A detailed analysis of psycho-pedagogical, methodological and linguistic sources in the article has allowed one to justify and build a holistic model of developing communicative professional competence in economics students. This author’s model includes the interrelated components of communicative professional activities, criteria for their assessment and levels of communicative professional competence in economics students. The following pedagogical conditions have been presented in the context of the research: modelling probable professional communicative situations in the educational process; ensuring communicative professional orientation of (...) information and communication technologies; strengthening the subjective position of students during communicative professional training. Their effective use in the educational process contributes to developing the motivational sphere of students, improving their knowledge of languages ​​and other academic courses, enhancing their abilities to apply the obtained knowledge in practice and adequately assess themselves as specialists. The international relevance of the article lies in offering guidelines for educational institutions that strive to enhance the educational processes in a postmodern society. (shrink)

In article describes the mechanism provide the economic security on the base of combination marketing and State economic regulation levers control this process.

The article analyzes the student's period of Sydor Holubovych in the context of social and political processes taking place among Western students of the late nineteenth century. Found out its role in the political life in the Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party (RURP). In particular, we show students influential political force, which played an important role in the ideological evolution RURP. Noted S. Holubovych part in the activities of students society of "Academic Fraternity". Detail highlights the process of organizational development students' society (...) of "Academic Community", the peculiarities of cultural, educational and social work during the presidency of S. Holubovych. The role of the community in educating highly qualified professionals and the formation of their active citizenship. (shrink)

У статті розглядається перша магістерська дисертація М. І. Костомарова "Про причини і характер унії в Західній Росії" як унікальний твір, у якому вперше центральною проблемою для автора стала народна історія. Проаналізовано дійсні причини ліквідації дисертації і її наукове значення. Переглянуто зміст твору й основні проблеми, котрі не досліджувалися науковцями раніше.

The article deals with the study of specific aspects of daily life of management and ordinary workers of the Ukrainian police at the mid 1920's based on the much-discussed in the press "Kievcase". This case was about systematic bribery in Ukrainian police (in modern language - about corruption). In this way we have detected the conditions, causes and mechanisms of the corruption that matter for the modern study of this phenomenon.

The current article discusses the distinction between affective valence—the degree to which an affective response represents pleasure or displeasure—and semantic valence, the degree to which an object or event is considered positive or negative. To date, measures that reflect positivity and negativity are usually placed under the same conceptual umbrella (e.g., valence, affective, emotional), with minimal distinction between the modes of valence they reflect. Recent work suggests that what might seem to reflect a monolithic structure of valence has at least (...) two different, confounding underlying sources, affective and semantic, that are fundamentally distinct, dissociable, and that obey different, recognizable rules. The current work discusses this distinction and provides implications for affective science from both the theoretical and the empirical perspective. (shrink)

Oxana Timofeeva's The History of Animals: A Philosophy is an original and ambitious treatment of the "animal question". While philosophers have always made distinctions between human beings and animals, Timofeeva imagines a world free of such walls and borders. Timofeeva shows the way towards the full acceptance of our animality; an acceptance which does not mean the return to our animal roots, or anything similar. The freedom generated by this acceptance operates through negativity; is an effect of the rejection of (...) the very core of metaphysical philosophy and Christian culture, traditionally opposed to our 'animal' nature and seemingly detached from it. (shrink)

In this paper is constructed an analogue of the square of opposition for propositions about relations between two non-empty sets. Unlike the classical square of opposition, the proposed scheme uses all logically possible syllogistic constants, formulated in V.I. Markin’s universal language for traditional positive syllogistic theories. This scheme can be called “Logical lantern”. The basic constants of this language are representing the five basic relations between two non-empty sets: equity, strict inclusion, reversed strict inclusion, intersection and exclusion (considered are only (...) the relations between sets, but not the relations of the sets to the universe). The other relations between sets are combinations (disjunctions) of the basic ones. There are 32 constants and 32 respective propositions, and the proposed diagram expresses and/or allows to deduce the logical relations among those propositions. The constructed scheme, making it possible to visually see the logical relations among propositions about relations between two non-empty sets, allows us to suggest considering logical relations not discussed previously: many-place Aristotelian-like logical relations among propositions: exhaustive _n_-place contrariety and exhaustive _n_-place subcontrariety (_n_ is a natural number, \(n>2\) ). (shrink)

