Este artículo examina la moralidad de la interrupción del embarazo por razones médicas a la luz de la propuesta legislativa presentada en el año 2010 por los senadores Matthei y Rossi . Con esta finalidad, el autor distingue entre las patologías que afectan a la madre y aquellas que afectan al feto. A su vez, en el último caso se distinguen dos significados de la inviabilidad fetal: uno restringido y otro amplio. A juicio del autor, cada caso exige un análisis (...) moral diferente cuya solución no es homogénea. This article examines the morality of the interruption of pregnancy for medical reasons in light of the legislative proposal in 2010 by Senators Matthei and Rossi . To this end, the author distinguishes between diseases affecting the mother and those that affect the fetus. In turn, in the latter case the two meanings are distinguished fetus was not viable: restricted one and one broad. To the author, each case requires a different moral analysis whose solution is not homogeneous. (shrink)

En este artículo, el autor desarrolla el problema de la tolerancia en una sociedad multicultural según el planteamiento de Karl-Otto Apel y el punto de vista de la ética del discurso. En este sentido, parte explicando que el problema actual de la tolerancia consiste en el desafío de abrir un espacio a las diferentes formas de vida socio cultural. Así, expone las contradicciones de la versión de tolerancia negativa en el liberalismo y las insuficiencias de la crítica comunitarista. Luego, se (...) presenta la propuesta de fundamentación ético-discursiva de lo que el filósofo alemán llama como ‘tolerancia afirmativa'. Se concluye con algunas consideraciones valorativas: primero, para cuestionar la necesidad de la tolerancia afirmativa en un régimen constitucional, y segundo, para postular que la fundamentación ético-discursiva de la tolerancia encuentra su derivación más coherente en la categoría del respeto. In this article the author develops the problem of tolerance in a multicultural society according to Karl-Otto Apel's position and the point of view of the ethics of discourse. The author explains that the challenge of opening a space to different forms of socio-cultural life is the current problem of tolerance. This way, he exposes the contradictions of the negative tolerance in liberalism and the communitarian critical insufficiencies. Therefore, he presents the proposal of ethical-discursive basis about what the German philosopher has called ‘affirmative tolerance'. This study concludes with some value considerations which are meant to question the necessity of affirmative tolerance in a constitutional regime, in first place, and to postulate, in second place, that the ethical-discursive basis of tolerance finds a more coherent derivation in the category of respect. (shrink)

A pesar de que los historiadores han considerado frecuentemente que el conocimiento histórico moderno surge como contraparte a la filosofía de la historia y el positivismo, en la idea tradicional de narración la herencia de la filosofía dialéctica de Hegel es recurrente: en ambos casos, el devenir de la auto-constitución del ser determina el método de conocimiento. Hegel afirma que las fases de la lógica no son solamente condiciones trascendentales que hacen posible la experiencia, sino etapas en la auto-determinación del (...) Espíritu. Ranke sostiene que la narración es el método histórico apropiado debido a que la historia misma posee una estructura narrativa. Desde la década de 1970, esta idea de narración experimenta una crisis. Nuestra hipótesis es que las perspectivas predominantes de este concepto utilizadas actualmente por historiadores y teóricos de la historia corresponden a las principales posturas del pensamiento filosófico contemporáneo: la narración como modelo analítico, la narración como competencias del discurso práctico, la narración como mecanismo de legitimación, la narración sin estructura y la narración como necesidad transcultural. Despite the fact that historians have often considered that modern historical knowledge originates in opposition to philosophy of history and positivism, in the traditional idea of narration the inheritance of Hegel's dialectical philosophy is recurrent: in both cases, the becoming of the self-constitution of the Being determines the knowledge method. Hegel asseverates that phases of logic are not only transcendental conditions that make possible the experience, but stages in the self-determination of Spirit. Ranke affirms that narration is the historical appropriate method due to the fact that the history itself possesses a narrative structure. Since 1970's, this idea of narration undergoes a crisis. Our hypothesis is that the prevalent perspectives of this concept, used at present by historians and theorists of history, correspond to the principal positions of contemporary philosophical thought: narration as an analytic model, narration as condition of practical discourse, narration as a function of legitimation, narration without structure. (shrink)

