The Abhidharmakosabha'ya, preserved at the Ethnographic Museum in Stockholm, is the second longest Abhidharma text in Uighur. The important Buddhist text was written in Sanskrit by Vasubandhu and translated into Chinese by Zhen Di (499-569 AD) and Xuan Zang (602-664 AD). Later during the Yuan Dynasty the text was translated from Chinese to Uighur on the basis of Xuan Zang's version of the original Sanskrit text. Masahiro Shogaito examines the Uighur version of the Abhidharmakosabha'ya and provides the Uighur text (...) in transcription and the English translation with the corresponding Chinese text on opposite pages. The volume contains additional commentaries, a glossary and the original manuscripts as facsimiles. (shrink)

A change of gaze behavior at a small mistake moment is a natural response that reveals our own mistakes and suggests an apology to others with whom we are working or interacting. In this paper we investigate how robot gaze behaviors at small mistake moments change the impressions of others. To prepare gaze behaviors for a robot, first, we identified by questionnaires how human gaze behaviors change in such situations and extracted three kinds: looking at the other, looking down, and (...) looking away. We prepared each gaze behavior, added a no-gaze behavior, and investigated how a robot’s gaze behavior at a small mistake moment changes the impressions of the interacting people in a simple cooperative task. Experiment results show that the ‘looking at the other’ gaze behavior outperforms the other gaze behaviors and indicates the degrees of perceived apologeticness and friendliness. Keywords: Communication robots; gaze; mistake; mitigation. (shrink)

The members of the Six gene family were identified as homologues of Drosophila sine oculis which is essential for compound-eye formation. The Six proteins are characterized by the Six domain and the Six-type homeodomain, both of which are essential for specific DNA binding and for cooperative interactions with Eya proteins. Mammals possess six Six genes which can be subdivided into three subclasses, and mutations of Six genes have been identified in human genetic disorders. Characterization of Six genes from various animal (...) phyla revealed the antiquity of this gene family and roles of its members in several different developmental contexts. Some members retain conserved roles as components of the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach regulatory network, which may have been established in the common ancestor of all bilaterians as a toolbox controlling cell proliferation and cell movement during embryogenesis. Gene duplications and cis-regulatory changes may have provided a basis for diverse functions of Six genes in different animal lineages. (shrink)

ABSTRACTWe tested the response dynamics of the evaluative priming effect using a mouse tracking procedure that records hand movements during the execution of categorisation tasks. In Experiment 1, when participants performed the evaluative categorisation task but not the non-evaluative semantic categorisation task, their mouse trajectories for evaluatively incongruent trials curved more toward the opposite response than those for evaluatively congruent trials, indicating the emergence of evaluative priming effects based on response competition. In Experiment 2, implementing a task-switching procedure in which (...) evaluative and non-evaluative categorisation tasks were intermixed, we obtained reliable evaluative priming effects in the non-evaluative semantic categorisation task as well as in the evaluative categorisation task when participants assigned attention to the evaluative stimulus dime... (shrink)

We are born of the nothingness incomprehensible to each of us individuals and find death in the midst of the limitlessness. I have absolutely no idea why I am living here and now. I don’t know why the world is the way it is. I have been thrust into existence and am coldly surrounded by the limitless space. When humans cannot fully grasp the foundations of existence, we become encumbered by the feeling known as “fear.” I was a young boy (...) when I acquired that fear of death. (....) -/- The place where young people encounter “death” is in manga. In the last issue of Devilman, the creature was the very image of death, a disembodied torso. In the background angels are dancing on the sea. Also, in the final episode of Joe of Tomorrow, death lies in a ring. (shrink)

Existence monism (EM) is a metaphysical view asserting the existence of only one concrete object. EM is well known for its radicalness, and encounters difficulty in terms of its prima facie inconsistency with truisms. This paper aims to propose an alternative (and somewhat easy) way to overcome this difficulty and indicate another means by which the possibility of EM can be defended. I will present a package of theses that are intended to be combined with EM, which I call Linguistic (...) Ontology with the One as Semantic Glue (LOOSG). I will show that this package (in combination with EM) provides a systematic explanation as to why truisms hold while only one concrete object actually exists. In other words, I will argue that if an existence monist embraces LOOSG, the desired explanation for truisms is then available to her. In addition, it will also be noted that LOOSG has a theoretical virtue, in that it only presupposes the framework of standard semantics. Based on these discussions, I offer LOOSG as a viable option for existence monism. (shrink)