The task of this article is to clarify the appropriateness and adequacy of peace-making (confessional) rhetoric in the situation of the war of aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, in particular, the meaningful correspondence of the concept of «peace» in its application or reading by the bearers of different worldview paradigms. The «russkii mir» cannot be translated either as «Russian peace» or as «Russian world». This is because the scope and content of these concepts are different. Rus (Kyiv`s Rus) (...) — a thousand-year-old princely state with its center in Kyiv, where the ancestors of modern Ukrainians lived, baptized by Prince Volodymyr in 988. Rus is not Russia. But Muscovy adopted the name Russia to derive its historiography from Rus. «Russkii mir» actually refutes the axiological principles laid down by ancient Rus’s civilization (freedom, dignity, partnership, co-creation, mutual responsibility). «Russkii mir» destroys peace in global or any local images, trying to grab the territory it decided to own. «Russkii mir» encroaches on world domination and therefore tries to impose its rules of the game on the world, which would reshape the world structure according to the wishes of the Russian dictators. For this, «russkii mir» uses any means and institutions as a tool: the army, weapons of mass destruction, atrocities, terror, lies, propaganda, the church and peace-making rhetoric. The goal is not to restore peace, but to establish the world domination of the Russian Empire in any of its variants (Muscovy, Russian Empire, Soviet Union, Russian Federation or Orthodox Civilization). Russian Orthodox Church plays a leading role in this — it uses religious rhetoric to formu- late a worldview model of the «russkii mir», consolidates the Russian population for a war of aggression, and justifies the atrocities of the Russian military with the sacred mission of restoring the Holy Rus’. Russian Orthodox Church justifies the «civilizing mission» of the Russian troops, actually calls to protect «our Common Russian Fatherland» by killing Ukrainians on the territo- ry of Ukraine. False messianism, manichaeism, paternalism, hatred of the civilized world that lives by democratic standards and respects the dignity and freedom of the individual, Russian arrogance, conceit, supremacy and egomania — this is what Russian Orthodoxy promotes with its religious rhetoric. Therefore, if we hear calls for «peace» from the bearer of the «russkii mir»’s worldview, it actually means a demand to come to terms with all their whims, to give up one’s own identity, one’s own world, one’s own life, if they do not fit into the concept of «russkii mir». (shrink)

ABSTRACTPeople sometimes report both pleasant and unpleasant feelings when presented with affective stimuli. However, what is reported as “mixed emotions” might reflect semantic knowledge about the...

The problem of formation of professional intercultural competence is relevant in the conditions of post-industrial postmodern society. The article highlights main trends in factors of intercultural competence. The article considers different approaches to determining the foreign language competence of tourism experts to intercultural competence. The analysis of theoretical and methodological approaches gives grounds to define the concept of German-language competence and qualifications of tourism experts. In the context of the study, the features of intercultural competence are identified. The objectives of (...) the article are to determine main aspects of the formation of professional German-speaking competence of future tourism experts. In the course of the research the world and domestic experience of professional competence formation of future tourism experts and formation aspects of foreign language professional competence are analyzed. Also, based on the study, it can be argued that there is no single approach to the future tourism professionals formation of intercultural competence. Methods of analysis, synthesis, a research method and method of content analysis were used in the research. Based on the study, it is proved that levels of intercultural competence are controlled processes in the context of the use of modern educational technologies. Future tourism experts combine knowledge and skills in professional terms to achieve a high level of qualification. The results of the study are the basis for extracurricular activities in the formation of foreign language competence. (shrink)

The author responds to the article by L. Fylypovych "Does Contemporary Ukrainian Religious Studies have a Strategy for Survival and Development?", where she gives her recommendations for overcoming the crisis in humanities in general and in religious studies in particular.