Existen dos corrientes de la filosofía analítica en la historiografía: el neopositivismo de Hempel y la filosofía analítica de la historia de Gardiner y Danto. Para el primero, el modelo de la historiografía debe ser similar al de todo conocimiento científico, a saber, el modelo nomotético de las ciencias físicas y naturales. Para Gardiner y Danto, en cambio, este modelo debe desprenderse del propósito particular de los historiadores y del lenguaje acorde a dichos propósitos. Sus conclusiones abrieron la posibilidad de (...) una nueva perspectiva de análisis, el texto historiográfico, lo que impulsó la reflexión hacia la filosofía del lenguaje y la hermenéutica. There are two historiographic prospects of analytical philosophy: Hempel’s neo-positivism and Gardiner and Danto’s analytical philosophy of history. According to Hempel, the model of historiography should be the same as all scientific knowledge, namely, the nomothetic model of the physical and natural sciences. According to Gardiner and Danto, however, this model must arise from the purpose of historians and language consistent with those purposes. Gardiner and Danto’s conclusions opened the possibility of a new analytical perspective, the historiographic text, prompting the debate toward the philosophy of language and hermeneutics. (shrink)

Luhmann’s theory has been commonly considered as a radical overcoming of the traditional philosophy. The interpreters often refer to the non-ontological background of the theory as the criticism of the conscience's centrality, the emphasis in conflict and distinction and the influence of sciences as cybernetic, biology and mathematics. In the present paper we try to demonstrate that there is also an important philosophical heritage in the Luhmann’s sociological work: the Hegelian heritage. We refer to four main points: the congruence of (...) being and thought; the being as the unity of unity/distinction; the rationality as auto-reference and the congruence between theory and society. The focus of our analysis is on the complications of the system theory when it tries to eliminate the idea of spirit. La teoría de Luhmann ha sido considerada comúnmente como una radical superación de la filosofía tradicional. Los interpretes se refieren frecuentemente a los antecedentes no ontológicos de esta, como la crítica a la centralidad de la conciencia, el énfasis en el conflicto y la distinción y la influencia de ciencias como la cibernética, la biología y las matemáticas. En el presente artículo se intenta demostrar que existe también otra importante herencia en la obra sociológica de Luhmann: la herencia hegeliana. Los principales puntos analizados son: la congruencia entre ser y pensamiento; el ser como unidad de unidad/distinción; la racionalidad como auto-referencia y la congruencia entre teoría y sociedad. El enfoque de nuestro análisis radica en las dificultades de la teoría de sistemas al intentar eliminar la idea de espíritu. (shrink)

Este artigo investiga as posições do liberalismo político de John Rawls e do republicanismo de Hannah Arendt em relação ao humanismo cívico e ao republicanismo clássico. Defende que o republicanismo de Arendt não deve ser considerado um humanismo cívico abrangente e que há uma proximidade entre o liberalismo político e o republicanismo clássico, pois sustenta que um perfeccionismo minimalista baseado em virtudes políticas informa as duas teorias.

Este artigo analisa e compara os modos como Joseph Chan e Jonathan Quong relacionam liberalismo e perfeccionismo, mostrando que nenhum deles consegue formular adequadamente uma das possibilidades dessa relação, o perfeccionismo político. Inicialmente, será mostrado que aquilo que Chan apresenta e defende é um perfeccionismo liberal abrangente e intuicionista, que ele classifica adequadamente como moderado, mas nomeia equivocadamente como político. Em seguida, a análise constata que Quong consegue apontar a possibilidade formal do perfeccionismo político, mas de modo inconsistente, na medida (...) em que recua repetidamente para uma posição em que ele se confunde com um perfeccionismo abrangente. Como conclusão, busca mostrar que o perfeccionismo político ainda precisa ser adequadamente formulado como uma possibilidade concreta e promissora para as democracias liberais. (shrink)

