RESUMEN A pesar de que la reducción de R. Descartes de los animales a meras máquinas puede explicarse como una consecuencia lógica de su punto de partida metafísico y gnoseológico, se puede argüir que esta reducción parece muy difícil de defender, puesto que se nos antoja contradictoria con nuestra experiencia cotidiana. Por otra parte, uno de los propósitos de la filosofía de Descartes es la “conservación de la salud”, que puede conseguirse mediante el establecimiento de una medicina “fundada en demostraciones (...) infalibles”. De cara a conseguir tal medicina el primer paso es alcanzar el conocimiento más preciso posible del cuerpo humano a fin de tener éxito en la práctica de la cirugía. De ahí que sea bastante plausible afirmar que la metafísica y la teoría del conocimiento de Descartes no serían sus principales intereses teóricos, sino solamente una explicación y justificación ingeniosas de lo que la ciencia de su tiempo llevaba haciendo no menos de cien años antes de él, así como una inteligente manera de obviar los escrúpulos cuando se anatomizaban cadáveres humanos y animales. En consecuencia, en este artículo mantendremos que el mecanicismo y dualismo cartesianos son una verdadera filosofía de la ciencia, desde el momento en que ambos estaban dedicados a explicar y justificar lo que la ciencia estaba haciendo en la práctica. ABSTRACT Despite of the fact that R. Descartes’s reduction of animals to mere machines can be explained as a logical consequence of his metaphysical and gnoseological starting point, one can argue that this reduction seems to be very difficult to defend, since it appears to be contradictory to our everyday experience. On the other hand, one of the explicitly confessed purposes of Descartes’s philosophy is the “conservation of health”, which can be achieved by establishing a medicine “founded in infallible demonstrations”. The first step in order to get such medicine is to acquire the most accurate as possible knowledge of the human body in order to be successful in practicing surgery. That is why it is fairly plausible to state that Descartes’s metaphysics and theory of knowledge were not his main theoretical concerns, but only a witty explanation and justification of what the science of his time was doing for no less than one century before him, as well as a clever manner to avoid scruples when anatomising both human corpses and animals. Consequently, in this paper we will claim that Cartesian mechanicism and dualism are actual philosophies of science, given the fact that both were devoted to explain and justify what science was in practice doing. (shrink)

Dada la intimidad en que a menudo vivían los esclavos y sus dueños, la amenaza servil estaba siempre latente y podía ser letal. Para mantener a los esclavos bajo control y conseguir que hicieran su trabajo, los historiadores creen que se estableció un doble sistema de premios y castigos -la zanahoria y el palo- en el que la esperanza de la manumisión ocupaba un lugar destacado. En este artículo, intentaremos mostrar que la manumisión no contribuyó de modo preferente a obtener (...) la obediencia de los esclavos, pues había otras recompensas más asequibles. Tan importantes como el doble sistema de premios y castigos fueron otros mecanismos que buscaban que el esclavo interiorizase su condición y la aceptase sin protestar. Given the intimacy in which slaves and their owners often lived, the servile threat was always latent and could be lethal. To keep the slaves under control and to get them to do their work, historians believe that a dual system of rewards and punishments -the carrot and the stick- was established in which the hope of manumission occupied a prominent place. In this article, we will try to show that manumission was not the main mechanism to obtain obedience from slaves, since there were other rewards at hand. As important as the double system of rewards and punishments were other mechanisms through which slaves assimilated their condition as natural and accepted it without protest. (shrink)

This article reconstructs Habermas hypothesis that in the sacral complexity the rite precedes the myth and that could explain the permanence of religion as archaic source of solidarity even in the context of the secular world. Mythical narratives, in confrontation with science, shall lose the capacity to explain the world while the religious rites are still able to produce social integration and to collaborate for the construction of identities, at least for those who manifest such sensibility. Confrontation is stablished with (...) Charles Taylor positions, not directly about the hypothesis mentioned above but about the assumptions, that inspires it. Taylor sees the religious experience as generated in the present, an opening to transcendence of the internal modern immanent order, capable to offer therapy to pathologies of a modernity that, even accomplished great advances, has the risk of self-encapsulation. (shrink)

We study versions of limit models adapted to the context of metric abstract elementary classes. Under categoricity and superstability-like assumptions, we generalize some theorems from 7, 15-17. We prove criteria for existence and uniqueness of limit models in the metric context.