The formation of public opinion in different countries of the world is important for the formation of global media discourse, since ambiguous opinions are produced in the Asian media, it is worth investigating and studying the linguistic nature of journalistic methods of influencing the audience and the peculiarities of communication with readers. The study aimed to decipher the explicit and implicit linguistic techniques employed to construct political narratives in the media domains of China and Japan, while also examining existing research (...) in the realm of media language. The methodological basis of the work is analytical-synthetic, comparative, contextual and lexical-semantic analysis, which were used in a complex. In this study, the peculiarities of the media discourse of China and Japan were determined based on the analysis of the objectivity of the depiction of events related to the war in Ukraine, and an idea was formed about the characteristics of the narratives that were laid at the level of explicit and implicit meanings, decoded using the study of linguistic means. Attention is focused on the contrast between the Chinese and Japanese positions regarding the war in Ukraine in the media discourse and the peculiarities of information coverage (neutrality or stylistic marking, the choice of lexical-semantic means, the level of artistic imagery). A contextual analysis of Chinese and Japanese online newspapers, which form the modern Asian media field, was carried out, which journalistic techniques are used and which linguistic means are used to achieve the basic communicative goal. This research can be used for further linguistic investigations regarding the formation of political narratives in different regions and countries of the world, in particular regarding the war in Ukraine, conducting a comparative analysis of the rhetoric of public opinion leaders and their influence on the general media discourse. (shrink)

The paper reviews historical and regional studies publications of Volyn periodicals in the 19 th -20 th centuries, which covered the Ukrainian-Polish-Russian relations. Their key theme lines are indicated, specifically a socio-economic line which addressed social inequality problems, enslavement of Ukrainian peasants by Polish gentry at the time when some Ukrainian regions were a part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; a religious line which covered consequences of Polonization, threats to Orthodoxy, feats and courage of its defenders; an ethnographic line which attempted (...) to describe the history of origin of nations and the specifics of their national self-identification. It is shown that all these lines of publications featured different ideological tendencies. Thus some articles from ‘Volynskiye Gubernskiye Vedomosti’, ‘Pochayevskiye Izvestiya’ and ‘Volynskiye Yeparkhialniye Vedomosti’ were analyzed, which allowed to trace propaganda of the Russian Empire in the spirit of Russian monarchism and chauvinism spreading via press. Those processes had a rather negative impact on social and interethnic moods of the Ukrainian-Polish-Russian relations in the imperialist context. By contrast with the above, journalists of the democratic newspaper ‘Vestnik Volyni’ advocated the Polish and Ukrainian self-identification. (shrink)

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the role of the feminine principle in the cosmogonic ideas of the Slavic peoples and the philosophy of the Ancient East, in particular, India and China, to the establishment of common and distinctive features of female personification. The authors conclude that the ancient tribal culture, which was based on the logic of nature, the maintenance of the world in unity and the balance of opposites, was much more favorable to women than (...) monotheistic religions, which affirmed the sinful nature of women. Ideas about the origin and development of the universe occupy a central place in the mythological heritage, in the cosmic processes and powerful forces of nature, the unbreakable harmony of male and female principles can be traced, where male energy consists in the idea of fertilization, and female energy – in birth and creation. In every mythological system, there is a character of the Mother Goddess, who acts as a co-creator of the world and living beings, but with the establishment of the patriarchal system, the mythological paradigm undergoes changes, and the female principle is gradually recognized as secondary, or it was completely leveled in the processes of world creation. The archetype of the Great Mother reflects the functioning of human values and runs through the entire history of philosophy and culture. (shrink)

