This contribution sketches the path that St. Ignatius traversed from excluding in 1541 educational work as a Jesuit ministry to his decision to found colleges and universities as apostolic woks of the Society for the formation of young lay students. Ignatius determined in 1553 that the Collegio Romano should be marked by universality in its make-up and outreach, and furthermore should exercise influence on the other colleges of the Society in Europe. From these beginnings, a comprehensive instructional program emerged in (...) the definitive Ratio studiorum of 1599. We relate the organisation of the courses in literature and in the Faculty of Philosophy, which included pure and applied mathematics. The Faculty of Theology included a course on casus conscientiae or moral theology, and in the 18th century it added chairs of Canon Law, Church History, and Liturgy. In conclusion this article describes the three public «academies» founded for the intellectual and religious formation of select groups of students. Also, we tell of the instruction given in the exact sciences, with mention of some of more famous professors. (shrink)

Christian Wolff foi o primeiro filosofo que separou a doutrina da alma em duas partes: a "psychologia empirica" e a "psychologia rationalis". Ele deu certa ênfase sobretudo à primeira parte, mais nova e original, que tratava daqueles conhecimentos das faculdades da alma, derivados da observação dos dados da experiência, ao passo que a segunda parte tratava das reflexões sobre a essência e a imortalidade da alma. Em certa medida, a psicologia empírica propunha de proceder segundo um método análogo àquele da (...) física newtoniana e da astronomia kepleriana, baseado num círculo virtuoso entre fatos observados e reflexões teóricas. A importância desta concepção de "experiência" estaria na origem do rápido abandono, nas traduções alemães e franceses, do adjetivo "empírico" – embora ele existisse em francês e alemão – para Erfahrungspsychologie, Experimental-Seelenlehre e Psychologie expérimentale. Astronomia e física newtoniana fascinavam pela capacidade heurística de produzir novos conhecimentos. Então se tratava de deslocar este método da natureza física para o conhecimento do homem. Assim, na segunda metade do século dezoito, assiste-se na Alemanha aos desenvolvimentos de uma "física da alma", como foi definida por Sulzer e Herder. Autores como Johann Krüger, Karl Moritz, Ernst Platner, Marcus Hertz trabalham em projetos de aprofundamento desta pesquisa sobre os "fatos" da alma, dando a estas reflexões psicológicas a consistência de uma antropologia. (shrink)

Depois de J. Gómez Caffarena, de C.Bérubé e de R. Macken, sobretudo, terem insistidonuma leitura augustinista da antropologiahenriquina, a nossa contribuição pretende antes retirar asconsequências da correcção do augustinismoque, por meio do avicenismo, Henrique de Gandlevou a cabo. Propomos uma leitura da natureza na sua especificidade metafísica, deanterioridade em relação ao universal e ao singular,tendo como efeito uma antropoteologia que éuma verdadeira mudança de rumo do augustinismocomo uma quota-parte para a Modernidade.Ilustraremos a nossa tese insistindo: nasituação histórica de Henrique, no (...) seu programametafísico-crítico, na doutrina da relação e na daindividuação. Os textos abordados serão daSumma, dos Quodlibet e da Lectura ordinaria.Finalmente, apontaremos para um horizontecontemporâneo em que a antropologia deve serrefeita na relação com a natureza. Por outraspalavras: a natureza do homem não pode passarsem aquilo que faz o homem um ser de natureza.Foi precisamente isto que Henrique de Gandesqueceu devido ao seu avicenismo, mas nãomenos ao seu augustinismo de que é fundamentalnele. (shrink)

