shows that (...)
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  48. Conditionals in reasoning.John Cantwell - 2009 - Synthese 171 (1):47 - 75.
    The paper presents a non-monotonic inference relation on a language containing a conditional that satisfies the Ramsey Test. The logic is a weakening of classical logic and preserves many of the ‘paradoxes of implication’ associated with the material implication. It is argued, however, that once one makes the proper distinction between supposing that something is the case and accepting that it is the case, these ‘paradoxes’ cease to be counterintuitive. A representation theorem is provided where conditionals are given a non-bivalent (...)
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  49. Some Embedding Theorems for Conditional Logic.Ming Xu - 2006 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 35 (6):599-619.
    We prove some embedding theorems for classical conditional logic, covering 'finitely cumulative' logics, 'preferential' logics and what we call 'semi-monotonic' logics. Technical tools called 'partial frames' and 'frame morphisms' in the context of neighborhood semantics are used in the proof.
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  50. Prospects for non-cognitivism.Catherine Wilson - 2001 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 44 (3):291 – 314.
    This essay offers a defence of the non-cognitivist approach to the interpretation of moral judgments as disguised imperatives corresponding to social rules. It addresses the body of criticism that faced R. M. Hare, and that currently faces moral anti-realists, on two levels, by providing a full semantic analysis of evaluative judgments and by arguing that anti-realism is compatible with moral aspiration despite the non-existence of obligations as the externalist imagines them. A moral judgment consists of separate descriptive and prescriptive components (...)
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