Teaching mathematics and improving mathematics competence are pending subjects within our educational system. The PEIM (Programa Evolutivo Instruccional para Matemáticas), a constructivist intervention program for the improvement of mathematical performance, affects the different agents involved in math learning, guaranteeing a significant improvement in students’ performance. The program is based on the following pillars: (a) students become the main agents of their learning by constructing their own knowledge; (b) the teacher must be the guide to facilitate and guarantee such a construction (...) by being a great connoisseur of the fundamental aspects of the development of the child’s mathematical thinking; (c) the mathematical contents must be sequenced in terms of the complexity and significance for the student as well as contextualized at all times; and (d) the classroom must have a constructivist climate highlighting cooperative work among students. The implementation of PEIM along with the empirical evaluation conducted in several centers in Madrid and Zaragoza (Spain) confirm how students improve their mathematical competence. Both first- and second-grade students in elementary education were far more effective in solving problems, highlighting the use of more advanced strategies in their resolution and a lower incidence of conceptual errors. Moreover, it was possible to verify how the students proving greater difficulty, experienced an evolution in learning similarly to those who did not present it. The program provides customized education to allow the teacher to know at all times how he should be more influential on the students’ learning through mathematical profiles. Both teaching practice and teachers were observed, being that of the experimental group more prone to analyzing processes and allowing the construction of knowledge by students, due to their psycho-developmental training. As a result, we found several improvements through the implementation of the program that may serve, for upcoming years, as a basis for the necessary changes in the teaching of mathematics. (shrink)

The present research study focuses on how the language of instruction has an impact on the mathematical thinking development as a consequence of using a language of instruction different from the students’ mother tongue. In CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) academic content and a foreign language are leant at the same time, a methodology that is widely used in the schools in the present times. It is, therefore, our main aim to study if the language of instruction in second (...) language immersion programs influences the development of the first formal mathematical concepts. More specifically, if the learning of mathematical concepts in the early ages develops in a similar way if it is taught in the students’ mother tongue and is not influenced by the language used for teaching. Or else, if it can influence the development of the first skills only in the students’ general performance or in certain areas. The results of both the analysis of variance and multiple regression confirm how influencing the language of instruction is when mathematical thinking is developed teaching formal contents in a non-coincidence language. The second language is affecting the resolution of daily life problems, being more competent those students in 1st grades whose language of instruction matched with their mother tongue. (shrink)

While a growing number of firms are being evaluated on environment, social and governance criteria by sustainability rating agencies, comparatively little is known about companies’ responses. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with companies operating in Italy, the present paper seeks to narrow this gap in current understanding by examining how firms react to ESG ratings, and the factors influencing their response. Unique to the literature, we show that firms may react very differently to being rated, with our analysis yielding a fourfold (...) typology of corporate responses. The typology captures conformity and resistance to ratings across two dimensions of firm behaviour. We furthermore show that corporate responses depend on managers’ beliefs regarding the material benefits of adjusting to and scoring well on ESG ratings and their alignment with corporate strategy. In doing so, we challenge the idea that organisational ratings homogenise organisations and draw attention to the agency underlying corporate responses. Our findings also contribute to debates about the impact of ESG ratings, calling into question claims about their positive influence on companies’ sustainability performance. We conclude by discussing the wider empirical, theoretical and ethical implications of our paper. (shrink)

Este texto, aprovechando la reciente publicación del último Premio Espasa de Ensayo, Lenguas en guerra, de Irene Lozano, hace un recorrido por las ideas más destacables del libro, tanto sobre el origen filogenético del lenguaje como sobre la problemática relación que este origen supone, según la autora, para las justificaciones al uso sobre los nacionalismos fundamentados en la singularidad de la lengua propia, y sitúa estas ideas en el contexto de los conocimientos que se tienen hoy sobre evolución, genética e (...) historia del pensamiento. El texto también hace una crítica a algunos de los razonamientos de Lozano y presta atención al contraste entre su perspectiva idealista sobre la funcionalidad y el uso recto del lenguaje y su visión más pragmática y posibilista sobre el nacionalismo y el conservacionismo lingüístico. (shrink)

Keller & Miller (K&M) briefly mention and promptly dismiss the idea that genes for harmful mental disorders may confer certain advantages to affected individuals. However, the authors fail to consider that the same genes (in low doses or reduced penetrance) may be adaptive for relatives, and that this may in part explain why they are retained in the gene pool. (Published Online November 9 2006).