Apresenta investigação sobre a relação entre a Representação da Informação e a Dialética, demonstrando que enquanto campos de estudos podem contribuir para um repensar da forma como o conhecimento pode se estabelecer. Traz como questão-chave: Por qual motivo devemos fazer uso dos princípios que regem a Dialética para representar cibercordéis? Para responder a esse problema de pesquisa, tem-se como objetivo geral: Apresentar a Dialética como uma proposta teórico-metodológica capaz de auxiliar no processo de Representação da Informação de cibercordéis. Metodologicamente, a (...) investigação é qualitativa, trazendo como a abordagem o próprio Campo da Dialética e corpus, os Cordéis Digitais (cibercordéis) presentes em grupos de facebook com buscas orientadas pela hashtag cordel (#cordel). Nos resultados identificou-se a presença de 8 (oito) Marcadores Sociais, a saber: Classe Social, Étnico-racial, Gênero, Geração, Nacionalidade, Regionalidade, Religião e Sexualidade. Uma vez categorizados, com a análise dos dados, foi possível melhorar o processo de Representação da Informação através do uso do princípio da contradição, por exemplo, e assim, tornar a prática informacional mais robusta e eficaz. Nas conclusões, foi possível chegar a um posicionamento basilar para podermos compreender a ideia do que é Representação Dialética da Informação, especialmente, se tomado como ponto de apoio e partida, princípios como os da contradição e o da totalidade. (shrink)

O texto apresenta a tradução ao português uma seleção de microcontos do escritor paraguaio Mario Halley Mora, que foi o precursor desse gênero no Paraguai (BARCO, 2002). Os microontos fazem parte da obra “Cuentos, microcuentos y anticuentos” publicada em 1987 pela editora El Lector, cuja versão online pode ser acessada na Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.

Mario Bunge vient tout juste de prendre sa retraite universitaire à l’âge vénérable de 90 ans. Après plus de soixante ans d’enseignement de la physique et de la philosophie, il laisse une oeuvre foisonnante et riche. Son style unique allie des arguments incisifs à la clarté du propos. Sa méthode puise dans le vaste arsenal des sciences, de la physique à la sociologie. Bunge suit en cela l’héritage des Lumières, qui prônait la foi en la raison ainsi qu’un certain (...) réalisme et un matérialisme qu’il reprend et retravaille à la lumière des avancées théoriques contemporaines. Peu de philosophes depuis Leibniz ou Russell ont su faire preuve d’autant d’érudition scientifique. Nul doute qu’il mérite une place de choix dans les débats entourant la philosophie des sciences contemporaines.Mario Bunge has recently retired from academic life at the venerable age of 90 years old. After more than sixty years of teaching physics and philosophy, he leaves a rich and abundant work. His unique style allies quickness and precision. His method draws from the vast realm of sciences, from physics to sociology. He thus follows the Enlightenment’s heritage that advocated a faith in reason and a kind of realism and materialism, which Bunge reorganizes from the study of modern sciences. Few philosophers since Leibniz or Russell have shown this kind of scientific erudition. No doubt that he deserves a prominent role in the contemporary debates in philosophy of sciences. (shrink)

Este texto discute a relação imagem/palavra no filme _O Processo do Rei_, de João Mário Grilo, pois acredito que aqui, a palavra ganha uma dimensão imagética e a imagem converte-se em narrativa. O Cinema, na sua origem, foi histórico, e há quem diga que ele sempre o é, apresenta, na sua própria urdidura, as marcas do seu processo de criação. Assim sendo, muitas vezes recorreu-se ao cinema para contar a História, recontá-la, exaltá-la, torná-la imagem para que ela possa, novamente, ser (...) discutida e quiçá, revivida. O grande problema que se põe ao cinema Histórico é: como recontar através de imagens em movimento um tempo que chegou até nós pela palavra e pelas imagens pictóricas? Como manter uma fidelidade imagética ao tema que se pretende retratar? Em alguns casos, o peso da história sufoca o próprio filme (vide algum cinema francês dos anos 40/50). Mais ainda, como ser ao mesmo tempo iconicamente fiel, mas profundamente contemporâneo, explorando aspectos eternos e cíclicos da própria História? O realizador João Mário Grilo conseguiu resolver esta equação em seu filme O Processo do Rei, de 1989, onde a palavra histórica vira imagem, fiel e infiel de um tempo que passou, mas cujo sentido continua profundamente presente. (shrink)

We put forth an account for when to believe causal and evidential conditionals. The basic idea is to embed a causal model in an agent’s belief state. For the evaluation of conditionals seems to be relative to beliefs about both particular facts and causal relations. Unlike other attempts using causal models, we show that ours can account rather well not only for various causal but also evidential conditionals.

We propose a semantics for a connexive conditional based on the Lewis-Stalnaker conditional. It is a connexive semantics that is both classical and intuitive.