This article considers the ethical dimension of technological science (technoscience), namely, the problem of the applicability of the categories of ‘good’ and ‘evil’ to the functioning of new technologies. Aspects of evil brought about by the introduction of new technologies (i.e. lack/scarcity of resources, devaluation of human labour, ignorance of/inability to use technical tools, violations of the measure and harmony of life, etc.) are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to a new form of evil, namely artificial/technological evil. The article argues (...) that the emergence of such evils is associated with the growing scale of human intervention in the natural course of things and with recent advances in technology. Dangers related to the uncontrolled development of technological science along many axes of human existence are analysed. The authors conclude that overcoming artificial evil is possible via a transition from a man-made to an anthropogenic (intellectual and humanistic) form of civilisation in which the achievements of technoscience serve not the self-destruction of mankind but the discovery of essential human forces. (shrink)

У статті на основі широкого кола історичної літератури та джерел висвітлено розвиток нафтогазової промисловості Прикарпаття й становлення її науково-технічного потенціалу, досягнення, тенденції, перспективи. Автор доводить, що провідне місце в широкому колі національних і галузевих вузів заслужено посів вищий технічний навчальний заклад - Івано-Франківський інститут нафти і газу, де проводилися ґрунтовні наукові дослідження та навчання майбутніх спеціалістів країни.

The author emphasizes the leading role of Kant's philosophy and neo-Kantianism in spreading the theory of natural law on Ukrainian territory. The article emphasizes that the idea of natural law was considered in the circles of the Ukrainian intelligentsia as a component of the general system of idealistic views. The intelligentsia was critical of positive law and called for the correction of its defects with the help of moral goals. The author compares rationalist and religious-ethical approaches to issues of ethical (...) origin and natural human rights. (shrink)

The present article analyzes and outlines significant changes in ideas about the object of scientific knowledge in modern science. Special attention is paid to the transition to the paradigm of complexity, within which the object of scientific knowledge acquires a complex systemic character and remains in the same complex connections with systems of different levels. It is marked that such changes entail a number of methodological requirements, which are especially clearly manifested in modern theories of bioethics and its real practices. (...) A special role in this case is assigned to issues of transdisciplinary approach, complementary methodology, and values of the subject of bioethical cognition. The prospects for further research are related to the possibilities of deepening the methodology of the paradigm of complexity based on the application of a transdisciplinary approach. (shrink)

The relevance of the topic is due to the need to study contemporary religious processes in Ukraine, since the policy of state-church relations largely requires the adjustment and development of their more effective models based on pan-European practice. In addition, the social orientation of the Roman Catholic Church leads to reflections on the role and place of Orthodoxy in the modern world, the advisability of preserving its conservative traditionalist foundations. In this context, the experience of the RCC's missionary activity is (...) not only scientifically-cognitive, but also clearly practical. (shrink)

The Church as a religious institution has various forms of manifestation of its presence in society and ways of realizing its main vocation-preaching the Gospel. Among the various forms and methods of communication of faith, the urgency of which today is actualized by a number of objective reasons, special attention should be paid to the so-called "evangelism to charity". In particular, the "Decree on Missionary Activity of the Church" states that "missionaries can and must patiently, prudently and with great confidence (...) to give Christ's testimony an expression of love and charity, and only to prepare the way for the Lord..." '. That is, the testimony of a word requires compulsory confirmation by acts of mercy. "Good news", as remarked by Roman Catholic priests, can not be preached to the hungry. The duty of the preacher is to feed first, and then talk about the kingdom of God; While preaching the gospel, we should not forget about the daily, terrestrial things, about the urgent needs of people. without this the Gospel is dead. ". (shrink)

The research is aimed at outlining aspects of the influence of the achievements of the culture of the third information revolution on the formation of the young generation in the philosophical discourse of the French philosopher M. Serres, revealing the features of the achievements of the third information revolution of modern culture, in particular in the spatial, temporal and, in fact, human dimensions, their influence on the formation of personality of the “hopthumb”. The theoretical basis of the study is based (...) on culturological and anthropological aspects of the influence of information and computer technology on the formation of personality, human self-awareness in the modern world. The methodology of M. Serres is used in the work. The scientific novelty of the proposed article is the analysis of the philosophical and pedagogical achievements of the French philosopher M. Serres, in particular, argued the presence in the scientific heritage of a famous contemporary doctrine of special characteristics and features of the modern young man, which the author calls " hopthumb" against the background of the formation of a new space of culture. In addition, the study of the theoretical constants of M. Serres made it possible to outline the signs of the third information revolution, to generalize and actualize the philosophical reflection on the self-identification of the individual in the new conditions. Based on the analysis of the work of the modern philosopher, the connection between the rapid achievements of the information revolution and the culture of younger generations was revealed and understood. (shrink)

