Mos, a protein kinase, is specifically expressed and functions during meiotic maturation (or G2/M progression) of vertebrate oocytes. When expressed ectopically, however, it can also readily induce oncogenic transformation (or uncontrolled G1/S transitions) in somatic cells. In both of these cell types, Mos activates mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), which seems largely to mediate its different functions in both oocyte maturation and cellular transformation. In oocyte maturation, the Mos‐MAPK pathway probably serves to activate and stabilize M‐phase promoting factor (MPF) (possibly by (...) inhibiting some negative regulator(s) of this factor), while in cellular transformation, it seems to stabilize and activate the nuclear oncoprotein c‐Fos as well as to induce transcription of its gene. Thus, the different functions of Mos in oocytes and somatic cells may arise chiefly from its different MAPK‐mediated targets in the respective cell types. This review discusses the cellular basis that may enable Mos to act differently in oocytes and somatic cells. (shrink)

The ascidian embryo has long provided a model system for ‘mosaic’ development. This article reviews recent advances in the study of ascidian developmental biology. These include: (a) the re‐analysis of cell lineages in ascidian embryos with the ascertainment of developmental fates of every blastomere of a 110‐cell embryo; (b) the development of several tissue‐specific monoclonal antibodies; (c) the investigation and description of cell cycle requirements for differentiation; it has been found that neither cytokinesis nor nuclear division is required for differentiation, (...) but that several rounds of DNA replication are essential for the expression of certain tissue‐specific genes; and (d) the demonstration by new descriptive and experimental studies of the presence of cytoplasmic factors or determinants responsible for specification of embryonic cell features; myoplasm which is thought to contain muscle determinants has been isolated, and immunological attempts to elucidate the molecular nature of the factors have begun. (shrink)

In April of 2006, the prominent cultural anthropologist Noriyuki Ueda sat down with the Dalai Lama for a two day conversation. This book is based on that long and lively conversation in Dharamsala.

昨今、死にまつわる問題、とりわけ葬儀についての関心が高く、経済誌などでも特集記事が組まれるほどである。そのようななか、本書では、現代における死生観を問い直し、多様化する葬送儀礼のあり方をめぐって学際的 に検討する。.

In this paper we give an axiom system of a logic which we call an approximation logic (AL), whose Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra is a strong Bunge algebra (or simply s-Bunge algebra), and show thatFor every s-Bunge algebra , a quotient algebra by a maximal filter is isomorphic to the simplest nontrivial s-Bunge algebra ;The Lindenbaum algebra of AL is an s-Bunge algebra;AL is complete;AL is decidable.

In this paper we shall first show that for every weak DeMorgan algebra $L$ of order $n$ , there is a quotient weak DeMorgan algebra $L{\sim}$ which is embeddable in the finite WDM-$n$ algebra $\Omega $. We then demonstrate that the finite WDM-$n$ algebra $\Omega $ is functionally free for the class $CL$ of WDM-$n$ algebras. That is, we show that any formulas $f$ and $g$ are identically equal in each algebra in $CL$ if and only if they are identically (...) equal in $\Omega $. Finally we establish that there is no weak DeMorgan algebra whose quotient algebra by a maximal filter has exactly seven elements. (shrink)

A discussion of Einstein's great theory of the universe, the theory of relativity, covering the factors of space, motion, time, energy, inertia, and gravity.

Almost no literature exists, both in Japanese and English, when it comes to the CSR activities of Japanese MNEs operating outside Japan, especially in developing countries. This exploratory research will try to fill this gap of literature by examining CSR activities of Japanese MNEs in one of the developing Asian countries, the Philippines.

As kendo continues to gain in international popularity, there are hopes for its adoption in the Olympic Games as an international competitive event, even while moves to further this aim have not necessarily occurred in Japan or elsewhere. One reason for the efforts to achieve a form of globalization of kendo different from Judo is the attempt to adhere to and preserve the unique concepts kendo, the sport embodies by remaining true to the forms of traditional Japanese culture. This is (...) epitomized by the importance given to zanshin (the combination of posture and fighting spirit after striking), one of the key concepts that constitute yuko-datotsu in kendo. Our purpose in this study is to discuss the intersubjective nature of the decisions regarding the conditions for point-scoring in competitive sports. In particular, we will focus on the aesthetics required for zanshin in kendo, focusing on the theory behind yuko-datotsu (point score), which will also considerably influence its international dissemination. Kendo is characterized from the perspective of western rationalism as an appreciation of form and rules of behavior referred to as formalism and, in this respect, it has unique characteristics differing from those of modern sports that are disseminated internationally. In martial arts, besides refinement and proficiency in the rules of behavior by rigidly adhering to form and rules of behavior and repetition, the aim is to transcend said form and the rules of behavior and embody the spiritual nature dwelling in the background. Kendo should remain traditional path and keep zanshin in the value of point (yuko-datotsu) for its virtue. Kendo has not yet developed into an international competitive sport, but it is in the process of traversing that Geido path as a Do for the purpose of character building through it. Throughout life, one should try to devote oneself to kendo with thought for the value of transcending form and the rules of behaviour, and embodying the spiritual nature of the sport that inheres in its background. That is why one may perceive an evident hesitation or indeed negativity regarding the possible internationalization or development as an Olympic event. (shrink)

This is the first volume to explore the modern reception and contemporary relevance of Aristotle and his philosophy in Japan, making it a valuable contribution to both global Aristotelian studies and studies of Japanese philosophical traditions. The study of Aristotle's philosophy in Japan is already over a hundred years old, yet the fruits of these efforts have mostly been published in Japanese and thus circulated almost entirely within Japan. Japanese scholarship, however, has not been conducted in isolation, but rather has (...) developed by keeping up with crucial contemporary trends in international scholarship. Aristotelian studies in Japan have therefore been neither particularly Japanese nor Far East Asian at first glance, which is one reason why they have not received much attention in Japanese philosophical literature. This volume addresses this gap, exploring the long historical struggle of Japanese people to read, understand and adopt Aristotle's philosophy in a philosophical tradition different from the West. It also examines the applicability of Aristotle's philosophy to contemporary issues and demonstrates the extent to which his philosophy remains relevant today, whether in the East or West. Aristotle in Japan: Reception, Interpretation and Application is of interest to students and scholars of Aristotelian philosophy, as well as those working on Japanese philosophy and classical reception. (shrink)

Court judgments contain valuable information on how statutory laws and past court precedents are interpreted and how the interdependence structure among them evolves in the courtroom. Data-mining the evolving structure of such customs and norms that reflect myriad social values from a large-scale court judgment corpus is an essential task from both the academic and industrial perspectives. In this paper, using data from approximately 110,000 court judgments from Japan spanning the period 1998–2018 from the district to the supreme court level, (...) we propose two tasks that grasp such a structure from court judgments and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of major machine learning models. One is a prediction task based on masked language modeling that connects textual information to legal codes and past court precedents. Another is a dynamic link prediction task where we predict the hidden interdependence structure in the law. We make quantitative and qualitative comparisons among major machine learning models to obtain insights for future developments. (shrink)