Ludwig Boltzmann is one of the foremost responsible for the development of modern atomism in thermodynamics. His proposition was revolutionary not only because it brought a new vision for Thermodynamics, merging a statistical approach with Newtonian physics, but also because he produced an entirely new perspective on the way of thinking about and describing physical phenomena. Boltzmann dared to flirt with constructivism and realism simultaneously, by hypothesizing the reality of atoms and claiming an inherent probabilistic nature related to many particles (...) systems. Boltzmann faced criticism from the positivists, who rejected the hypothesis of the atom as a matter of principle, and also from physicists, who rejected the idea of a classical bounded system that does not follow deterministic mechanical laws. We consider that Boltzmann thermodynamics has emerged as a systemic theory that deals with macroscopic bodies using collective variables; it was reformulated to a kinetic theory of gases, and subsequently to statistical mechanics. From the theoretical physical point of view, Boltzmann advocates an approach to thermodynamics based on mechanics and was one of the founders of statistical mechanics, together with ideas by Maxwell, Clausius and Gibbs. Subsequently, statistical mechanics has also influenced the development of quantum mechanics and information theory. Using an evolutionary epistemological perspective as a metaphor to describe the physical entities claimed in Boltzmann propositions, we interpret his work as a selected theory that gained attributes of reality and “survived” during a scientific-contextual competition to be more adapted, in the sense that it was able to better explain physical phenomena, and also generated “descendants”. (shrink)

This article presents an extension of the theory of justice as equity, as presented by John Rawls in his book A Theory of Justice (1971). For the international level he did the same again in Law of Peoples (1999). In the first book, Rawls discusses the so-called theoretical ideal, analyzing ju..

The events of September 11th, 2001 have irreversibly marked the outlook of the entire world in the beginning of the twentieth-first century and its consequences will certainly continue to be felt for years to come. Although relatively new, such events have not passed without receiving attention from some among the foremost thinkers of our time. Given that, we intend to develop an interpretative hypothesis which, starting from the perspective opened by the reflections of Friedrich Nietzsche concerning the nihilism and the (...) great politics, seeks to understand both the violent actions which try to justify themselves from a fundamentalist world view as well as the recent political and military configuration of the U.S. liberal democracy as different forms of reaction against the deepening of the value crisis ​​through which the Western world passes. (shrink)

A reflexão que aqui propomos pretende ser somente uma nota introdutória ao pensamento do filósofo francês Emmanuel Falque, a partir da sua última obra Hors phénomène: Essai aux confins de la phénoménalité. Para tal, partiremos dos pontos fundamentais do seu livro, colocando-o no interior do seu já amplo, vigoroso e maturado projecto filosófico. Assim, esperamos mostrar não só a génese de um pensamento denso e criativo no âmbito da filosofia fenomenológica, e para além-dela, possivelmente, mas também evidenciar alguns horizontes que (...) está obra poderá abrir no âmbito do pensamento contemporâneo. Aventamos aqui a hipótese de que Hors phénomène constitui, de certo modo, um momento charneira ou de inflexão fundamental no percurso filosófico e intelectual do seu autor. Um conceito pensado e forjado a partir da experiência vivida da radical finitude humana, ou melhor, nos confins de toda a fenomenalidade. (shrink)

O nosso objetivo com este artigo é refutar a tese de que não é possível reconhecer na obra de Rousseau rigor e elementos lógico-sistemáticos comuns aos grandes filósofos. Nossa intenção é mostrar que seu estilo multiforme só aparentemente é indisciplinado e incongruente.

There is considerable evidence that animals can time multiple intervals that occur separately or concurrently. Such simultaneous temporal processing occurs both in temporal discrimination procedures and in classical conditioning procedures. The first part of the chapter will consist of the review of the evidence for simultaneous temporal processing, and the conditions under which the different intervals have influences on each other. The second part of the chapter will be a brief description of two timing theories: Scalar Timing Theory and a (...) Packet Theory of Timing. Scalar Timing Theory consists of a pacemaker-switch-accumulator system that serves as a clock, a memory that consists of examples of previously reinforced intervals, and a decision process that involves a comparison of ratios to a criterion; the Packet Theory of Timing consists of a conditional expected time function that serves as a clock, a memory that consists of weighted sums of these values, and a probabilistic decision process that produces packets of responses. Both of these theories will be applied to an example of simultaneous temporal processing by rats, and will serve as the basis for some general comments about the basis for selecting and evaluating quantitative theories of timing. (shrink)