Renal replacement therapy is the indicated treatment for individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to survive. However, not all sick people have access to the same treatment. This study compares renal care in two developing countries with different health systems. Specifically, it explores hemodialysis treatment from the perspective of low‐income individuals. A qualitative, comparative study was performed in Brazil and Mexico. Using purposive sampling, the research was based on open‐ended interviews with nineteen participants with kidney failure undergoing hemodialysis treatment in (...) public hospitals and ten relatives. According to our results, Brazilian participants perceived hemodialysis care as satisfactory because of health personnel courtesy as well as free access to dialysis treatment, prescription drugs, hospitalization and transportation. However, they reported deficiencies in the care they were receiving due to shortages of specialists, prescription drugs, laboratory tests and transportation. Mexican participants, in contrast, highlighted the catastrophic costs of medical care because they had no free access to renal therapy, nor adequate financial resources. Our findings suggest that low‐income Brazilian CKD sufferers experience renal care differently, as they are more satisfied and face less obstacles with hemodialysis compared with those of Mexico. More studies on the topic are needed. (shrink)

Despite recent efforts, little research has been done concerning the issue of medical ethics in Georges Canguilhem’s work. This is mainly due to the critical position the author takes regarding the humanistic medicine practices that began to proliferate after World War II. However, we hold that the medical philosopher´s insights do contribute to the field of medical ethics, since they rescue the patients’ individuality, which is highly valued in today´s person centered medicine: over the “objectifying” rationality of modern medicine. We (...) also propose that Canguilhem poses an “interactive” understanding of human life that goes beyond a reductionistic vision of life and which allows the development of an ethical subject capable of producing new norms. (shrink)

Este artículo es una revisión de la capacidad de los herbarios fotográficos para establecer posibles alianzas experimentales con potencial para ayudar en la concienciación y resolución de la crisis de biodiversidad vegetal. Se analiza cómo el medio fotográfico, bajo el prisma de la creación artística, puede erigirse como un sistema revelador, capaz de superar la mera descripción y ampliar las limitaciones cognitivas de nuestra percepción visual, desvelando la complejidad del universo botánico mediante una mirada más profunda y poética de su (...) naturaleza física. (shrink)

Resumo: Arthur Schopenhauer possui uma concepção acerca da natureza do conceito que atravessa o seu pensamento, desde o início de sua produção filosófica. Inicialmente abordado a partir de sua acepção racional abstrata, em O mundo como vontade e como representação, o conceito adquire traços mais profundos em função do sentimento. O conceito “não-conceito” sentimento determinará os rumos da filosofia de Schopenhauer, ao evidenciar os limites da linguagem. A linguagem filosófica, por consequência, exprime um paradoxo, pois pretende expressar em linguagem abstrata (...) um conteúdo concreto cuja natureza não pode ser por ela determinado. Por ser um construto conceitual abstrato, a linguagem filosófica possui um estatuto ontológico secundário e, portanto, incompleto, em relação ao conteúdo da realidade concreta. Este artigo pretende mostrar que os sentimentos são, nesse sentido, o meio não conceitual que esclarece a própria natureza dos conceitos e, por consequência, a via não-filosófica que paradoxalmente melhor expressa o conteúdo da filosofia. No registro do sentimento, Schopenhauer reconhece na linguagem musical o âmbito de justificação adequado da linguagem filosófica.: Arthur Schopenhauer has a notion about the nature of the concept that runs through his thinking since the beginning of his philosophical production. Initially approached from its abstract rational meaning, in The world as will and representation, the concept acquires deeper traces from sentiment. The “non-concept” concept of sentiment will determine the direction of Schopenhauer”s philosophy by highlighting the limits of language. The philosophical language, therefore, expresses a paradox, since it intends to manifest, in abstract language, a concrete content, whose nature cannot be determined by it. As an abstract conceptual construct, philosophical language has a secondary and, thus, incomplete ontological status in relation to the content of concrete reality. Sentiments are the non-conceptual medium that clarifies the nature of concepts itself, and, consequently, the non-philosophical way that paradoxically best expresses the content of philosophy. In the recording of sentiment, Schopenhauer recognizes in musical language the proper justification scope of philosophical language. (shrink)