We study notions of independence appropriate for a stability theory of metric abstract elementary classes (for short, MAECs). We build on previous notions used in the discrete case, and adapt definitions to the metric case. In particular, we study notions that behave well under superstability‐like assumptions. Also, under uniqueness of limit models, we study domination, orthogonality and parallelism of Galois types in MAECs.

Este artículo examina cómo la tragedia griega, especialmente Antígona de Sófocles recupera y amplia el mito. En efecto, el mito encuentra en la tragedia un despliegue tal que en muchas ocasiones llega a competir con el canon mítico. Es también nuestra intención analizar de qué modo opera el mito en la dinámica dramática; esto es, en qué medida le es funcional a la representación trágica. This article examines how the Greek tragedy, especially Sophocles' Antigone recuperates and expands the myth. Indeed, (...) the tragedy displays the myth in a way that it can compete with the mythic canon in many occasions. It is also our intention to examine how the myth operates in the dramatic dynamics, that is, to what extent it is functional to the tragic representation. (shrink)

Le Foss ou logiciel libre, est un mouvement de fond qui valorise le partage de l'effort collectif dans la production logicielle et lutte ainsi contre l'appropriation intellectuelle de toute création humaine que les grandes industries de l'information cherchent à imposer. Le gouvernement brésilien a choisit de favoriser le Foss dans toute la société brésilienne.The Foss , or free software, is a fundamental movement that promotes the sharing of effort in software production and fight against and intellectual ownership of any human (...) creation that major information industries seek to impose. The Brazilian government has chosen to promote the Foss throughout Brazilian society. (shrink)

Este trabalho visa mostrar a forma em que o filósofo Kant percebe o conceito de ciência e interage com ele na escrita da Crítica da Razão Pura, por essa razão, é necessário recorrermos a textos do período pré-crítico onde poderemos perceber como foi construído o conceito de ciência em Kant a partir daquilo que ele vivia no século XVIII. Assim, esse texto possui seis alíneas descritivas, quais sejam: a primeira norteia o leitor a entender o ponto de onde partimos e (...) o caminho a ser percorrido, seguido pela descrição do problema que envolve a ciência em suas nuances. A terceira alínea descreve a formação Kantiana, em sua historicidade, desde o que se estudava na Alemanha, seguido pela forma em que Kant apresenta o conceito de ciência como condição de possibilidade e a última aponta uma possibilidade de reflexão à luz daquilo que Kant entende sobre ciência. (shrink)

RESUMENEn las últimas décadas el concepto de sociedad civil ha sufrido una importante transformación en el marco de la filosofía política, a raíz de su tratamiento por parte de los autores de la democracia deliberativa. Si bien una parte de los proponentes de esta teoría de la democracia asimilaron el esquema tradicional que reducía la sociedad civil a la esfera privada, otros han sabido ir más allá y la han situado en un lugar privilegiado dentro de la esfera pública. De (...) esta manera ha sido posible reforzar el papel de la sociedad civil en nuestras sociedades, gracias así a las propuestas de la democracia deliberativa.PALABRAS CLAVESOCIEDAD CIVIL, DEMOCRACIA DELIBERATIVA, CULTURA SOCIAL, ESFERA PÚBLICAABSTRACTIn the last decades the concept of civil society suffered an important transformation in the political philosophy, because of its treatment by the writers of deliberative democracy. Although one part of the authors of this theory of democracy assimilated the traditional scheme which reduced the civil society to the private sphere, others moved forward and situated it in a privileged place within the public sphere. Thus, it has been possible to strengthen the role of civil society role within our societies, due to the proposals of deliberative democracy.KEY WORDSCIVIL SOCIETY, DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY, SOCIAL CULTURE, PUBLIC SPHERE. (shrink)