У статті розглядаються погляди на феномен релігії представника наукової думки ХІХ століття М. І. Костомарова, якого частіше презентують як історика, упускаючи важливі для української науки сторони його творчості. Прикладом такого стану речей є його релігієзнавчий спадок, який досі залишається маловивченим й аспекти якого слід розглядати в контексті світової релігієзнавчої думки. За творами М. І. Костомарова встановлено розуміння ним сутності релігії, зіставлено ідеї дослідника з поглядами представників релігієзнавства й виявлено, що деякі з них передували ідеям, розвинутим релігієзнавчою думкою в майбутньому.

The article considers the issue of chnging the main anthropic characteristics of a human under the influence of the rapid development of the latest technologies. Such changes cause the need to revise the usual interpretation of the concept of ‘human’, which is gradually being substituted by the currently popular concepts of ‘trans-’ and ‘post-human’. These concepts are favourably perceived by the techno-optimists, who believe that the latest technologies will allow us to create people who will be physically, intellectually and spiritually (...) superior to the people of today, although they admit that this may lead to greater social inequality. The article states that the post-human potential is too ambiguous to clearly outline it. On the one hand, it opens up unprecedented possibilities, which can be considered the highest manifestation of human freedom, i.e. the ability to model a person according to one’s vision. On the other – there is a real threat to human existence itself, namely, the danger of technological capture of the potential for human improvement. Therefore, the task of the article is to outline the possible prospects for the formation and improvement of modern human identity under the conditions of its combination with the other, non-human species and the latest technologies. This is possible under the condition of acceptance of new possibilities for the post-human as the liberating force that overcomes the negativity and limitations of human nature. The comparative method and the method of analysis were used in the article. (shrink)

Introduction. During each historical period, the issue of health preservation acquires new essence characteristics which are determined by the transformations of social systems. Under the modern overconsumption society circumstances, put on the current socio-economic and political situation in Ukraine, the problem of internal nature and systemic inter-influences of such phenomenon as health preservation becomes extremely stressed and urgent. Purpose: to analyze the semantic features of the dialectical categories of essence and phenomenon in the context of the personal health-preserving activity of (...) the individual in today’s over-consumption society. Methods. Studying such phenomena as health and consumer society is interdisciplinary. Pluralism of approaches allows us to develop an effective theoretical and methodological basis in order to form alternative socio-philosophical views in the context of consumer risk reduction. The methodological basis of this article is a comparative approach which made it possible to match individual phenomena in health preservation in today’s consumption society. Results. Health preservation is often equated with caring for one’s physical and mental health, with healthy eating habits and sports. It is clear that for regular caregiving, the person must be motivated and characterized by willpower, self-discipline, and awareness of a healthy lifestyle. In other words, health preservation, as a process and as a phenomenon as a whole is extremely positive and beneficial in its essence. However, this positive characteristic of health preservation as a phenomenon would be real only if the person were not involved in other processes and phenomena that fundamentally change its positive nature. In the socio-cultural space of a consumer society, we have the opportunity to observe the distortion of the productive nature of health preservation, which is outlined not only by people’s desire to be healthy, and careful treatment of themselves but also by the artificially created motives and externally stimulated needs of their health-preserving activity. Conclusion. In a society of consumption, people’s health-preserving activity is in the space of increasing risks that are not being considered to be a threat because they are perceived as the satisfaction of needs and realization of desires. As a result, the substitution of concepts in the phenomenon of health preservation and distortion of its positive essence is taking place. (shrink)