This fascinating exploration of the great discoveries of history's most important mathematicians seeks an answer to the eternal question: Does mathematics hold the key to understanding the mysteries of the physical world?

review and discussion of: John Wright: Explaining science’s success: Understanding how scientific knowledge works. Durham: Acumen, 2012.

Strong predictivism, the idea that novel predictions per se confirm theories more than accommodations, is based on a “no miracle” argument from novel predictions to the truth of theories (NMAT). Eric Barnes rejects both: he reconstructs the NMAT as seeking an explanation for the entailment relation between a theory and its novel consequences, and argues that it involves a fallacious application of Occam’s razor. However, he accepts a no miracle argument for the truth of background beliefs (NMABB): scientists endorsed a (...) successful theory because they were guided by largely true background beliefs. This in turn raises the probability that the theory is true; so Barnes embraces a form of weak predictivism, according to which predictions are only indirectly relevant to confirmation. To Barnes I reply that we should also explain how the successful theory was constructed, not just endorsed; background beliefs are not enough to explain success, scientific method must also be considered; Barnes can account for some measure of confirmation of our theories, but not for the practical certainty conferred to them by some astonishing predictions; true background beliefs and reliability by themselves cannot explain novel success, the truth of theories is also required. Hence, the NMAT is sound, and strong predictivism is right. In fact, Barnes misinterprets the NMAT, which does not involve Occam’s razor, takes as explanandum the building of a theory which turned out to predict surprising facts, and successfully concludes that the theory is true. This accounts for the practically certain confirmation of our most successful theories, in accordance with strong predictivism. (shrink)

Victory is the ultimate aim in high performance sports; when it comes to team sports, the goal is the key that allows players to achieve that victory. This is the case with futsal which, due to its internal structure as well as the speed in the development of its game, makes the achievement of a goal not an isolated event, but rather more than one goal must be scored to achieve victory. The aim of the present study is to analyze (...) the construction of offensive sequences that have resulted in goal-scoring in the two main European futsal leagues, the Spanish and the Italian, as well as to identify the patterns relating to offensive actions that have ended with a goal being scored. Observational methodology was used to develop the research and an ad hoc observation instrument was developed for this purpose. The data was analyzed using inferential statistics as well as sequential analysis of delays in a diachronic analysis to identify the patterns of offensive actions. The results obtained enable recognition of a league’s idiosyncrasy patterns in goal-scoring in each of the leagues studied. The results obtained will allow experts to have a better understanding of how goals are scored and how to establish more specific training tasks, in both attack and defense. (shrink)

Dossier: L’humilité Présentation du dossier. Coordonné par Elisa Grimi. Essays and contributors: L’intelligence de l’humilité, Carla Canullo; La virtù dell’umiltà e l’eudemonismo, Mario Micheletti; Humility – A work of love?, Katharine Opalka; L’humilité intellectuelle, la foi et l’épistémologie, Roger Pouivet; L’irriducibile ragionevolezza di un paradosso. L’umiltà secondo Tommaso d’Aquino e Gilbert K. Chesterton, Marco Salvioli, O.P.; L’Humilité, une ontologie de l’identité, Elisa Grimi.

In conversation with Marilyn Strathern’s work on kinship and especially on metaphors of intellectual and reproductive creativity, this paper provides an analysis of plagiarism not as a violation of intellectual property but of the kinship relationships between author, work, and readers. It also analyzes the role of figures of kidnapped slaves and children in the genealogy of the modern concept of plagiarism.

Recueil d'essais qui sont autant de jalons d'une réflexion sur les relations complexes qui se sont établies depuis une vingtaine d'années entre l'informatique et les sciences de l'homme. Point de vue opératoire: impact sur les conditions matérielles de la recherche. Point de vue conceptuel: facteur d'évolution des structures du raisonnement. SDM.