El artículo presenta hechos estilizados sobre los doscientos años de historia económica brasileña según los liberales clásicos, nacionalistas y marxistas. Para ello se eligen algunos autores clásicos de cada orientación teórica por la influencia de sus interpretaciones. Mientras que los liberales clásicos alaban la dependencia económica y critican la lucha política por superar las herencias coloniales y neocoloniales, los nacionalistas y marxistas, de diferentes maneras, critican la dependencia y proponen superarla políticamente. En Brasil, los marxistas nunca han estado en el (...) poder, pero es claro un péndulo entre liberales y nacionalistas. La relevancia de la clasificación propuesta se ilustra al recordar que, hoy, Brasil es gobernado por un líder en la tradición del neoliberalismo autoritario latinoamericano inaugurado por Augusto Pinochet en 1973. Sin embargo, poco después de conmemorarse los 200 años de la independencia política en 07 de septiembre de 2022, la elección presidencial de octubre de 2022 puede marcar un nuevo giro en el péndulo hacia una visión nacionalista del pasado y el futuro de Brasil. (shrink)

O presente artigo é fruto de trabalhos e pesquisas conduzidos pela equipe de coordenação do PNLD 2018 (Plano Nacional de Livros Didáticos), a qual se reuniu por duas ocasiões, juntamente com todos os pareceristas, em seminários exclusivamente dedicados ao projeto. O texto pode, pois, ser dividido em quatro seções, as quais (e cuja divisão) se revelarão suficientemente evidentes para o leitor. Em primeiro lugar, é apresentada uma revisão historiográfica (inédita, tanto quanto sabemos) do ensino de Filosofia no Ocidente, desde as (...) primeiras instituições da Antiguidade até a atualidade, mas com especial enfoque no caso brasileiro. Em segundo lugar, apresentamos uma revisão crítica da legislação mais relevante, sobretudo a vigente, para o processo de seleção dos manuais didáticos a distribuir pelas escolas brasileiras durante o período de vigência do edital, referindo em particular os critérios que nortearam tal seleção. Em terceiro lugar, são referidos alguns dos aspectos mais importantes das obras aprovadas neste edital do PNLD. Finalmente, são abordados alguns aspectos relativos aos desafios que o PNLD terá necessariamente que enfrentar, tendo em conta a conjuntura brasileira atual, nomeadamente os pacotes legislativos mais recentes a propósito do PNLD enquanto tal, mas também do papel da própria Filosofia no ensino obrigatório no nível médio. (shrink)

Reunindo o contributo de autores oriundos de múltiplas áreas, incidindo sobre a filosofia, as tradições religiosas e sapienciais, a história, a literatura, a linguística, a literatura oral, a obra que agora se publica, sob a égide do Centro de Estudos Clássicos e do Centro de Estudos Comparatistas da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, constitui uma visão plural sobre a sabedoria, sobre o lugar da memória na compreensão sábia da realidade, enfim, sobre o modo como a sabedoria e a (...) memória se cruzam. (shrink)

Davidson claims that the basis for all semantic notions is the successful communication. This paper aims at exploring the consequences that this statement has for the notions of both meaning and language. And as a result, it explains why communication is not grounded on conventions or norms.