In today's world, with extraordinary force, such religious functions as axiological, moral-regulative, ideological and compensatory are actualized. In the process of successive secularization, the influence of religion on human communities and their way of world perception, world outlook and life significantly decreased. The gradual differentiation of the forms of social consciousness has led to the fact that religions in its variations of different confessions and traditions of expression, the segment of moral and spiritual influence on humanity was left to guard. (...) And such a situation was considered justified and expedient, especially given the harm that human communities have been making attempts to religiously legitimize a purely political decision of specific individual policy makers. Abuse of religion to cover private economic or political interests has led to negative consequences in public life, and sometimes in wars and extremism. However, with the beginning of the 21st century and the event of discrediting contemporary secular values-not-motivated regulatory forms of organization of social reality, it becomes apparent that religions have not exhausted their socio-regulatory potential. (shrink)

In contemporary Ukrainian religious studies, the problem of transforming religion into a postmodern age is extremely interesting. Today in Ukraine we can observe the process of coexistence of different - traditional and new syncretic religions. There is a peculiar communication between their beliefs, which necessitates the use of intelligible words. For this reason, the appeal to the traditional Christian concept of Logos, which is also actively used by the theorists of new religions for their own purposes, is extremely relevant and (...) timely. (shrink)

Transportation companies which operate in risk conditions need the organization and management of the system of economic security. Ensuring adequate economic security in activities of transportation companies is one of the main management tasks because the efficiency of operation of the business depends on it. Development and implementation of a system of evaluation the level of economic security of the transportation companies, adequate to modern market conditions, enhances the efficiency of transportation companies. Based on analysis of the literature, there are (...) a number of approaches to the assessment of the economic security on the enterprise, in particular, resource, task, complex and so on. Methodological approach to the evaluation of the economic security of the transportation companies on the sources of threats is proposed. The sources and causes of threats, risks and effects of realized risk indicators for the economic security of the transportation companies are identified according to the proposed methodological approach to the evaluation of the economic security. Assessment indicators may vary depending on the realized risk. A flexible system of indicators that includes absolute and relative figures are formed for making management decisions on the basis of the proposed evaluation of the economic security of the transportation companies indicators. Absolute figures are estimated in the dynamics and are analyzed on the structure. Relative figures are formed as the ratio of the corresponding absolute index to the value either volume of traffic, or the number of rolling stock, or the number of employees, or the cost of resources and so on. Threats significantly affect the level of economic security, create the need for efficient internal threats management, and mechanisms of adaptation to external threats in the system of economic safety of the transportation companies. This allows the transportation companies to ensure effective management decisions to minimize or avoid the impact of threats on the activities of transportation companies, and thus to achieve a high level of economic security. (shrink)

Human cholinesterase has recently been sequenced and cloned. It is a glycoprotein of 4 identical subunits, each subunit containing 9 carbohydrate chains and 3.5 disulfide bonds. Protein folding is likely to be very similar in human cholinesterase and Torpedo acetylcholinesterase. The cholinesterases have no significant sequence homology with the serine proteases and seem to belong to a separate serine esterase family.

