The foundations of Christian culture were formed by Byzantium, which became a kind of "bridge" between the West and the East, between antiquity and the Middle Ages. For the Byzantine culture of the IV-XII centuries, there was a characteristic existence of three directions - the official theology, ascetic and "anti-knitting". The relationship between them varied in different ways during the history of Imperialism, which was reflected in its culture. In the IV-VI centuries dominant were patristic and ascetic directions. The official (...) theology at this stage of history was closely connected with the "anti-knotting" and sought dialogue with the ancient tradition. Only during the "Comnenian Renaissance" in the XI-XII centuries was the confrontation between ascetic and "anti-knitting" directions. (shrink)

For Byzantium, the XIV century was the time of its last elevation in culture, which was called "Paleologic Renaissance." His main content was "hesychast disputes", which lasted for thirty years and took frequent political forms. The main subjects of this discussion were, on the one hand, the Calabrian monk Barlaam, who came from Italy, where he received Latin education, and on the other hand, the Thessalonian Metropolitan Gregory Palam, who spoke on behalf of the Athos monks. The followers of Palami (...) received the name "Palamit". Varlaam and Palama were representatives of two opposite directions in Byzantine culture of the XIV century. - "anti-knitting" and monastic-church. (shrink)

As is known, the specifics of the domestic philosophy is, firstly, in its inextricable connection with the public-political life, and secondly, in the form of its existence, when the philosophical problems are not solved in philosophical treatises by the means of the classical wise man, but in literary works through the creation of artistic images, through the deepening of human psychology and, as a conclusion, the formation of values and ideals of personality and through personalities - the whole society.

I consider here the issue of whether and to what extent moral truths are absolute. My aim is to raise some new considerations in favor of moral relativism: the thesis that some moral statements can vary in truth-value depending on the moral standards at issue.1 2 This paper has three major components. First, I describe a new puzzle concerning the possibility of moral knowledge in light of expert disagreement. I argue that the best solution to this puzzle requires moral relativism. (...) Second, I develop a notion of a moral standard that incorporates recent developments in moral psychology, including work by.. (shrink)

Open peer commentary on the article “Radical Constructivist Structural Design Education for Large Cohorts of Chinese Learners” by Christiane M. Herr. Upshot: The concept of proscription enables certain characteristics of the design studio to be highlighted and some of the difficulties mentioned by Herr to be understood, and it raises the question: What does “open-ended” mean in a formal learning context?

En Carl Schmitt en la Segunda República Española Gabriel Guillén Kalle analiza aspectos particulares de Carl Schmitt en ese periodo de nuestra nación en entreguerras. El autor reconoce que la recepción republicana fue primordialmente jurídica, mas esta perspectiva conlleva observar ese concepto de lo polítíco que atraviesa su obra entera. Guillén propone una estrategia para la relectura de Schmitt en ese periodo y para ello analiza a los principales autores que se ocuparon de él, sin desdeñar a algunos menos conocidos (...) como puede ser Zozaya. Un tema importante para nuestra nación es el control de constitucionalidad que Schmitt, siguiendo a Constant con la teoría del poder moderador, encuentra en el Presidente del Reich, y que en la segunda República española se dejó en un organismo, el Tribunal de Garantías Constitucionales que pretendía colocarse por encima de las pasiones, aunque por su composición -poco jurídica- condujo al fracaso. También es de interés cómo Medina sitúa el pensamiento schmittiano de los órdenes concretos en el idealismo objetivo necesitando de dualismos para su existencia. (shrink)