The market’s demand for high-quality products necessitates innovative manufacturing approaches that emphasize flexibility, adaptability, and the reduction of defects. Traditional systems are currently evolving towards embracing I4.0 technologies, including data collection, processing, analytics and digital twin, aiming for zero-defect manufacturing quality. This paper introduces an open platform, compliant with RAMI4.0 standards, designed to improve manufacturing quality. The platform integrates data using Asset Administration Shells with microservices adaptation for data ingestion and advanced analytics. Additionally, it incorporates Non-Destructive Inspection tools, demonstrating a (...) seamless integration of measurement and quality assurance. This study details the architectural specification and validation of the openZDM platform, employing microservices to ensure flexibility, modularity and scalability, aligning with the RAMI4.0 model. The platform was validated through deployment in an automotive assembly line, highlighting its effectiveness in integrating inspection scenarios and early defect detection tools. The architecture employs a choreographed approach to manage loosely coupled microservices, enabling efficient data lifecycle management from collection through analytics to visualization. (shrink)

Resumen La renta básica proporciona a la ciudadanía una autonomía económica que se traduce en una libertad real para conducir sus vidas. Sin embargo, en este artículo defiendo que la renta básica no sería efectiva en situaciones de pobreza donde se generan preferencias adaptativas en las personas. Para mostrarlo analizaré las bases psicológicas del comportamiento de personas con preferencias adaptativas. A continuación, abordaré qué estrategias son las indicadas para revertir la situación de preferencias adaptativas. Implementar estas políticas permitirá que la (...) renta básica pueda empoderar también a los más pobres.Basic income provides citizenship an economic autonomy which is translated in a real liberty to drive their lives. However, in this article I aim to analyze why basic income would not be effective in situations of poverty in which people have “adaptive preferences”. I will analyze the psychological bases of the behavior of persons with adaptive preferences. Then, I will study which strategies are more proper to reverse that situation. This would allow understanding how basic income could empower to the poorest too. (shrink)

Augusto Del Noce es uno de los pensadores que más ha incidido en tratar de comprender la sociedad contemporánea en especial a partir del final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La originalidad de su análisis radica en especial en la explicación de la génesis de la sociedad presente y en su caracterización de la misma. Este trabajo pretende exponer sus ideas en relación con las de otros filósofos que coinciden en buena medida con él. A partir de tal exposición es (...) posible sacar las consecuencias políticas de su pensamiento social. (shrink)

El artículo trata de describir un plan que tiene como objetivo favorecer la inserción laboral de los titulados mediante la realización de una estancia formativa en una empresa, estando acompañado en el proceso de desarrollo de esa estancia, a través de una serie de refuerzos formativos y una tutoría adecuada, a la vez que impulsar su capacidad emprendedora.

Traducción de "Ortega ante el lenguaje." en: Ortega y la cultura española. Madrid, Cincel 1985.

Any analysis of the Hippocratic anthropology must begin by taking a stand on two quite different issues. On the one hand, it must ascertain a precise and definite meaning of the word ‘Hippocratic’ in such a context, considering the historical problems surrounding the 'real' Hippocrates and the doctrinal heterogeneity of the Hippocratic collection. On the other hand, it must justify the very possibility of an anthropology within the Hippocratic tradition, by accommodating it with the obvious animadversion that its most representative (...) works show towards any philosophical or speculative inquiry. The first problem can be solved by purely historical means, viz. by restricting the object of analysis to the texts that admittedly represent the views of the Hippocratic school. Not so with the second one, which constitutes the truesignificant problem from a philosophical point of view and with which the present article is therefore concerned. After discussing the texts where the question on the nature of man is posed, a general survey of the Hippocratic conception of the theoretical and scientific foundations of clinical practice is given, in order to understand the Statement according to which it is to medicine, and not to philosophy, that an answer to such a question truly belongs. From such a survey a thesis arises: that, according to the Hippocratic perspective, the appropriate answer to the question on the nature of man is not the one that seeks to determine what man is, even by means of the empirical methods of medicine, but the one that reshapes the question itself, thereby replacing the philosophical focus on the knowing of man, for the sake of knowledge, by the clinical focus on the caring of man, for the sake of man himself. (shrink)

Este livro não é uma sebenta nem um manual, mas um instrumento de trabalho. Como tal, não foi concebido para ser lido nem estudado, mas sim para ser utilizado, à medida das necessidades e interesses do estudante ou do iniciado em Filosofia Antiga.