Las frutas y hortalizas han sido siempre noticia debido principalmente a sus propiedades beneficiosas para la salud. Sin embargo, cada vez más ocupan titulares debido a su implicación en toxiinfecciones alimentarias. Por este motivo, desde 2008, las frutas y hortalizas frescas son consideradas por muchos organismos internacionales como un alimento de riesgo. Uno de los principales problemas microbiológicos de las hortalizas de hojas son las bacte­rias entéricas que pueden adherirse rápidamente al tejido durante el cultivo, coexistir con las bacterias epífitas (...) y persistir por largos periodos de tiempo. La prevalencia de microorganismos patógenos en las frutas y hortalizas es baja y la cuantificación de las bac­terias patógenas o de microorganismos indicadores generalmente muestra niveles muy bajos, lo que no justificaría el elevado número de alertas microbiológicas asociadas a este tipo de productos. Sin embargo, existen dudas sobre si los recuentos obtenidos utilizan­do las técnicas convencionales son capaces de reflejar realmente todos los microorganismos presentes en el producto vegetal, así como en el agua de riego y en el suelo. Varios estudios han demos­trado que cuando las bacterias son sometidas a distintos factores de estrés entran en un estado temporal de baja actividad metabóli­ca en el cual las células pueden persistir durante largos periodos de tiempo sin división celular, llamado estado de latencia o viable pero no cultivable. La relevancia que el estado fisiológico de las bacterias puede tener en el desarrollo de toxiinfecciones alimenta­rias causadas por las frutas y hortalizas es un tema de gran interés que está atrayendo más y más la atención de los investigadores. (shrink)

This paper focuses on the ways in which national identities are staged in recent film and theatre productions in Estonia. We want to complement the prevalent approaches to nationality (Anderson 1983; Gellner 1983; Bhabha 1990), where the role of theatre and film as modellers of national identity are undervalued. National identity is a complex term that presupposes some clarification, which we gave by describing its dynamics today; its relation to ethnic identity, a thread between the lived and declared national identities, (...) and the relevance of culture-based national identity. Herein we consider the concept of staging to have two implications: (1) as an aesthetic term it incorporates an artistic process, comprising several devices and levels; (2) as a concept in cultural theory it describes cultural processes in which something is set on stage for public reflection. Accordingly, in our analysis we considered national identities in theatre and film stagings in both senses. The results of our analyses demonstrated that our hypothesis about emerging new national identities in Estonia was valid, though deconstructed and hybrid national identities are not exactly and absolutely new types of identities but rather strategies of creating space for new identities to develop. A deconstructed national identity refers to the state of high self-reflexivity in which the existing elements of national identity are re-examined, recontextualised and re-evaluated. Further, a hybrid national identity demonstrates the diversity and coexistence of the components of national identity. Both strategies of staging are characteristic of the transformation of national identities, confirming that a single homogenous staging of national identity seems to be replaced by bringing multiple new self-models on stage. (shrink)

El presente artículo se propone pensar las consideraciones sobre el olvido que Nietzsche lleva a cabo, principalmente en su Segunda consideración intempestiva, desde una perspectiva ontológica, lo cual implicará llevar a cabo esta tarea tomando como guía la lectura heideggeriana de Nietzsche. Ésta supone, por un lado, reconocer la polisemia del fenómeno del olvido y por el otro, reflexionar en la íntima relación que existe entre conceptos fundamentales de la filosofía nietzscheana tales como: vida, olvido y voluntad de poder. Comprender (...) dichos términos desde una perspectiva ontológica implicará retrotraerlos hasta su estatuto originario. (shrink)