State policy in the field of law enforcement during the Khrushchev's period wasn't a stabile. The first wave of changes was associated with the abolition of some legislative acts of the Stalinist period, a significant softening of punitive line, narrowing of the scope of capital punishment, empowerment convicted people etc. On the one hand, these steps are partially rehabilitating the Soviet law enforcement. On the other hand, government actions were unreasoned and populist, designed for quick political effect. The next wave (...) of change was due to the spread of the idea of the gradual withering away of the state in terms of building a communist society. As a consequence of this ideology was the reduction of employees in the field of law enforcement and attracting a variety of civic organizations, labor groups and citizens to fulfill a variety of law enforcement functions (voluntary civil police, civil judges, civil assistant investigator, civilian prosecutors, civil lawyers, etc.). And finally, the soviet leadership made steps in the field of law enforcement toward stricter penalties for serious crimes, as well as expanding the scope of the death penalty. The country's leadership was actively intervened in the work of law enforcement. Communist Party took control the law enforcement agencies due to the appointment to senior positions along party lines and managing work of party members through the party cell. One of the major controversies of the time was mixing the steps to improve of law enforcement sphere (increased attention to the frames, structural changes, strengthening analytical work in the study of crime statistics), with a desire to demonstrate the advantages of the socialist way of life (which was manifested in the silencing of certain criminal manifestations, artificially lowering their significance by reducing the liability on them, outright ignoring problems and their causes, etc.). Contradictions were observed in the conduct of state punitive line too. On the one hand, it was a significant step up from the Stalinist penal system by expanding the rights of prisoners, procedural rules, which led to a softening of the repressive pressure on the population. On the other hand, the state retained its attitude to dissent; applying the new forms social exclusion of dissidents, for example, applying to them the impact of psychiatric measures. These moments hampered consolidation of the new format of normative behavior in the minds of ordinary citizens, and gave rise to "double standards", the imbalance between what is declared and what actually happened. (shrink)

У статті на основі аналізу фрагментів з листів червоноармійців, зроблених співробітниками Державного політичного управління (ДПУ) в рамках практики перлюстрації, реконструйовані окремі аспекти сприйняття червоноармійцями навколишньої дійсності, політики та ідеології нової влади, свого місця в новому суспільстві і його соціальній структурі. Зокрема простежуються результати активної антирелігійної кампанії, прагнення більшовиків у процесі ідеологічного впливу на червоноармійців зв'язати в їх свідомості релігію з пригніченням, владою буржуазних класів. Зафіксована і зворотна реакція самих червоноармійців: від високого рівня засвоєння ідеологем, до сумнівів і неприйняття їх.

The article describes the features of the relationship between Soviet power and engineering specialists, who was working in senior positions in factories and mines of theDonbasin the early 1920's. Interaction between professionals and the new government in that time was inconsistent and compromised. On the one hand, technical specialist received significant preferences and opportunities, regardless of their relationship to the Soviet authorities. This decision was based on the rational considerations about the impossibility of restoring the destroyed industry ofDonbasonly by party (...) instructions, without relying on a professional understanding of the fundamental aspects of the industry. On the other hand, the local party members, their leaders and the working class began pressure on the specialist, because they not understood the rationalist motivation of power and evaluated this policy as a betrayal of conquests of the revolution. The article presents a previously unknown secret document, which demonstrates that in the early 1920's the Soviet authorities in their policy in theDonbasmade a bid for the segmentation of the group of engineering specialists. "Sovietization" of professionals should be the result of internal contradictions and competition in mid group. In the same document founded the practice of detailed surveillance specialists. Later this information about specialists was used as the base for charges during the "spetseedovskie" processes at the late 1920's -1930's. (shrink)

An accelerating rate of systemic, structural and institutional convergences leads to the transformation of world educational space. A comparative study makes possible to analyse at a systems level both philosophy of education as systematic scientific knowledge and education as a system. Philosophy attempts not only to comprehend the existing system and to formulate values for the educational system of the future, but also to generalize and compare existing experience. But “experience” has different meanings. First, it indicates the concrete, urgent experience (...) of reality and contains the components of sensory receptions and sensations, their spiritualizing senses, an entire conceptual complex, and also accumulated habits, skills, and knowledge. From the other side, it is understood as a component of social-historical existence, including the storage, creation and transfer of cultural senses, objectified in the standards and values, in lingual and objective forms; this means that an educational experience is the axiological basis of education, its value-purposeful characteristics. Philosophy of education is an independent specific field of knowledge adequately reflecting conceptual, theoretic-methodological and practical trends of education. It has global, national and local level of its reflection. Comparative investigation in philosophy of education is a comparison of such levels and explanation of their interaction. Themain methodological question is the extent to which it is expedient to use the achievements of foreign experience in educational theory and practice in another country. Comparative study makes it possible to pass from descriptions to the answer to more fundamental questions: to explanation and development of reasons. (shrink)