O presente texto é a tradução para o português brasileiro do artigo “Algorithmic Catastrophe — The Revenge of Contingency”, do filósofo chinês Yuk Hui (2015), professor na City University of Hong Kong, criador dos conceitos de “tecnodiversidade” e “cosmotécnica” e autor de livros como The Question Concerning Technology in China (2016) e Recursivity and Contingency (2019). O presente artigo, cedido generosamente pelo autor para tradução sob licença CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, originalmente fazia parte de uma edição especial da revista Parrhesia dedicada (...) ao filósofo francês Bernard Stiegler (in memoriam), antigo orientador de doutorado do autor e uma das peças centrais na composição deste texto. (shrink)

THE PREVALENCE TODAY of "semiotics" as the preferred linguistic form for designating the study of signs in its various aspects already conceals a history, a story of the ways in which, layer by layer, the temporal achievement we call human understanding builds, through public discourse, ever new levels of common acceptance each of which presents itself as, if not self-evident, at least the common wisdom. Overcoming such present-mindedness is not the least of the tasks faced by the awakening of semiotic (...) consciousness. (shrink)

IntroductionThe objectives of this study are to assess and compare differences in the intensity, frequency, and overall severity of moral distress among a diverse group of healthcare professionals.MethodsParticipants from within Baylor Health Care System completed an online seven-point Likert scale (range, 0 to 6) moral distress survey containing nine core clinical scenarios and additional scenarios specific to each participant’s discipline. Higher scores reflected greater intensity and/or frequency of moral distress.ResultsMore than 2,700 healthcare professionals responded to the survey (response rate 18.14 (...) percent); survey respondents represented multiple healthcare disciplines across a variety of settings in a single healthcare system. Intensity of moral distress was high in all disciplines, although the causes of highest intensity varied by discipline. Mean moral distress intensity for the nine core scenarios was higher among physicians than nurses, but the mean moral distress frequency was higher among nurses. Taking into account both intensity and frequency, the difference in mean moral distress score was statistically significant among the various disciplines. Using post hoc analysis, differences were greatest between nurses and therapists.ConclusionsMoral distress has previously been described as a phenomenon predominantly among nursing professionals. This first-of-its-kind multidisciplinary study of moral distress suggests the phenomenon is significant across multiple professional healthcare disciplines. Healthcare professionals should be sensitive to situations that create moral distress for colleagues from other disciplines. Policy makers and administrators should explore options to lessen moral distress and professional burnout that frequently accompanies it. (shrink)

Resumen A partir de la Ilustración, la ciencia y la fe ―otrora caminos comunes para alcanzar conocimiento―, se han visto divorciadas y constituidas como realidades divergentes que se oponen cada vez más. La modernidad trajo consigo la insistencia en estas ideas y el divorcio entre ciencia y fe parece no detenerse. El presente artículo propone en un dialogo con John Henry Newman reconocer el lugar propio de la ciencia positiva respecto de la fe religiosa, presentando la distinción epistemológica, o el (...) modo de comprender el conocimiento que hace de la fe un camino plausible y posible que tiene su propia estructura epistémica dirigida hacia la credibilidad de la fe religiosa.Since the Enlightenment, science and faith -once common ways to achieve knowledge- have been divorced and incorporated as divergent realities that increasingly oppose. Modernity brought with it the insistence on these ideas and the divorce of science and faith does not seem to stop. The present article proposes in a dialogue with John Henry Newman to recognize the proper place of positive science regarding religious faith, presenting the epistemological distinction, or the way of understanding the knowledge that makes of faith a plausible and possible path that has its Own epistemic structure directed towards the credibility of religious faith. (shrink)

Portuguese introduction to volume 2, issue 2.

En contraste a los efectos positivos del capital social, diversos autores llaman la atención sobre su “lado oscuro”. En este artículo exploramos una de sus manifestaciones. Proponemos que el capital social puede ser utilizado por políticos en relaciones clientelares para coaccionar a los ciudadanos, condicionando la continuidad de estas relaciones si los ciudadanos utilizan mecanismos de control social para sancionarlos. Proponemos entonces que el capital social puede limitar el ejercicio del control social. Luego de realizar distinciones analíticas sobre el capital (...) social, analizamos la relación entre ciudadanos y políticos desde la teoría principal-agente y para explicar la asimetría de poder entre ambos, utilizamos la teoría del intercambio disputadoformulada por la economía política radical. La tesis central es que tal como el capital favorece la dominación de los obreros en los mercados de trabajo capitalistas, el capital social puede favorecer la dominación de los ciudadanos en las relaciones clientelares. (shrink)

It is widely accepted in contemporary philosophy of science that the domain of application of a theory is typically larger than its explanatory covering power: theories can be applied to phenomena that they do not explain. I argue for an analogous thesis regarding the notion of empirical adequacy. A theory’s domain of application is typically larger than its domain of empirical adequacy: theories are often applied to phenomena from which they receive no empirical confirmation.