Este artigo considera a marcante instabilidade da Filosofia nos currículos da Educação brasileira, assim como seu desaparecimento como disciplina, na versão aprovada da Base Nacional Comum Curricular. Apresenta as prováveis alterações que esse documento promoverá na Educação, referente à formação de professores, ao impacto político e à autonomia docente na criação de aulas, para, então, dedicar-se aos espólios filosóficos restantes na Base, sobretudo àqueles relativos à ética. Mostra que a dimensão ética atravessa o documento e está presente nas “Competências Gerais” (...) a serem desenvolvidas ao longo da Educação Básica, sendo, portanto, uma preocupação de todas as áreas do conhecimento, sobretudo no que se refere às Tecnologias Digitais de Informação e Comunicação e à sustentabilidade ambiental. Volta à definição de ética no documento e às suas bases, a saber, justiça, solidariedade e livre-arbítrio; problematiza seus sentidos e marca algumas incoerências. Evidencia que o documento, apesar de incentivar que a Educação dos jovens esteja, de um lado, voltada àquilo que fizemos e sabemos do mundo, por outro, para o aberto e indeterminado; dá ênfase excessiva à busca de soluções e ao aprendizado de respostas, dando prioridade, no que respeita à Filosofia, à resposta socrática para a questão “O que é o ser humano?” Destaca a ideia apresentada no documento de que o nosso tempo requer uma “nova mentalidade”, regida por uma “ética diferente”, e defende que é por meio do contato com modos de pensar filosóficos, presentes nos textos primários de Filosofia, trabalhados por professores habilitados para isso, que os estudantes tornar-se-ão competentes e hábeis nos dois principais sentidos éticos da Base – 1) da nossa relação com a natureza, com o Planeta e seus bens finitos; e 2) da relação consigo mesmo, o modo de ser. Afirma, por fim, que, apesar da espoliação sofrida pela Filosofia na Base, nenhum projeto de Educação pode ser sustentado sem ela. Palavras-chave: BNCC. Filosofia. Ética. Ensino de Filosofia. (shrink)

In the last decades the concept of objectivity has been criticized by the "new epistemologies". These criticisms favour the consolidation of relativist and subjective positions, which condition the objectivity of scientific knowledge to such an extent that it seems to be a goal impossible to achieve.

La diffusione del libro nel Medioevo potrebbe essere riletta alla luce di una metafora attuale sebbene non scevra di aspetti dialettici: quella della “rete”. All’ubicazione spazio-temporale del libro nei monasteri medievali, contraddistinta da fisicità e permanenza, si sotituisce oggi un formato digitale e virtuale, che porta ad una sorta di decontestualizzazione e alla continuità del flusso di informazioni, contribuendo alla diffusione capillare del sapere. L’ottica di universalità e globalità accomuna tuttavia entrambe le epoche. Alcuni concetti-chiave dell’informatica potrebbero infatti declinarsi in (...) ambito medievale: Server-Client per la raccolta, la conservazione e la trasmissione delle conoscenze da parte dei monasteri, quali centri del sapere in Europa, agli uomini di cultura; Firewall , per alludere alla necessità di tutelare i manoscritti, mediante la copiatura e la diffusione dei codici; Community , ad indicare non solo la comunità religiosa o monastica in senso stretto, bensì l’apertura ad una costruzione del sapere mediante un’azione partecipativa . I problemi dell’autenticità delle fonti, dell’acriticità delle informazioni e la pratica delle citazioni trovano un precedente significativo nelle Sententiae di Pietro Lombardo: una sorta di “biblioteca virtuale” grazie alla collezione di passi dalla Sacra Scrittura e da fonti latine e greche, paragonabile a un moderno modello enciclopedico di sapere. The diffusion of the book in the Middle Ages could be critically read through a modern metaphor: the “net”. The space-temporal coordinates of the book shift from being physical and permanent in the Medieval monasteries, to being de-contextualized and continue in the flow of information of digital and virtual format. However the universal and global perspective is common to the contemporary and the Medieval periods. In fact some key-words of computer science could be applied to the Medieval context: Server-Client , for the collection, the preservation and the transmission of knowledge from monasteries, as cultural centers in Medieval Europe, to men of culture; Firewall , for the necessary protection of manuscripts, through copying and diffusing codes; Community , referred not only to the monastic and religious groups, but also to an open sharing of the building of knowledge. Problems like the authenticity of the sources, the lack of criticality in the reception of data, and the practice of quotations are well represented in Peter Lombard’s Sententiae : this work can be compared to a modern encyclopedia thanks to the collection of passages from the Holy Scripture and from Latin and Greek sources, as well as a “virtual library”. (shrink)

O artigo aborda a diáspora forçada de africanos ao Brasil por fatores econômicos, políticos, sócio cultural e psíquico, desencadeado por ações do FMI e Banco Mundial. O tratamento desumano que recebem, o crescente número de crianças e adolescentes invisibilizados que sonham com um imaginário de vida melhor no Brasil, como o “pais do futebol”, e/ou uma passagem provisória para chegar ao primeiro mundo em países considerados de colonização europeia como EUA ou Canada. O artigo provoca reflexões sobre a força da (...) historia sobre o psiquismo e saúde mental humana a partir do ideário de uma pedagogia colonialista que sustenta a hegemonia do mundo capitalista. (shrink)