RESUMO:O objetivo de nossa exposição é mostrar que, em sua Carta a d’Alembert, Rousseau retoma o debate clássico sobre a relação entre o teatro e a moral nas mesmas bases estabelecidas por Platão. Sendo assim, a disputa sobre o teatro tem, da parte de Rousseau, uma objetividade que não encontramos no artigo de d’Alembert. Portanto, não se trata de uma diferença de opinião entre Rousseau e d’Alembert, mas da capacidade filosófica de bem compreender o que é próprio ao teatro e (...) à moralidade. ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to show how Rousseau, in his Letter to D’Alembert, takes up the classic debate between theatre and morals on the same grounds established by Plato. In Rousseau’s work, the debate about theatre has an objectivity that we do not find in D’Alembert’s article. Therefore, what is involved is not a difference of opinion between Rousseau and D’Alembert, but a difference in the philosophical ability to fully understand what concerns both theatre and morality. (shrink)

No ano de 1985, a pedido do então prefeito de Ivatuba, Adolfo Semprebom, o jornalista londrinense Antônio Padilha escreveu e organizou uma revista sobre a história denominada de oficial do município. No presente artigo, é apresentada uma análise sobre esta publicação buscando compreender a construção de alguns discursos sobre a memória coletiva de Ivatuba, sob a ótica do “pioneiro”, considerado agente fundamental e percussor da ocupação e expansão da cidade. Nesse sentido, tornou-se fundamental atentar para os “não-ditos” como, por exemplo, (...) a presença de indígenas, a rápida devastação da cobertura vegetal na região e suas implicações para o ambiente. (shrink)

This paper discusses cross-border projects and their respective social representations to local groups. We present as a case study the boatmen who pilot their boats between Brazil and France on the construction of the Binational Bridge. Catraieiros are currently responsible for much of the logistics between Amapá and French Guiana. Our theoretical framework is based on the literature on Regional Integration and Social Representation. We applied interviews to one third of the catraieiros. We concluded that in the Subject-Representation-Object relationship, the (...) group that understood itself as responsible for the dialogue between two cities built a negative and threatening representation on the Bridge. (shrink)

Pretende-se oferecer uma reconstituição do argumento de Darwin no capítulo 6 da Origem das espécies contra a ideia de finalidade como princípio de explicação das partes funcionais dos seres vivos, de modo a elucidar sua dívida, deliberada ou não, em relação à crítica do finalismo exposta na parte 3 dos Diálogos sobre religião natural. A ideia é situar o ponto preciso em que a teoria de Darwin se vincula à filosofia de Hume, desfazendo, ao mesmo tempo o mal-entendido que encontra (...) no filósofo escocês uma espécie de profeta da teoria da evolução, em pleno século XVIII – um contrassenso que ignora a situação epistemológica da fisiologia e da anatomia no período, ciências para as quais uma teoria como essa teria parecido pura e simples especulação sem base experimental ou teórica. A contribuição de Hume para a biologia do século XIX é outra, e situa-se num nível talvez mais profundo que o da teoria dos seres vivos: consiste em ter solapado em definitivo a noção de que as formas dos seres vivos se deixariam explicar pela funcionalidade que os naturalistas encontram em sua organização específica, vendo aí o sinal de um desígnio. Para Hume, bem como para Darwin, tudo o que há nessa ideia é uma analogia com a forma dos produtos da técnica humana. (shrink)

Trata-se de examinar as relações entre pensamento e linguagem em Hume, de modo a situar a importância da gramática geral no quadro das ciências da natureza humana delineado no Tratado. Se Hume não tem uma filosofia da linguagem, é certo que ele delineia uma teoria dos signos, cuja reconstituição ilumina também as relações entre gramática, lógica e crítica.

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The present exposition has the following structure. In the first part,, I will synthetize some of the criticisms of Rawl’s conception of subject, or self; in the second part, I will scrutinize a 1963 paper by Rawls entitled “The sense of justice”, and hope to show, on the basis of this text, that one cannot say that the Rawlsian moral being is a being without flesh, blood or life, as critics have suggested, following in the footsteps of criticism from Hegel (...) to Kant; third, I will examine excerpts of TJ that deal, directly or indirectly, with the concept of subject; finally, I will look at papers published after TJ that may be relevant to the present topic. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to set forth conjectures that are likely to explain the inclusion of Plato and Hermes as heralds of Mani in the testimony of Ephrem of Syria. This incorporation should be set against the background of the Syrian religious milieu, which was influenced by both Hellenistic philosophy and Eastern religious traditions. Therefore, it would be better to seek a religious and philosophical environment wherein Plato and Hermes were associated. Keywords: Manichaeism, apocalypticism, theurgy, hermetism, Merkabah mysticism, (...) late platonism. (shrink)