The theory of the appearance of the Absolute is the last theme of Fichte’s Science of Knowledge. Since he lectured the theory of appearance with that of truth in his Systemconcept of the Transcendentalphilosophy in 1804, he said that the Absolute exists, and that the Absolute appears. In the lecture in 1812, he explains the necessity of appearance, criticizing Spinoza’s Monismus. It is denied by the fact that a concept exists outside the only one substance, while the latter is thought (...) about. There is a Nonabsolute outside the Absolute. Fichte names it ›appearance‹, which is synonym with ›image‹ and ›scheme‹ of the Absolute. The appearance has a life to appear to itself. Because it is a concept and knowledge of the Absolute, it knows itself as such. Between two appearances is a difference, through which the manifold springs. The earlier question against Schelling’s philosophy of identity, how the finite can be deduced from the infinite or the Absolute, is solved here. Fichte calls the self-appearance of the appearance ›Seeing‹ and ›reflection‹. Also the ego as subject-object is born in it. The task of Science of Knowledge is to analyze it, through which the appearance appears to itself not only as appearing to itself, but also as appearing to itself as appearing to itself. Fichte calls this the formula of Science of Knowledge. In the appearance is a reflexibility, whose ground is the visibility of the Absolute, the absolute evidence or the light. Even the image-making act of ego is in fact that of the Absolute. The Absolute intuits itself. Ego, as a representant of it, should stand under the law of the Absolute and devote its freedom and will to this. Standing upon the will to obey the law Science of Knowledge can gain the total scope of knowledge and open the way to God and the morality.Die Lehre der Erscheinung des Absoluten ist der letzte Schritt der Entwicklung der Wissenschaftslehre bei Fichte. Nachdem er in seinem Systementwurf von 1804 die Erscheinungslehre neben die Wahrheitslehre gestellt hat, äußerte Fichte, »Das Absolute existiert« und »Das Absolute erscheint«. Im Vortrag von 1812 erklärt er die Notwendigkeit der Erscheinung des Absoluten in der Auseinandersetzung mit Spinozas Monismus. Dieser sei schon widerlegt, weil das Denken der Substanz als das Sein außerhalb derselben ist. Dies Nicht-Absolute heißt ›Erscheinung‹, welche als Bild oder Schema des Absoluten genommen wird. Die Erscheinung hat das Leben, sich selbst zu erscheinen. Da sie der Begriff oder das Wissen vom Absoluten ist, weiß sie zugleich sich selbst als solches. Zwischen zwei Erscheinungen ist eine Disjunktion, womit das Entspringen des Mannigfaltigen erklärt wird. Die früher gegen Schellings Identitätsphilosophie gerichtete Frage, wie aus dem Absoluten das Endliche abgeleitet werden könne, wird hier aufgelöst. Das Sicherscheinen der Erscheinung nennt Fichte ›Sehen‹ und ›Reflexion‹, und sieht die Aufgabe der Wissenschaftslehre in dessen Analyse. Dabei gehört diese selbst der Erscheinung an. In ihr erscheint die Erscheinung sich selbst als sich selbst erscheinend. Außerdem erscheint sie sich selbst als sich selbst erscheinend als sich selbst erscheinend, welches die Formel der Wissenschaftslehre ist. In ihr liegt die Reflexibilität, wodurch eben das Ich als Subjekt-Objekt entsteht. Dahinter aber ist die Sichtbarkeit des Absoluten, die absolute Evidenz oder das Licht. Die Bildungskraft des Ich ist in Wahrheit die des Absoluten. Das Absolute selbst schaut sich selbst an, und das Ich ist bloß sein Repräsentant. Es soll unter dem Gesetz des Absoluten stehen und seine Freiheit und den Willen diesem übertragen. Die Wissenschaftslehre macht den ganzen Umkreis des Wissens klar und öffnet den Weg zu Gott und zur Sittlichkeit, indem sie auf dem Willen als ihrem Standpunkt steht. (shrink)