These are the introduction chapters to the forthcoming collection of essays published by Springer (Synthese Library) and entitled Probabilities, Causes and Propensities in Physics.

Microcredit has emerged as an effective instrument for achieving financial inclusion, stimulating productive activities, and with this support, reinforcing economic growth. This study aims to examine the characteristics of microcredit financing in Ecuador and to quantify its impact on economic growth. The study employs quarterly data from 2013 to 2023. An Error Correction (VEC) model was utilized to ascertain the short- and long-term effects of microcredit and investment on GDP. The findings indicate that microcredit and investment do not exert a (...) significant short-term influence on GDP. However, in the long term, a 1% change in investment is associated with a 0.11% positive impact on GDP. Similarly, a 1% shift in microcredit is linked to a 1.17% favorable effect on GDP. Ultimately, there is a unidirectional causal relationship between GDP and microcredit. (shrink)

A ampliação de políticas econômicas liberais desencadeará na democratização da China. Esse argumento repetido por artigos acadêmicos encontra suas expectativas frustradas diariamente por notícias de recrudescimento do poder do Partido Comunista da China sobre sua sociedade. O artigo analisa a construção da identidade nacional fundada na humilhação nacional como estratégia de difusão da legitimidade da elite política chinesa a partir de uma percepção do nacionalismo como essencial para manutenção da estabilidade do regime. Para isso estuda a formação da identidade nacional, (...) a constituição dos grupos dentro da elite política da China e a elaboração do conceito de Poder Nacional Compreensivo. (shrink)

The discovery of transgenes in maize landraces in Mexico, a center of diversity for this crop, raises questions about the potential impact of transgene diffusion on maize diversity. The concept of diversity and farmers’ role in maintaining diversity is quite complex. Farmers’ behavior is expected to have a significant influence on causing transgenes to diffuse, to be expressed differently, and to accumulate within landraces. Farmers’ or consumers’ perceptions that transgenes are “contaminants” and that landraces containing transgenes are “contaminated” could cause (...) these landraces to be rejected and trigger a direct loss of diversity. (shrink)

Neste artigo, compreendemos como a perspectiva de Thomas S. Kuhn influencia a Filosofia das Ciências em aspectos de comunidade científica. Para isso, partimos do seguinte problema: se o pensamento de Kuhn é caracterizado por uma Teoria Social da Investigação Científica, então essa teoria endossa alguma forma de Tese Construcionista Social? Nossa hipótese é que se a Teoria Social da Investigação Científica é referente à atividade social dos cientistas em comunidade, então isso não é suficiente para endossar alguma forma de Tese (...) Construcionista Social. Dito isso, nosso objetivo é compreender essas duas interpretações do pensamento de Kuhn para a diferenciação da Teoria Social da Investigação Científica em relação à perspectiva epistemológica Construcionista Social. Justificamos esse trabalho a partir do legado de Kuhn para a proliferação de concepções teóricas e epistemológicas nas ciências. Nesse sentido, analisamos duas concepções: 1. a Teoria Social da Investigação Científica a partir das interpretações de Luiz Henrique Dutra; e 2. o Construcionismo Social a partir das críticas de Ian Hacking. (shrink)

A dinâmica do artigo se pauta em um exercício teórico e em uma atividade prática para sala de aula derivada da teoria desenvolvida. A principal questão teórica é desenvolvida com um foco na construção de um entendimento do caráter epistemológico do cinedocumentário. Dentro dessa discussão epistemológica estão presentes vários aspectos que são expostos no texto: a questão do olhar, da imagem, parresía e, por fim, da pós-verdade e as dinâmicas da Internet. Após esse movimento teórico é proposta uma atividade que (...) trabalha junto aos alunos a questão do meme, sua funcionalidade estética de imagem e sua potencialidade enquanto discurso, relacionando a teoria com uma prática condizente e concreta da vida usual dos estudantes. Palavras-chave: Cinedocumentário. Pós-Verdade. Teoria do Conhecimento. Meme. (shrink)

