The terms “competency” and “decision making capacity” are often used interchangeably in the medical setting. Although competency is a legal determination made by judges, “competency” assessments are frequently requested of psychiatrists who are called to consult on hospitalised patients who refuse medical treatment. In these situations, the bioethicist is called to consult frequently as well, sometimes as a second opinion or “tie breaker”. The psychiatric determination of competence, while a clinical phenomenon, is based primarily in legalism and can be quite (...) different from the bioethics approach. This discrepancy highlights the difficulties that arise when a patient is found to be “competent” by psychiatry but lacking in DMC by bioethics. Using a case, this dilemma is explored and guidance for reconciling the opinions of two distinct clinical specialties is offered. (shrink)

Die erste Darstellung der Wissenschaftslehre nach der Vorlesung von 1801/1802 bietet bereits eine vollständige Wissenschaftslehre und nicht nur die Grundlage derselben. Sie behandelt aber neben der Lehre vom absoluten Wissen und von dieser aus das System der Entfaltungen des Wissens, also nicht allein wie die Wissenschaftslehren von 1804 und 1805 den ersten Teil, die "philosophia prima", d. i. die Lehre vom Absoluten und vom absoluten Wissen. Sie ist damit in charakteristischer Weise von diesen unterschieden.

The role of individual factors in behavioral neuroscience is an important, but still neglected, area of research. For example, the Elevated Plus-Maze Test has been one of the most used paradigms to gauge unconditioned aversively motivated behavior in rodents. However, despite a great number of experiments with this test there have been only few efforts to assess systematic individual variations in the elevated plus-maze and related neurobiological functions. The present review aims to give, first, a general overview and introduction about (...) the test, and second, an animal model of anxiety based on natural variance of plus-maze behavior within a given unselected population of rats. Finally, critical aspects of such approaches in animal research are discussed, and suggestions are given as to where to go from here. (shrink)

Rules konzeption der selbst-und fremderfahrung in "the concept of mind" wird kritisiert: es besteht ein grundsatzlicher unterschied zwischen dem zugang zum eigenen und fremden bewusstsein: wahrend mir das fremde bewusstsein als ein 2ensemble von verhaltensweisen gegeben ist, ist mein eignes bewusstsein identisch mit der vpon mir wahrgenommenen, fingierten etc. welt als solcher. eigenes unbewusstes erfahre ich im modus der mir selbst gegenuber eingenommenen ausseneinstellung, fremdes wird fur mich durch inkoharenz des fremden verhaltens thematisch.

Negatieve kijk van de voormannen van de Amerikaanse revolutie op de kansen in Europa van vrijheid en gelijkheid. Historische schets van het anti-amerikanisme in Europa. Anti-Europese gevoelens van afkeer in de VS. Het anti-amerikanisme, de omstreden Irak-oorlog en Guantanamo. Verwijten van de VS aan Europa. 'Op te merken blijft een constante in de onenigheid tussen Europa en de VS die gedurende tweehonderd jaar nauwelijks is veranderd. De drie geloftes van de Franse Revolutie, "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité", zijn aan beide zijden van (...) de Atlantische Oceaan verschillend uitgelegd'. In de VS, anders dan in Europa, staat vrijheid voorop. (shrink)

The war in Kosovo is heartbreaking for everyone whose feelings are not limited by their convictions. Watching the daily television images of refugees and the NATO bombings, only dogmatists could be satisfied by their arguments for or against the war. Opponents and advocates of the invention alike should concede their mixed emotions, and there is no reason to deny similar scruples to the political leadership of the Western alliance. It is not useful to make moralizing distinctions in this war, such (...) as between good people, defenders of peace, and power-hungry militarists eager to use any chance to try out new…. (shrink)

Das, was gesehen, gehört oder gedacht wird, begreift der Band 23 Manifeste zu Bildakt und Verkörperung nicht als ein passives, sondern aktives Gegenüber. Dieses zeigt sich in Bildern, Objekten, Tönen, Materialien, Wörtern oder Schriftzeichen, welche die Beiträge des Bandes im Sinne einer Kulturtheorie des Entgegenkommenden deuten. Diese gründet auf einer analytischen Herangehensweise, die die Gegenstände der Betrachtung in ihrer Eigenständigkeit respektiert, um den Modus ihrer Aktivität angemessen beschreiben zu können. Die versammelten Untersuchungen aus den Bereichen Kunst- und Bildwissenschaft, Philosophie, Sprachphilosophie (...) sowie Musik- und Filmwissenschaft, nähern sich programmatisch zentralen Begriffen von Active Matter bis zu Verkörperung. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Klio Jahrgang: 97 Heft: 1 Seiten: 135-156.

The idea that sociology has the status of a strict science—that is, that sociology, like mathematics, has at its disposal a well-founded, deductive system of propositions—is nowadays rejected even more by its pragmatic advocates than by its skeptical practitioners; it is refuted both by the arbitrary manipulation of sociology’s internally constitutive, theoretical interconnections at the hands of practical interests and technocratic utility, and by the resultant increasing relativization of its findings. However, as we shall see, the arbitrariness of the treatment (...) of sociology does not correspond with any arbitrariness in its object. On the contrary, with all empirical relativity a structural constancy persists in the agency constructing, comparing, and evaluating the experience of the everyday world, as well as scientific experience. This was precisely Kant’s discovery, that the conditions making possible our primary experience of objects must be, at the same time, the constitutive structure of the objects themselves, and also the framework for the scientifically systematic treatment of them, because otherwise there could be no knowledge in the sense of the structural identification of object, experience, and reflection. This Kantian principle guarantees, then, that sociology is indeed possible as a strict science; that is, it is completely possible as an integral, deductive aspect of theory, as long as we reconstruct, by means of axioms and postulates, the constitution of the object of theory out of the structure of our direct interpersonal experience. In this vein, Rene König, a pioneer in modern German social science, states. (shrink)