One prominent feature of belief is that a belief cannot be formed at will. This paper argues that the best explanation of this fact is that belief formation is a process that takes aim at the truth. Taking aim at the truth is to be understood as causal responsiveness of the processes constituting belief formation to what facilitates achieving true beliefs. The requirement for this responsiveness precludes the possibility of belief formation responding to intentions in a way that would count (...) as forming a belief at will. (shrink)

We shall give a direct proof of the independence result of a Buchholz style-Hydra Game on labeled finite trees. We shall show that Takeuti-Arai's cut-elimination procedure of $(\Pi^{1}_{1}-CA) + BI$ and of the iterated inductive definition systems can be directly expressed by the reduction rules of Buchholz's Hydra Game. As a direct corollary the independence result of the Hydra Game follows.

We show that every MALL proof-structure [9] satisfies the property of softness, originally a categorical notion introduced by Joyal. Furthermore, we show that the notion of hereditary softness precisely captures Girard’s algebraic restriction of the technical condition on proof-structures. Relying on this characterization, we prove a MALL+Mix sequentialization theorem by a proof-theoretical method, using Girard’s notion of jump. Our MALL+Mix correctness criterion subsumes the Danos/Fleury-Retoré criterion [6] for MLL+Mix.

現代における重要テーマをめぐって重ねてきた言葉たちを結晶化した対談集。対談者:戸谷洋志、小松原織香、山口尚、永井玲衣.

In his “A new argument for evidentialism” (Shah, Philos Q 56(225): 481–498, 2006 ), Nishi Shah argues that the best explanation of a feature of deliberation whether to believe that p which he calls transparency entails that only evidence can be reason to believe that p. I show that his argument fails because a crucial lemma that his argument appeals to cannot be supported without assuming evidentialism to be true in the first place.

Determining the relationship between the entire brain structure and individual differences is important in extending healthy life expectancy, which can be affected by brain atrophy. The entire brain structure has been gradually known to be correlated not only with age but also with individual differences, such as quality of life, general intelligence, and lifestyle. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between the entire brain structure and personal traits. We herein focused on one personal trait, namely spiritual growth, (...) and examined its relationship with the entire brain structure using two neuroimaging-derived measures, namely the gray matter Brain Healthcare Quotient, a measure of GM volume, and the fractional anisotropy Brain Healthcare Quotient, a measure of white matter integrity, in 229 healthy participants. The results indicated no significant relationship between the GM-BHQ and spiritual growth, but there was a significant positive correlation between the FA-BHQ and spiritual growth after controlling for age, sex, and body mass index with partial correlation analysis. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the FA-BHQ and spiritual growth after controlling for physical characteristics, such as age, sex, and BMI, as well as other variables related to lifestyle that were collected using the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile. These results support the idea that there is a relationship between the entire WM brain structure and spiritual growth. Further studies are required to clarify the causal relationship between the entire WM brain structure and spiritual growth with some interventions to improve spiritual growth. Such studies will help extend healthy life expectancy from a new perspective of personal trait. (shrink)

語ることによって出来事は過去になり、また現在になる。大災害に直面した人は、その極限状態をどのように記憶し、記録してゆくのか。震災や戦争、原発事故などを例に、博物館や語り、モニュメントや場といった形を介 してカタストロフが時間を渡っていくさまを描き出す。.

We introduce the Easton collapse and show that the two-stage iteration of Easton collapses gives a model in which the successor of a regular cardinal carries a strongly saturated filter. This allows one to get a model in which many successor cardinals carry saturated filters just by iterating Easton collapses.