Retraction note: Figueroa Mendoza, M., & Olivares González, C. (2022). Drought: A current problema and its treatment in the chilean legal order. HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities / Revista Internacional De Humanidades, 12(6), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4100 The Editorial Office of Eurasia Academic Publishing Group has retracted this article. An investigation carried out by our Research Integrity Department has found a group of articles, among which this one is found, that are not within the thematic scope of the journal. We believe that the (...) editorial process was manipulated and, furthermore, acceptance decisions were made under possibly inappropriate peer review. (shrink)

I review five explicit attempts throughout the history of quantum mechanics to invoke dispositional notions in order to solve the quantum paradoxes, namely: Margenau’s latencies, Heisenberg’s potentialities, Popper’s propensity interpretation of probability, Nick Maxwell’s propensitons, and the recent selective propensities interpretation of quantum mechanics. I raise difficulties and challenges for all of them, but conclude that the selective propensities approach nicely encompasses the virtues of its predecessors. I elaborate on some of the properties of the type of propensities that I (...) claim to be successful for quantum mechanics, and finish by briefly sketching out ways in which similar notions can be read into some of the other well-known interpretations of quantum mechanics. (shrink)

Este artículo busca demostrar que, para Kant, aun cuando los humanos solo tenemos deberes indirectos en relación con los animales no humanos, esto basta para fundar una sólida defensa de su bienestar y cuidado como seres sintientes. Para ello, abordaremos la _analogía_ que Kant establece entre la naturaleza animal y la naturaleza humana, y veremos cómo la sensibilidad humana –mediante los sentimientos de compasión y simpatía– es fundamental al momento de cumplir con nuestro deber indirecto de velar por el bienestar (...) animal. (shrink)

El presente texto tiene por objetivo cuestionar el modo habitual en el que se enseña la ética, y apoyar el uso de las narraciones como una herramienta pedagógica importante en la formación moral. Dado que la ética busca menos la adquisición de unos conocimientos y más una disposición a la acción, bien pudiera servirse de formatos narrativos para desarrollar la sensibilidad debida para la construcción de ciudadanos reflexivos, críticos y empáticos. Al fin y al cabo, la naturaleza antropológica de los (...) seres humanos es ya de hecho narrativa, y toda forma de vida buena reclama, en últimas, la posibilidad de ser contada. La práctica de relatar se constituye como una defensa por la búsqueda y construcción de sentido, en medio de una sociedad en donde la celeridad y la información fragmentada parecieran marcar la única posibilidad de constitución del sí mismo. (shrink)

The extent to which people anticipate and are influenced by the potential future consequences of their current behavior is called Consideration of Future Consequences. A well-established tool to measure this construct is the 14-item Consideration of Future Consequences Scale. The CFC-14 has shown appropriate psychometric properties in several languages. This scale comprises two factors: the CFC-Immediate and the CFC-Future. The main goal of this study was to assess the psychometric properties and internal consistency of the CFC-14 Scale in Spanish, using (...) an Argentine sample. A secondary goal was to determine its convergent validity with impulsivity, and determine differences across gender and age groups. Using a web-based survey, we collected data from 512 participants aged 13-74 years. Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed a 2-factor model as the best solution for 13-items version. Standardized regression weights ranged from.50 to.66 for CFC-F and between.43 and.83 for CFC-I. Composite reliability was also adequate: CFC-F achieve? =.80 and CFC-I? =.82. There were no differences across gender and age. The CFC-F subscale and UPPS-P subscales correlations, were negative and significant, highlighting the negative and moderate correlation between CFC-F and the lack of premeditation, a dimension strictly related to intertemporal decisions making. Thus, CFC-14 has adequate psychometric properties in an Argentinian population, although more studies are necessary to determine the robustness of these findings. (shrink)