Metaphorical analogies have been popular in different forms of reasoning, theatre and drama analogy among them. From the semiotic perspective, theatre is a representation of reality. Characteristic to theatrical representation is the fact that for creating representations of reality it uses, to a great extent, the materiality and cultural codes that also constitute our everyday life; sometimes the means of representation are even iconically identical to the latter. This likeness has inspired numerous writers, philosophers and, later, social scientists to look (...) for particular similarities between social life, drama and theatre. In this paper I chose two particular approaches from the social sciences that make use of the metaphorical analogy of theatre in quite different, yet, to certain extent, also overlapping ways — Victor Turner’s concept of “social dramas” from anthropology and Erving Goffman’s “dramaturgy” of social interactions from sociology. The former bases his analogy more on the structure of the dramatic text and on a key resemblance in the conflict, whereas the latter builds his analogy on the principles of performing used in theatre, and regards characters and roles as major resemblances between action on stage and in social space. This paper examines these key resemblances and sheds light on what kind of interpretations of culture and society emerge when theatre analogies are put into action. In the concluding section some general problems, related to extended metaphors and analogical explanations the researcher needs to face with, are discussed. (shrink)

This paper reports a European Forum for Good Clinical Practice workshop held in 2011 to consider a research ethics committee training syllabus, subsequent training needs and resources. The syllabus that was developed was divided into four competencies: committee working; scientific method; ethical analysis and the regulatory framework. Appropriate training needs for each, with possible resources, were discussed. Lack of funding for training was reported as a major problem but affordable alternatives were debated. Strengths and weaknesses of this approach were discussed (...) and the resultant proposal will be disseminated through the European Forum for Good Clinical Practice and the research ethics committees of member states. (shrink)

Since the enactment of the first Hong Kong bilingual ordinance in 1989, tremendous effort and resources have been put to translating English legal documents into Chinese. Long before the implementation of bilingual legislation, the provision of interpreting services has remained an entrenched practice in the courtrooms of Hong Kong. This study has adopted a corpora approach to re-examine what seems to be reasonable and routine practices of the bilingual, legal system, the impacts of bilingual legislation, translation, and interpretation on trial (...) proceedings. Results generated from the corpus show the problems of anglicized Chinese translation of the Sexual Offences Ordinance under the British Common Law system; and interpreters’ performance which is intricately bound by the discourse practices of the legal professionals as well as the ideology of the bilingual legal system in Hong Kong. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo principal caracterizar o legado de J. Chasin sobre o estatuto ontológico marxiano e a sua respectiva resolução metodológica. Para tanto, serão analisados os temas específicos que compõem a proposta inovadora do autor. São eles: a análise imanente; o significado do estatuto ontológico marxiano propriamente dito, que inclui a afamada tese das “três fontes”, como modo tradicional de atribuir às origens do pensamento de Marx; o caráter metodológico aí decorrente; as possíveis consequências da proposta chasiniana, (...) sobretudo, no que diz respeito à “metapolítica”, a formação da individualidade e, por fim, a denúncia dos limites teóricos de Lukács, principalmente em relação à “dialética do universal do articular e do singular”, que somados a outros percalços, sustenta o “vínculo lógico entre para Marx e Hegel” presente em determinas obras do filósofo húngaro. (shrink)

Legal interpreting and translation are some of the oldest and most frequently practised bilingual activities in Hong Kong. The principles and operation of the bilingual legal system actually impinge on the legal interpreting services and the practices of legal interpreting services also in ways impact on the system itself. This study adopts a historical approach to analyse the jurisprudence and administration of legal interpreting in Hong Kong courts from 1966 to 2016, across the 1997 dividing line between British colonial rule (...) and the return of Hong Kong to the government of mainland China. It focuses on the opinions of judges and other participants in courtroom proceedings as recorded in Hong Kong case reports. It is discovered that the jurisprudence of having an interpreter to interpret for participants who do not speak the language of the court is clearly indicated and well versed in the precedents. However, there is a gap between the jurisprudence and the actual interpreting services, mainly caused by the malpractices of the concerned administration department and some of the law enforcement agents working in the frontline. (shrink)