There are three main points of the paper. 1. There are straightforward ways of manipulating expected gains and losses that result in a divergence between fair betting odds and credence. Such manipulations are familiar from tools of finance. One can easily see that the Sleeping Beauty case is structured in such a way as to result in a divergence between fair betting odds and credence. 2. The inspection of credences and betting odds in certain betting situations shows that the two (...) main extant positions, Elga's and Lewis's, are both mistaken. 3. My proposal may seem to require a revision of probability theory but it does not. The Sleeping Beauty case merely calls attention to a constraint on partitioning of possibility space that is usually satisfied as a matter of course but can in fact be violated. (shrink)

We first note that Gentzen's proof-reduction for his consistency proof of PA can be directly interpreted as moves of Kirby-Paris' Hydra Game, which implies a direct independence proof of the game . Buchholz's Hydra Game for labeled hydras is known to be much stronger than PA. However, we show that the one-dimensional version of Buchholz's Game can be exactly identified to Kirby-Paris' Game , by a simple and natural interpretation . Jervell proposed another type of a combinatorial game, by abstracting (...) Gentzen's proof-reductions and showed that his game is independent of PA. We show that this Jervell's game is actually much stronger than PA, by showing that the critical ordinal of Jervell's game is φω = ϵ0) in the Veblen hierarchy of ordinals. (shrink)

Résumé Yanagita Kunio (1875-1962), un des plus représentatifs folkloristes japonais, considère les différents aspects d’une forêt comme un ensemble composite qui comprend les coutumes, légendes et modes de vie des habitants. Le regard de Yanagita est un regard proche, qui souhaite comprendre comment la forêt se rapporte à la vie et aux coutumes de la population qui y habite. Une attitude qui pourrait être celle d’une « compréhension de l’intérieur ». Face à la complexité de la question écologique de la (...) terre, Yanagita suggère d’adopter cette même attitude. (shrink)

In our former works, for a given concept of reduction, we study the following hypothesis: “For a random oracle A, with probability one, the degree of the one-query tautologies with respect to A is strictly higher than the degree of A.” In our former works (Suzuki in Kobe J. Math. 15, 91–102, 1998; in Inf. Comput. 176, 66–87, 2002; in Arch. Math. Logic 44, 751–762), the following three results are shown: The hypothesis for p-T (polynomial-time Turing) reduction is equivalent to (...) the assertion that the probabilistic complexity class R is not equal to NP; The hypothesis for p-tt (polynomial-time truth-table) reduction implies that P is not NP; The hypothesis holds for each of the following: disjunctive reduction, conjunctive reduction, and p-btt (polynomial-time bounded-truth-table) reduction. In this paper, we show the following three results: (1) Let c be a positive real number. We consider a concept of truth-table reduction whose norm is at most c times size of input, where for a relativized propositional formula F, the size of F denotes the total number of occurrences of propositional variables, constants and propositional connectives. Then, our main result is that the hypothesis holds for such tt-reduction, provided that c is small enough. How small c can we take so that the above holds? It depends on our syntactic convention on one-query tautologies. In our setting, the statement holds for all c < 1. (2) The hypothesis holds for monotone truth-table reduction (also called positive reduction). (3) Dowd (in Inf. Comput. 96, 65–76, 1992) shows a polynomial upper bound for the minimum sizes of forcing conditions associated with a random oracle. We apply the above result (1), and get a linear lower bound for the sizes. (shrink)

A tactile record and playback system will progress _tactileology_—a new cross-disciplinary field related to tactile sensations—as it will enhance its use in the instruction, archiving, and analysis of human manipulation. In this paper, we describe two key devices for achieving tactileology: a tactile sensor capturing human tactile sense (fingernail color sensor) and a robotic tactile sensor, both of which can detect not only normal force but also tangential force. This is beneficial because people manipulate objects and tools in various ways, (...) such as grasping, picking, and rubbing. The fingernail color sensor registers the three-dimensional (3D) force applied to a fingertip by detecting the fingernail color change caused by blood distribution under the fingernail, which can be observed with green illumination and a miniature camera. Since detecting this color change is more complicated than using a robotic sensor, the relationships between the image and 3D force are learned using a convolutional neural network (CNN). In the robotic sensor, the 3D force applied to a robotic finger transforms into a bright area using an illuminated acrylic core, a rubber robotic finger skin, and a miniature camera. We measure normal force and tangential force by the brightness and movement of the bright area, respectively. Using a force gauge or an electronic scale for measurement, we perform a series of evaluation experiments. The experimental results show that the precision of both the fingernail color sensor and the robotic tactile sensor are sufficient for our system. (shrink)