Le rapport à l'alténté en général et à autrui en particulier condense un noyau de possibilités multiples qui, selon l'hypothèse esquissée, s'exprìme et s'interprète dans le mode de penser et de vivre le Désir d'avenir. Oscillant entre hétérophagie et hétérophilie, ce type fondamental d'érotisme temporel s'incarne dans des configurations phénoménologiques dont la typologie idéale fait covarier une décision métaphysique avec une attitude éthique . L'analyse des contrastes qui définissent les positions onto-éthiques de Sartre, Merleau-Ponty et Lévinas devient une méthode heuristique (...) pour mettre en évidence la topologie de l'incommensurable et de l'optatif. The relation to alterity in general and to others in particular encapsulates a logical space of multiple possibilities which, according to the author's hypothesis, may be expressed and interpreted in the manner of thinking and living the Desire of future. Oscillating between heterophagia and heterophilia, this fundamental type of temporal eroticism embodies vanous phenomenological configurations whose ideal typology reveals a deep correlation between a metaphysical decision with an ethical attitude . The analysis of mutual contrasts defining Sartre's, Merleau-Ponty s and Lévinas' onto-ethic stances is adopted as a methodological device in order to elucidate a broad topology of incommensurabilia and desiderata. (shrink)

Este artigo explora alguns elementos da interpretação do liberalismo e do conservadorismo na obra de José Guilherme Merquior, tendo em vista dois problemas fundamentais. Em um primeiro momento, buscaremos tornar explícitos alguns elementos de O Liberalismo: Antigo e Moderno para entender como a contribuição de Merquior traz uma sofisticação teórica e crítica que não estava disponível na nossa literatura sobre história das ideias no período. Num segundo momento, procuraremos demonstrar que sua abordagem crítica permite a Merquior tratar o estudo do (...) liberalismo de modo diverso, compreendendo que é impossível afirmar a existência de uma “tradição liberal” unívoca e que a diversidade de manifestações ideológicas do liberalismo obedece a influxos e conjunções de ideias que responderiam por sua pluralidade. O principal exemplo disso, como pretendemos deixar claro, é o modo como Merquior trata a “variante liberista” do liberalismo como uma conjunção entre ideias liberais e conservadoras, apontando para os limites desse "híbrido" com relação às promessas liberais clássicas. (shrink)

La tesis central del presente texto es que la emergencia del nuevo paradigma de los movimientos sociales es verificada por la fuerza creciente de la idea de red social al interior de las ciencias sociales. Sin embargo, entendemos que el reconocimiento más amplio de este nuevo paradigma es impedido p..

Paulo Margutti e José Crisóstomo discutem sobre a possiblidade ou a impossibilidade de ultrapassar o representacionismo correspondentista e principalmente o eventual linguocentrismo da filosofia contemporânea, pós-virada linguística, em que parece que da linguagem pode-se passar apenas à linguagem, a cujo círculo mágico estaríamos, desse modo, inevitavelmente presos. Sendo assim, o mundo “aí fora” novamente nos escapa e o relativismo, o agnosticismo e o ceticismo de novo nos espreitam. Em Nietzsche, é a linguagem, sempre metafórica, que se adéqua aos nossos (...) modos prático-perspectivistas, corpóreos e afetivos, de “recortar” o mundo, ou é o contrário? E em Maturana, o que vem primeiro? Para Crisóstomo, para quem no começo está o ato, ultrapassamos tudo isso através de nosso emaranhamento prático com o mundo, por meio da natureza sensível criativa de nossas práticas e pela tradução de crenças em condutas. Enquanto que, para Margutti, nada disso parece deslocar a primazia incontornável da linguagem, como prática ela própria. Sobre isso, Margutti pergunta pelo suposto aproveitamento, por Crisóstomo, no seu ponto de vista prático-poiético criativo, em versão alegadamente não idealista nem dualista, da noção de autoconsciência, central no idealismo alemão. (shrink)