The relation between the moral account of the capital vices and the philosophical analysis of the passions of the human soul undergoes an important turning point from the 11th century onwards during the recovery of medical knowledge in the medieval West. In this wave of fervour towards a physiological approach in the investigation of the nature of man, the vice of acedia - as described by the Christian moral tradition - and the melancholic temperament - the result of a millenary (...) reworking and technicalisation of medical knowledge - found a point of contact in the passion of sadness. If authors such as Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas, following the Christian heritage, characterised acedia as an escalation of the passion of sadness, the medical tradition from Hippocrates and Galen to Avicenna and Constantine recognised sadness as one of the most distinctive manifestations of the melancholic temperament. The aim of this study is to demonstrate, by retracing some aspects of this interweaving of traditions after the year 1000, how Dante’s description of the sinners of acedia in Canto VII of the Inferno takes up the legacy of this hybridisation between the Christian description of acedia and the physiological description of melancholy. (shrink)

I maintain that substantive metaphysics makes an ineliminable contribution to our mind’s cognitive relation to objects. To account for the precise nature of this metaphysical contribution, I investigate domains of thought in which our cognitive relation to objects appears problematic. In perception, an experience’s metaphysical dependence upon objects and their essences ground its content and, in part, epistemic worth. Regarding metaphysical modality, viewing modality and actuality as equally fundamental is pivotal to understanding our modal knowledge and thought. Relating to the (...) ontological argument, and necessary existents generally, understanding ontological statuses as differences in the way an object’s properties are grounded contributes to explaining our thoughts’ relation to objects. Systematic and historical research are integrated in developing these philosophical views, drawing on Descartes, Baumgarten, and Kant in particular. (shrink)

The concept of living labor in Marx’s Grundrisse represents the key notion that conceptually ties his early theory of alienation with the drafts of Capital of the 1860s. Through a critique of the formalism that opened space for Marx’s economic writings, I explore living labor, not only as alienated within the capital–laborrelation, but as an absolute, metahistorical exteriority. Furthermore, the interpretive writings of Enrique Dussel on the Grundrisse are contrasted with the reading ofMichael Hardt and Antonio Negri to show how (...) living labor can be understood as ethical excess within the framework of biopolitical production. (shrink)

In recent years, studies on Berthold of Moosburg have seen a significant growth, which has broadened the understanding of his philosophical thought. The Expositio super Elementationem theologicam Procli, as a comprehensive commentary on the Proclian work, is emerging in its full complexity as the project of glorification of Platonism and of Proclian sapiential perspective over Aristotelian intellectualism. In his philosophical programme, Berthold thus ascribes Avicenna to the party of the Peripatetics, places philosophers such as Avicebron as the main pillars of (...) an autonomous Platonic current, takes up Eriugenian philosophy to solidify the link between Proclus’ paganism and Christian Neoplatonism, and uses Dietrich of Freiberg’s perspectives to clarify Aristotelian doctrines. The influence that these authors had on Berthold’s thought has been the subject of the latest research findings, which have also unveiled the significance of the relation with the authors of the school of Cologne, the impact of Oxford intellectual life - especially Thomas of York - and the relevance of Hermetic philosophy. Moreover, Berthold’s work is by no means lacking in independent reflection, as can be seen from the consideration of the extensive proemial part of the Expositio and from the insights into philosophical solutions which are peculiar to Berthold, such as the doctrine of the unum animae. (shrink)

This contribution focuses on some of the latest advances in Eckhart Studies concerning the German sermons, the edition of the Quaestiones Parisienses and the dating of the Opus tripartitum. Though not adressed by Josef Quint's edition, the the liturgical order of the German sermons has been gaining prominence, shading new light on their interpretation: in this respect, considering the order of the medieval Dominican liturgy enables to approach the communicative circumstances of the sermons doing justice to Eckhart's homiletic effort. Moreover, (...) four new Quaestiones Parisienses collected in the Codex Vaticanus latinus 1086 have been recently reconsidered, providing evidence about the attribution to the Dominican master. Lastly, due to the re-examination of the Cod. Amplon. F 181, the recent suggestions for backdating the Opus tripartitum reveal a different overview of Eckhart's intellectual activity. (shrink)

Dans l’histoire et le débat autour de l’anthropologie philosophique allemande du XXe siècle, l’œuvre et le destin du médecin juif-allemand Paul Alsberg (1883-1965) constituent un véritable cas qui permit d’interroger la genèse et la validité de l’anthropologie philosophique même. En suivant Joachim Fischer, on entend ici par « Philosophische Anthropologie » une orientation de la pensée du XXe siècle, dont le fil rouge offre une réponse originale à la « destruction de l’idéalisme pendant le XI...