In this paper we mainly study preservation theorems for two fragments of the infinitary languagesLκκ, withκregular, without the equality symbol: the universal Horn fragment and the universal strict Horn fragment. In particular, whenκisω, we obtain the corresponding theorems for the first-order case.The universal Horn fragment of first-order logic (with equality) has been extensively studied; for references see [10], [7] and [8]. But the universal Horn fragment without equality, used frequently in logic programming, has received much less attention from the model (...) theoretic point of view. At least to our knowledge, the problem of obtaining preservation results for it has not been studied before by model theorists. In spite of this, in the field of abstract algebraic logic we find a theorem which, properly translated, is a preservation result for the strict universal Horn fragment of infinitary languages without equality which, apart from function symbols, have only a unary relation symbol. This theorem is due to J. Czelakowski; see [5], Theorem 6.1, and [6], Theorem 5.1. A. Torrens [12] also has an unpublished result dealing with matrices of sequent calculi which, properly translated, is a preservation result for the strict universal Horn fragment of a first-order language. And in [2] of W. J. Blok and D. Pigozzi we find Corollary 6.3 which properly translated corresponds to our Corollary 19, but for the case of a first-order language that apart from its function symbols has only oneκ-ary relation symbol, and for strict universal Horn sentences. The study of these results is the basis for the present work. In the last part of the paper, Section 4, we will make these connections clear and obtain some of these results from our theorems. In this way we hope to make clear two things: (1) The field of abstract algebraic logic can be seen, in part, as a disguised study of universal Horn logic without equality and so has an added interest. (2) A general study of universal Horn logic without equality from a model theoretic point of view can be of help in the field of abstract algebraic logic. (shrink)

RESUMEN El artículo examina el origen del proyecto rortiano de acabar con la imagen única de Platón. En su escrito autobiográfico, Trotsky las orquídeas silvestres, Rorty describe su trayectoria filosófica y presenta su alternativa a Platón como pensada desde su más pronta juventud. Sin embargo, como vamos a mostrar, el proyecto central de acabar con la imagen única de Platón no es algo que esté pensado ni se dé desde un principio en sus obras. Defendemos que, pese a lo que (...) el propio Rorty indicó en sus escritos, encontramos indicios de que no es hasta la década de los noventa que Rorty piensa en elaborar una nueva relación alternativa al léxico último de Platón. ABSTRACT The article examines the origin of the rortyan project to destroy Plato's unique image. In his autobiographical writing, Trotsky the Wild Orchids, Rorty describes his philosophical journey and presents his alternative to Plato as thought out from his earliest youth. However, as we will show, the central project of ending Plato's unique image is not something that is thought out or given from the beginning in his works. We argue that, despite what Rorty himself indicated in his writings, we find indications that it is not until the 1990s that Rorty thinks of elaborating a new alternative relationship to Plato's last lexicon. (shrink)

En la primera parte del Teeteto Sócrates refuta tres tesis que considera estrechamente vinculadas entre sí: la tesis de Teeteto que identifica conocimientoy percepción, la tesis relativista y la tesis movilista. El propósito de este trabajo es mostrar que en tres de las refutaciones ofrecidas contra estas posiciones se exhibe una misma estrategia tendiente a remitis a un prerrequisito dialéctico vinculado a la pretensión de verdad. ESta constituiría una estrategia radical, en el sentido de que pone en cuestión la misma (...) posibilidad de enmitir la propia tesis por parte del adversario. (shrink)

: O objetivo principal do presente artigo é indicar as principais características da obra tardia de G. Lukács, em especial, Para uma Ontologia do Ser Social. Pretende-se ainda tecer alguns comentários sobre sua trajetória intelectual.

In the opening years of the 21st century, it became fashionable to describe the human genome as belonging to the common heritage of humanity. The United Nations, in its Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, now identifies the human genome as part of the common heritage, as does the international Human Genome Organization and the Council of Europe. The common heritage concept has played a prominent role in arguments against patenting the human genome or portions thereof. This (...) essay considers whether the common heritage designation will advance the political and legal goals of its proponents. (shrink)

Peirce claims that there is but one primary logical relation, that of illation or logical consequence. The present paper is devoted to show the influence of this viewpoint in Peirce's conception of logic. After a brief presentation of Peirce's membership in the tradition of language as calculus, it examines his pioneering work in modal logic and other systems of logic. The last section attemps to summarize his doctrine of logic as a normative science.