A sociedade contemporânea convive com situações sociais, políticas e econômicas que suscitam o desejo de paz, de tolerância e de justiça. A escola é uma instituição essencial na organização social, pois por ela passam crianças, adolescentes e jovens por um período de tempo importante de sua formação e de construção da sua identidade. Nesse processo, o Projeto Político Pedagógico (PPP) tem um papel fundamental, pois gera uma ação intencional e propõe uma direção a partir de um compromisso construído coletivamente e (...) articulado com os interesses da educação em âmbito estadual e nacional. O objetivo desse texto é apresentar os resultados de uma pesquisa qualitativa feita em escolas da rede estadual de Belo Horizonte – MG – e mostrar a importância da formação humanista nos PPPs, pois eles oferecem elementos que ajudam as escolas a realizarem seus objetivos, a enfrentarem os desafios e a planejarem seu futuro rumo à formação de jovens cidadãos. Palavras-Chave: Juventude. Cidadania. Formação Humanista. Projeto Político Pedagógico.: Contemporary society coexists with social, political and economic conditions that give rise to the desire for peace, tolerance and justice. The school is an essential institution in social organization, because it works with young people for a considerable period of time of its formation and construction of their identity. In this process, the political Pedagogical Project (PPP) has a key role because it generates an intentional action and proposes a direction from a commitment collectively constructed and articulated with the interests of education statewide and nationally. This paper presents the results of a qualitative research conducted in schools of the state of Belo Horizonte – MG. Political Pedagogical Project offers information to help schools achieve their goals and also to face challenges and to plan their future as young citizens trainers. Keywords : Youth. Citizenship. Humanistic. Education. Pedagogical Political Project. (shrink)

Mentoring the Mentor recreates a Freirian dialogue in a printed format. In this volume, sixteen distinguished scholars engage in a critical and thoughtful exchange with Paulo Freire. While some contributors voice appreciation for Freire's ideas and for what it means to «reinvent Freire» in a North American context, others offer sharp critiques of Freire's philosophy and, of equal importance, of the various interpretations of his work. A variety of chapters describe specific uses which have been made of Freire's ideas (...) in diverse educational contexts, from the New York City public schools to the revolutions in Guinea Bissau and Eritrea. Finally, Paulo Freire himself responds to the major issues which are raised in the volume and invites readers to share in a continuing lively dialogue about the meaning of democratic and revolutionary education. «The fundamental task of the mentor is a liberatory task. It is not to encourage the mentor's goals and aspirations and dreams to be reproduced in the mentees, the students, but to give rise to the possibility that the students become the owners of their own history. This is how I understand the need that teachers have to transcend their merely instructive task and to assume the ethical posture of a mentor who truly believes in the total autonomy, freedom, and development of those he or she mentors.» (from Chapter Sixteen, «A Response» by Paulo Freire). (shrink)

The standard approach to the core phenomenology of thought insertion characterizes it in terms of a normal sense of thought ownership coupled with an abnormal sense of thought agency. Recently, Fernández (2010) has argued that there are crucial problems with this approach and has proposed instead that what goes wrong fundamentally in such a phenomenology is a sense of thought commitment, characterized in terms of thought endorsement. In this paper, we argue that even though Fernández raises new issues that enrich (...) the topic, his proposal cannot rival the version of the standard approach we shall defend. (shrink)

Abstract: In a previous article in this journal, Daniel Kelly, Stephen Stich, Kevin Haley, Serena Eng and Daniel Fessler report data that, according to them, foster scepticism about an association between harm and morality existent in the Turiel tradition ( Kelly et al. , 2007 ). This article challenges their interpretation of the data. It does so by explicating some methodological problems in the Turiel tradition that Kelly et al. themselves in a way inherit and by drawing on new evidence (...) coming from a partial replication of their research. (shrink)

This paper concerns a recently discovered, puzzling asymmetry in judgments of whether an action is intentional or not (Knobe, Philosophical Psychology 16:309–324, 2003a ; Analysis 63:190–193, b ). We report new data replicating the asymmetry in the context of scenarios wherein an agent achieves an amoral or immoral goal due to luck. Participants’ justifications of their judgments of the intentionality of the agent’s action indicate that two distinct folk concepts of intentional action played a role in their judgments. When viewed (...) from this perspective, the puzzle disappears, although the asymmetry remains. (shrink)

This article presents a parametrized functional interpretation. Depending on the choice of two parameters one obtains well-known functional interpretations such as Gödel's Dialectica interpretation, Diller-Nahm's variant of the Dialectica interpretation, Kohlenbach's monotone interpretations, Kreisel's modified realizability, and Stein's family of functional interpretations. A functional interpretation consists of a formula interpretation and a soundness proof. I show that all these interpretations differ only on two design choices: first, on the number of counterexamples for A which became witnesses for ¬A when defining (...) the formula interpretation and, second, the inductive information about the witnesses of A which is considered in the proof of soundness. Sufficient conditions on the parameters are also given which ensure the soundness of the resulting functional interpretation. The relation between the parametrized interpretation and the recent bounded functional interpretation is also discussed. (shrink)